Figure 1.
Figure 2.
Methods of phenolic compounds degradation with the biodegradation efficiency
| Microorganisms | Initial concentration | Biodegradation efficiency | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Biodegradation processes utilizing bacteria | |||
| The activated sludge | 10 μg/dm3 4-nonylphenol | 70% | [29] |
| 0.93–6.6 μg/dm3 octylphenol | 17% | [22] | |
| 1.19–9.56 μg/dm3 nonylphenol | 73–100% | [22] | |
| Pseudomonas citronellolis NS1 | 1500 mg/dm3 phenol | 98.5% | [30] |
| Acinetobacter baumannii | 500–1000 mg/dm3 phenol | 75.7–79.5% | [27] |
| Citrobacter sedlakii | 500–1000 mg/dm3 phenol | 86.5–87.9% | [27] |
| Acinetobacter pittii Hly3 | 1200–1700 mg/dm3 phenol | the complete degradation | [31] |
| Cupriavidus nantongensis X1 | 1.5 mM phenol | the complete degradation | [32] |
| Alcaligenes faecalis JF101 | 1000 mg/dm3 phenol and 100 mg/dm3 cyanide | the complete degradation | [33] |
| The moving bed biofilm reactors (MBBR) | |||
| Acinetobacter EMY | 2.1 g/dm3 phenol | the complete degradation | [34] |
| The anaerobic digestion (AD) | |||
| Comamonas sp. BGH | 800 mg/dm3 phenol | 82.21% | [35] |
| The simultaneous nitrification-denitrification coupled with fermentation (SNDF) | |||
| Comamonas sp. BGH with the co-metabolized substrate glucose | 800 mg/dm3 phenol | 99.82% | [35] |
| The moving bed membrane bioreactor (MBMBR) | |||
| Hybrid system of algal-bacterial consortia (ABC) | ~40 mg/dm3 phenol | ~87% | [36] |
| The sequencing batch reactor (SBR) | |||
| Aerobic granular sludge (AGS) | 1000 mg/dm3 phenol | 94% | [37] |
| Pseudomonas alloputida BF04 through immobilization on polyvinyl alcohol–sodium alginate (PVA-SA) | 800–1000 mg/dm3 phenol | 91.69% to the complete degradation | [38] |
| The bacteria co-culture system | |||
| Bacillus subtilis ZWB1 and Bacillus velezensis ZWB2 | 500–1500 mg/dm3 phenol | the complete degradation | [9] |
| Mixed microbial culture isolated from a blue lake silt soil sample at Jilin Agricultural University | 500–2000 mg/dm3 phenol | the complete degradation | [39] |
| Pseudomonas stutzeri N2 and Rhodococcus qingshengii FF | 2450 mg/dm3 phenol | 91.8% | [40] |
| Phenol-acclimatized mixed culture (PBMC), derived from palm oil mill effluent (POME) | 300 mg/dm3 phenol | the complete degradation | [41] |
| Biodegradation using yeasts and fungi | |||
| Rhodosporidium toruloides | 0.25–1 g/dm3 catechol | the complete degradation | [42] |
| 0.25–0.5 g/dm3 4-chlorophenol | 85% | [42] | |
| 0.1 g/dm3 4-nitrophenol | the complete degradation | [42] | |
| Aspergillus nomius SGFA1 | 750 mg/dm3 phenol | 89.7% | [43] |
| Enzymatic methods | |||
| Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) immobilized on hybrid calcium alginate and starch beads | 100 mg/dm3 phenol red | 55.87% | [44] |
| Micro-swimmers modified with tyrosinase derived from fungi (T3824, 25 KU) | 0.1 M phenol | 54.54% | [46] |
| 0.1 M p-cresol | 46.96% | [46] | |
| Fe3O4@PDA magnetic nanoparticles in combination with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) | 2 mM phenol | nearly complete degradation | [47] |