Table 1.
List of available meteorological parameters at Warsaw-Okęcie (Warsaw Chopin Airport Meteorological Station, WMO 12375)
| Parameter name | Unit | Parameter name | Unit |
|---|---|---|---|
| Daily maximum temperature | (°C) | Sunshine duration | (hours) |
| Daily minimum temperature | (°C) | Duration of rain | (hours) |
| Daily average temperature | (°C) | Duration of snow | (hours) |
| Minimum ground temperature | (°C) | Duration of rain and snow | (hours) |
| Daily total precipitation | (mm) | Duration of hail | (hours) |
| Precipitation type | (S/W/) | Duration of fog | (hours) |
| Snow depth | (cm) | Duration of mist | (hours) |
| Snow water equivalent | (mm/cm) | Duration of rime | (hours) |
| Occurrence of snow cover | (0/1) | Duration of glaze | (hours) |
| Occurrence of lightning | (0/1) | Duration of low-level snow drift | (hours) |
| Ground state | (Z/R) | Duration of high-level snow drift | (hours) |
| Lower isotherm | (cm) | Duration of turbidity | (hours) |
| Upper isotherm | (cm) | Duration of wind >=10m/s | (hours) |
| Actinometry | (J/cm2) | Duration of wind >15m/s | (hours) |
| Duration of thunderstorm | (hours) | ||
| Duration of dew | (hours) | ||
| Duration of hoar frost | (hours) |
Figure 1.
The monthly average concentration of PM10 at five air quality stations in Warsaw in 2022
Figure 2
Location of meteorological station, air quality stations (GIOŚ, 2023) on the background of land cover (GUGiK, 2025) within borders of Warsaw (Główny Urząd Geodezji i Kartografii, 2022) created using QGIS (QGIS Development Team, 2021)
Table 2.
Air monitoring stations located in Warsaw, Poland with basic statistics. The data from these points were used from the model in this study. Data in table are based on (GIOŚ, 2025)
| Symbol on map | International code | PM10 24-hour averages yearly coverage (%) | Minimum daily concentration (µg/m3) | Maximum daily concentration (µg/m3) | Mean concentration (µg/m3) | C90.5 (µg/m3) | WGS84 coordinates |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| WD | PL0308A | 93.4 | 4.0 | 75.7 | 20.8 | 36.3 | 52.285073°N 20.933018°E |
| WI | PL0140A | 99.7 | 6.8 | 184.5 | 35.3 | 59.0 | 52.219298°N 21.004724°E |
| WK | PL0739A | 95.6 | 3.2 | 86.5 | 23.6 | 41.6 | 52.207742°N 20.906073°E |
| WN | PL0141A | 97.0 | 2.8 | 69.6 | 20.4 | 36.2 | 52.160772°N 21.033819°E |
| WT | PL0717A | 96.4 | 5.9 | 79.5 | 24.4 | 43.1 | 52.188474°N 21.176233°E |
Table 3.
Land cover structure in 1-km buffer from air quality stations in Warsaw. The types of land cover with area smaller than 0.01 ha (no pixels in raster) were removed from the table
| Area [ha] | Artificial surfaces | Cultivated areas | Broadleaf tree cover | Coniferous tree cover | Herbaceous vegetation | Moors and Heathland | Peatbogs | Natural material surfaces | Water bodies |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| WI | 192.01 | 21.55 | 31.80 | 11.99 | 56.17 | 0.37 | 0.05 | 0.01 | 0.48 |
| WN | 149.49 | 45.19 | 19.83 | 23.09 | 75.06 | 0.96 | 0.30 | 0.00 | 0.48 |
| WD | 159.26 | 20.23 | 51.94 | 29.74 | 51.72 | 0.68 | 0.32 | 0.08 | 0.48 |
| WK | 166.21 | 22.91 | 14.56 | 21.16 | 85.74 | 2.23 | 0.16 | 0.90 | 0.48 |
| WT | 14.85 | 54.74 | 35.19 | 116.06 | 56.62 | 2.50 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.48 |
Table 4.
Parameters of the linear model of PM10 concentration based on meteorological conditions and surrounding land cover.
| Parameter (unit of coefficient) | Coefficient | Standard error |
|---|---|---|
| Daily maximum temperature (µg/m3⋅°C) | 1.321**** | 0.076 |
| Daily minimum temperature (µg/m3⋅°C) | −1.894**** | 0.095 |
| Duration of rain (µg/m3⋅h) | −0.695**** | 0.092 |
| Duration of snow (µg/m3⋅h) | −1.08**** | 0.14 |
| Duration of fog (µg/m3⋅h) | 0.55** | 0.25 |
| Duration of mist (µg/m3⋅h) | 0.940**** | 0.059 |
| Duration of wind >=10m/s (µg/m3⋅h) | −0.59** | 0.23 |
| Duration of hoar frost (µg/m3⋅h) | 1.04**** | 0.17 |
| Artificial surfaces area (µg/m3⋅ha) | 0.420**** | 0.019 |
| Broadleaf tree cover (µg/m3⋅ha) | −0.754**** | 0.046 |
| Coniferous tree cover (µg/m3⋅ha) | 0.637**** | 0.030 |
| Herbaceous vegetation (µg/m3⋅ha) | −0.681**** | 0.038 |