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Effects of myofascial release and joint mobilisation therapy on flexibility using the sit-and-reach test in non-specific low back pain Cover

Effects of myofascial release and joint mobilisation therapy on flexibility using the sit-and-reach test in non-specific low back pain

Open Access
|Jun 2026

Figures & Tables

Figure 1.

CONSORT Flow diagram. CONSORT – consolidated standards of reporting trials

Figure 2.

Sit-and-reach test16

Table 1.

Mean score comparison within and among groups, as well as time and group interaction in STR test

AssessmentRM-A-NOVATime main EffectGroup main EffectTime × group interaction effect
GroupsBaselinePost-day 1Post-day 4Post-day 8Post-day 12Follow-up in 4th weekSig.F-value (effect size)Sig.F-value (effect size)Sig.F-value (effect size)Sig.
STRJM35.50 ± 12.0639.30 ± 13.6738.78 ± 11.6337.45 ± 9.3641.40 ± 9.7342.38 ± 10.230.09013.72* (0.155)0.00020.528* (0.354)0.0004.13* (0.099)0.001
MFR32.13 ± 9.4933.94 ± 9.4733.54 ± 8.2835.34 ± 9.2334.61 ± 9.1934.64 ± 6.890.441
JM + MFR38.40 ± 11.8041.37 ± 12.1944.94 ± 13.5349.44 ± 10.6451.13 ± 9.2853.37 ± 10.130.001
Sig.0.110.060.000.000.000.00

1 Effect Size – partial eta squared (η2), F-Value – F statistic, JM – joint mobilisation, JM + MFR – joint mobilisation with myofascial release, MFR – myofascial release, RM-ANOVA – repeated measures analysis of variance, Sig. – significance (p-value), STR – sit and reach, Time × Group Interaction Effect – interaction between time and treatment groups

Figure 3.

Line chart STR test. JM – joint mobilization, JM + MFR – joint mobilization with myofascial release, MFR – myofascial release, STR – sit and reach

Table 2.

Percentage changes and multiple comparisons for STR test

Percentage changeMultiple comparisons test – mean difference with significance
JMMFRJMMFR(JM) vs. (MFR)(JM) vs. (JM + MFR)(MFR) vs. (JM + MFR)
Mean ± S.D.M.D (Sig.)
STR61.6 ± 93.526.8 ± 51.323.3± 42.65.06 (0.07)–7.31 (0.00)–12.37 (0.00)

1 JM – joint mobilisation, JM + MFR – joint mobilisation combined with myofascial release, M.D. – mean difference, MFR – myofascial release, S.D. – standard deviation, Sig. – significance (p-value), STR – sit-and-reach, vs. – versus

Language: English
Page range: 14 - 23
Submitted on: Oct 3, 2025
Accepted on: Apr 15, 2026
Published on: Jun 30, 2026
Published by: University of Physical Education in Warsaw
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 4 issues per year

© 2026 Hafiz Muhammad Waseem Javaid et al.
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.