Figure 1.
Figure 2
Land cover structure in 1-km buffer from air quality stations in Warsaw_ The types of land cover with area smaller than 0_01 ha (no pixels in raster) were removed from the table
| Area [ha] | Artificial surfaces | Cultivated areas | Broadleaf tree cover | Coniferous tree cover | Herbaceous vegetation | Moors and Heathland | Peatbogs | Natural material surfaces | Water bodies |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| WI | 192.01 | 21.55 | 31.80 | 11.99 | 56.17 | 0.37 | 0.05 | 0.01 | 0.48 |
| WN | 149.49 | 45.19 | 19.83 | 23.09 | 75.06 | 0.96 | 0.30 | 0.00 | 0.48 |
| WD | 159.26 | 20.23 | 51.94 | 29.74 | 51.72 | 0.68 | 0.32 | 0.08 | 0.48 |
| WK | 166.21 | 22.91 | 14.56 | 21.16 | 85.74 | 2.23 | 0.16 | 0.90 | 0.48 |
| WT | 14.85 | 54.74 | 35.19 | 116.06 | 56.62 | 2.50 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.48 |
Air monitoring stations located in Warsaw, Poland with basic statistics_ The data from these points were used from the model in this study_ Data in table are based on (GIOŚ, 2025)
| Symbol on map | International code | PM10 24-hour averages yearly coverage (%) | Minimum daily concentration (µg/m3) | Maximum daily concentration (µg/m3) | Mean concentration (µg/m3) | C90.5 (µg/m3) | WGS84 coordinates |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| WD | PL0308A | 93.4 | 4.0 | 75.7 | 20.8 | 36.3 | 52.285073°N |
| WI | PL0140A | 99.7 | 6.8 | 184.5 | 35.3 | 59.0 | 52.219298°N |
| WK | PL0739A | 95.6 | 3.2 | 86.5 | 23.6 | 41.6 | 52.207742°N |
| WN | PL0141A | 97.0 | 2.8 | 69.6 | 20.4 | 36.2 | 52.160772°N |
| WT | PL0717A | 96.4 | 5.9 | 79.5 | 24.4 | 43.1 | 52.188474°N |
Parameters of the linear model of PM10 concentration based on meteorological conditions and surrounding land cover_
| Parameter (unit of coefficient) | Coefficient | Standard error |
|---|---|---|
| Daily maximum temperature (µg/m3⋅°C) | 1.321**** | 0.076 |
| Daily minimum temperature (µg/m3⋅°C) | −1.894**** | 0.095 |
| Duration of rain (µg/m3⋅h) | −0.695**** | 0.092 |
| Duration of snow (µg/m3⋅h) | −1.08**** | 0.14 |
| Duration of fog (µg/m3⋅h) | 0.55** | 0.25 |
| Duration of mist (µg/m3⋅h) | 0.940**** | 0.059 |
| Duration of wind >=10m/s (µg/m3⋅h) | −0.59** | 0.23 |
| Duration of hoar frost (µg/m3⋅h) | 1.04**** | 0.17 |
| Artificial surfaces area (µg/m3⋅ha) | 0.420**** | 0.019 |
| Broadleaf tree cover (µg/m3⋅ha) | −0.754**** | 0.046 |
| Coniferous tree cover (µg/m3⋅ha) | 0.637**** | 0.030 |
| Herbaceous vegetation (µg/m3⋅ha) | −0.681**** | 0.038 |
List of available meteorological parameters at Warsaw-Okęcie (Warsaw Chopin Airport Meteorological Station, WMO 12375)
| Parameter name | Unit | Parameter name | Unit |
|---|---|---|---|
| Daily maximum temperature | (°C) | Sunshine duration | (hours) |
| Daily minimum temperature | (°C) | Duration of rain | (hours) |
| Daily average temperature | (°C) | Duration of snow | (hours) |
| Minimum ground temperature | (°C) | Duration of rain and snow | (hours) |
| Daily total precipitation | (mm) | Duration of hail | (hours) |
| Precipitation type | (S/W/) | Duration of fog | (hours) |
| Snow depth | (cm) | Duration of mist | (hours) |
| Snow water equivalent | (mm/cm) | Duration of rime | (hours) |
| Occurrence of snow cover | (0/1) | Duration of glaze | (hours) |
| Occurrence of lightning | (0/1) | Duration of low-level snow drift | (hours) |
| Ground state | (Z/R) | Duration of high-level snow drift | (hours) |
| Lower isotherm | (cm) | Duration of turbidity | (hours) |
| Upper isotherm | (cm) | Duration of wind >=10m/s | (hours) |
| Actinometry | (J/cm2) | Duration of wind >15m/s | (hours) |
| Duration of thunderstorm | (hours) | ||
| Duration of dew | (hours) | ||
| Duration of hoar frost | (hours) |