Have a personal or library account? Click to login
The Influence of the Covid-19 Pandemic on the Fertility Rates of the European Union Cover

The Influence of the Covid-19 Pandemic on the Fertility Rates of the European Union

By: Yuhong Gao  
Open Access
|Nov 2025

References

  1. Aassve, A., Le Moglie, M., & Mencarini, L. (2021). Trust and fertility in uncertain times. Population Studies, 75(1), 19-36. https://doi.org/10.1080/00324728.2020.1742927
  2. Adsera, A. (2011). Where are the babies? Labor market conditions and fertility in Europe. European Journal of Population/Revue européenne de démographie, 27(1), 1-32. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10680-010-9222-x
  3. Aly, J., Haeger, K. O., Christy, A. Y., & Johnson, A. M. (2020). Contraception access during the COVID-19 pandemic. Contraception and Reproductive Medicine, 5, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40834-020-00114-9
  4. Ballester-Arnal, R., Nebot-Garcia, J. E., Ruiz-Palomino, E., Giménez-García, C., & Gil-Llario, M. D. (2021). “INSIDE” project on sexual health in Spain: Sexual life during the lockdown caused by COVID-19. Sexuality Research and Social Policy, 18, 1023-1041. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13178-020-00506-1
  5. Berrington, A., Ellison, J., Kuang, B., Vasireddy, S., & Kulu, H. (2022). Scenario-based fertility projections incorporating impacts of COVID-19. Population, Space and Place, 28(2), e2546. https://doi.org/10.1002/psp.2546
  6. Caldwell, J. C. (2006). Social upheaval and fertility decline (pp. 273-299). Springer Netherlands.
  7. Chandra, S., Christensen, J., Mamelund, S. E., & Paneth, N. (2018). Short-term birth sequelae of the 1918–1920 influenza pandemic in the United States: state-level analysis. American journal of epidemiology, 187(12), 2585-2595. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwy153
  8. Cohan, C. L., & Cole, S. W. (2002). Life course transitions and natural disaster: marriage, birth, and divorce following Hurricane Hugo. Journal of family psychology, 16(1), 14.
  9. Comolli, C. L. (2017). The fertility response to the Great Recession in Europe and the United States: Structural economic conditions and perceived economic uncertainty. Demographic research, 36, 1549-1600. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26332174
  10. Devine, D., Gaskell, J., Jennings, W., & Stoker, G. (2021). Trust and the coronavirus pandemic: What are the consequences of and for trust? An early review of the literature. Political Studies Review, 19(2), 274-285.
  11. Goldstein, J. R., Kreyenfeld, M., Jasilioniene, A., & Örsal, D. K. (2013). Fertility reactions to the “Great Recession” in Europe: Recent evidence from order-specific data. Demographic research, 29, 85-104. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26348148
  12. Herbenick, D., Hensel, D. J., Eastman-Mueller, H., Beckmeyer, J., Fu, T. C., Guerra-Reyes, L., & Rosenberg, M. (2022). Sex and relationships pre-and early-COVID-19 pandemic: Findings from a probability sample of US undergraduate students. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 51(1), 183-195. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-021-02265-5
  13. Hofmann, B., & Hohmeyer, K. (2013). Perceived economic uncertainty and fertility: Evidence from a labor market reform. Journal of Marriage and Family, 75(2), 503-521. https://doi.org/10.1111/jomf.12011
  14. Kreyenfeld, M. (2015). Economic Uncertainty and Fertility. Kölner Zeitschrift für Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie (KZfSS), 67.
  15. Lappegård, T., Kornstad, T., Dommermuth, L., & Kristensen, A. P. (2024). Understanding the positive effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on women’s fertility in Norway. Population and Development Review, 50(S1), 129-152. https://doi.org/10.1111/padr.12539
  16. Luppi, F., Arpino, B., & Rosina, A. (2020). The impact of COVID-19 on fertility plans in Italy, Germany, France, Spain, and the United Kingdom. Demographic research, 43, 1399-1412. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26967844
  17. Lehmiller, J. J., Garcia, J. R., Gesselman, A. N., & Mark, K. P. (2022). Less sex, but more sexual diversity: Changes in sexual behavior during the COVID-19 coronavirus pandemic. In Leisure in the Time of Coronavirus (pp. 178-187). Routledge.
  18. Mamelund, S. E. (2004). Can the Spanish influenza pandemic of 1918 explain the baby boom of 1920 in neutral Norway?. Population, 59(2), 229-260.
  19. Marteleto, L. J., Guedes, G., Coutinho, R. Z., & Weitzman, A. (2020). Live births and fertility amid the Zika epidemic in Brazil. Demography, 57, 843-872. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-020-00871-x
  20. Matysiak, A., Sobotka, T., & Vignoli, D. (2021). The Great Recession and fertility in Europe: A sub-national analysis. European Journal of Population, 37(1), 29-64. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10680-020-09556-y
  21. Peng, X. (1987). Demographic consequences of the Great Leap Forward in China’s provinces. Population and development review, 639-670. https://doi.org/10.2307/1973026
  22. Riley, T., Sully, E., Ahmed, Z., & Biddlecom, A. (2020). Estimates of the potential impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on sexual and reproductive health in low-and middle-income countries. International perspectives on sexual and reproductive health, 46, 73-76. https://doi.org/10.1363/46e9020
  23. Rotkirch, A. (2020). The wish for a child. Vienna Yearbook of Population Research, 18, 49-62. https://www.jstor.org/stable/27041929
  24. Sobotka, T. (2011). Fertility in Central and Eastern Europe after 1989: Collapse and gradual recovery. Historical Social Research/Historische Sozialforschung, 246-296. https://www.jstor.org/stable/41151282
  25. Sobotka, T., Skirbekk, V., & Philipov, D. (2011). Economic recession and fertility in the developed world. Population and development review, 37(2), 267-306. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1728-4457.2011.00411.x
  26. Vignoli, D., Guetto, R., Bazzani, G., Pirani, E., & Minello, A. (2020). A reflection on economic uncertainty and fertility in Europe: The narrative framework. Genus, 76, 1-27. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41118-020-00094-3
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/acpro-2025-0005 | Journal eISSN: 3044-7259 | Journal ISSN: 1691-6077
Language: English
Page range: 55 - 71
Published on: Nov 10, 2025
Published by: Turiba University Ltd
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 1 issue per year

© 2025 Yuhong Gao, published by Turiba University Ltd
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.