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Universal exercise unit versus rebounding on genu recurvatum in children with cerebral palsy: a comparative randomised controlled trial Cover

Universal exercise unit versus rebounding on genu recurvatum in children with cerebral palsy: a comparative randomised controlled trial

Advances in Rehabilitation
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By: ,   and    
Open Access
|Sep 2026
Figures & tables

Figures & Tables

Figure 1.

CONSORT flow chart for participants in this study.

Table 1.

Basic characteristics of participants

Control groupGroup AGroup Bp-value
Mean ± SDMean ± SDMean ± SD
Age (years)5.68 ± 0.905.79 ± 0.925.62 ± 0.890.85
Sex, n (%)
Girls10 (59%)11 (65%)9 (53%)0.78
Boys7 (41%)6 (35%)8 (47%)

[i] p-value - level of significance, SD - standard deviation

Table 2.

Mean quadriceps and gluteus maximus strength and GR angle pre- and post-treatment of the control group, and groups A and B

Control groupGroup AGroup B
Mean ± SDMean ± SDMean ± SD
Quadriceps strength (kg)
Pre treatment15.08 ± 1.9014.91 ± 2.1614.94 ± 2.31
Post treatment17.72 ± 2.1320.64 ± 2.8421.76 ± 3.13
MD (% of change)−2.64 (17.51%)−5.73 (38.43%)−6.82 (45.65%)
95% CI (p ˂ 0.001)−2.98: −2.31−6.07: −5.40−7.16: −6.49
Gluteus maximus strength (kg)
Pre-treatment9.19 ± 1.259.22 ± 1.339.06 ± 1.28
Post-treatment10.75 ± 1.3313.09 ± 1.6813.54 ± 1.64
MD (% of change)−1.56 (16.97%)−3.87 (41.97%)−4.48 (49.45%)
95% CI (p ˂ 0.001)−1.79: −1.33−4.10: −3.63−4.71: −4.24
GR angle (degrees)
Pre-treatment20.82 ± 3.5421.71 ± 3.9821.35 ± 4.31
Post-treatment18.65 ± 3.2215.94 ± 2.6315.71 ± 3.26
MD (% of change)2.17 (10.42%)5.77 (26.58%)5.64 (26.42%)
95% CI (p ˂ 0.001)1.64: 2.715.23: 6.305.11: 6.18

[i] CI - confidence interval, GR – genu recurvatum, MD - mean difference, p value - probability value, SD - standard deviation

Table 3.

Mean PBS and MobQuest-28 pre-and post-treatment of the control group, and groups A and B

Control groupGroup AGroup B
mean ± SDmean ± SDmean ± SD
PBS
Pre-treatment26.53 ± 7.5725.12 ± 7.2825.65 ± 8.40
Post-treatment28.29 ± 835.24 ± 6.9142.76 ± 7.71
MD (% of change)−1.76 (6.63%)−10.12 (40.29%)−17.11 (66.71%)
95% CI (p ˂ 0.001)−2.74: −0.79−11.09: −9.14−18.09: −16.14
MobQuest-28
Pre-treatment48.94 ± 14.9947.59 ± 16.3446.41 ± 15.49
Post-treatment55.29 ± 17.0772.82 ± 20.3374.47 ± 19.85
MD (% of change)−6.35 (12.98%)−25.23 (53.02%)−28.06 (60.46%)
95% CI (p ˂ 0.001)−8.12: −4.59−27.00: −23.47−29.83: −26.29

[i] CI - confidence interval, MD - mean difference, MobQuest-28 - Mobility Questionnaire, p value - probability value, PBS - Pediatric Balance Scale, SD - standard deviation

Table 4.

Mean ADL, movement, pain and fatigue pre- and post-treatment of control group, and groups A and B

Control groupGroup AGroup B
Mean ± SDMean ± SDMean ± SD
ADL
Pre-treatment59.94 ± 15.9759.59 ± 15.4761.53 ± 12.47
Post-treatment67.42 ± 12.3577.02 ± 9.3778.56 ± 9.41
MD (% of change)−7.48 (12.48%)−17.43 (29.25%)−17.03 (27.68%)
95% CI (p ˂ 0.001)−13.29: −1.66−23.25: −11.62−22.84: −11.21
Movement
Pre-treatment62.94 ± 9.0261.47 ± 11.2959.28 ± 17.37
Post-treatment74.12 ± 12.0284.41 ± 11.3086.47 ± 11.01
MD (% of change)−11.18 (17.76%)−22.94 (37.32%)−27.19 (45.87%)
95% CI (p ˂ 0.001)−16.50: −5.85−28.26: −17.62−32.51: −21.87
Pain
Pre-treatment71.54 ± 6.1871.84 ± 6.9372.57 ± 7.57
Post-treatment78.82 ± 7.3689.49 ± 9.6687.65 ± 9. 75
MD (% of change)−7.28 (10.18%)−17.65 (24.57%)−15.08 (20.78%)
95% CI (p ˂ 0.001)−11.20: −3.36−21.57: −13.72−19.00: −11.15
Fatigue
Pre-treatment58.82 ± 4.9758.46 ± 3.0859.93 ± 3.17
Post-treatment66.91 ± 5.7574.26 ± 8.8178.68 ± 8.57
0MD (% of change)−8.09 (13.75%)−15.80 (27.03%)−18.75 (31.29%)
95% CI (p ˂ 0.001)−11.81: −4.36−19.54: −12.08−22.48: −15.02

[i] ADL - activities of daily living, CI - confidence interval, MD - mean difference, p value - probability value, SD - standard deviation

Table 5.

Comparison of quadriceps and gluteus maximus strength, GR angle, PBS, MobQuest-28 and PedsQL between groups A, B and Control post-treatment

OutcomeGroup A versus BGroup A versus CGroup B versus C ηp2
MD (95% CI)p valueMD (95% CI)p valueMD (95% CI)p value
Quadriceps strength (kg)−1.12 (−3.45: 1.20)0.462.92 (0.60: 5.25)0.0084.04 (1.72: 6.37)0.0010.39
Gluteus maximus strength (kg)−0.45 (−1.77: 0.88)0.682.34 (1.01: 3.66)0.0012.79 (1.46: 4.11)0.0010.17
GR angle (degrees)0.23 (−2.36: 2.83)0.97−2.71 (−5.30: −0.11)0.03−2.94 (−5.54: −0.35)0.010.39
PBS−7.52 (−14.00: −1.06)0.016.95 (0.47: 13.41)0.0214.47 (8.00: 20.94)0.0010.18
MobQuest28−1.65 (−17.93: 14.63)0.9717.53 (1.25: 33.81)0.0219.18 (2.89: 35.46)0.010.19
ADL−1.54 (−10.44: 7.37)0.909.60 (0.70: 18.51)0.0211.14 (2.23: 20.05)0.0090.19
Movement−2.06 (−11.80: 7.68)0.8610.29 (0.55: 20.04)0.0312.35 (2.61: 22.10)0.0080.22
Pain1.84 (−5.81: 9.49)0.8210.67 (3.01: 18.31)0.0038.83 (1.17: 16.48)0.010.29
Fatigue−4.42 (−11.08: 2.25)0.247.35 (0.69: 14.02)0.0211.77 (5.10: 18.43)0.0010.39

[i] ηp2 - partial eta squared, ADL - activities of daily living, CI - confidence interval, GR – genu recurvatum, MD - mean difference, MobQuest-28 - Mobility Questionnaire, p value - probability value, PBS - Pediatric Balance Scale

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/advrehab-2026-0018 | Journal eISSN: 1734-4948
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Language: English
Submitted on: May 24, 2026
Accepted on: Sep 1, 2026
Published on: Sep 29, 2026
Published by: Józef Piłsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 4 issues per year
Keywords:
cerebral palsy,
genu recurvatum,
progressive resistance training,
rebound therapy,
universal exercise unit
Related subjects:
Medicine,
Clinical medicine,
Cardiology,
Rheumatology,
Physical and rehabilitation medicine,
Sports and recreation,
Sports and recreation, other

© 2026 Józef Piłsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

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