Figure 1.
![Brutalist and Brutalist-influenced buildings in Istanbul (map and table created by authors, 2024) [19]](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/677fd28e082aa65dea3c718b/j_acee-2024-0017_fig_001.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKKYHRIQIM%2F20260310%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20260310T092525Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEHUaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJIMEYCIQD1EJNYn%2F%2Fcn%2BaMSIAd8bbGyJyB5rpWsGjtHCnPMxM9fQIhAOcxcEafL4ElZo0GgYz1AmDImPGN9z10abAetzoT9nI3Kr0FCD4QAhoMOTYzMTM0Mjg5OTQwIgx8JQVXEQiHwK4%2F%2BMYqmgWU1IdilL7OYGoqxagDlOYn8%2Bo9ieFeFVOoB4yp3DgmG%2FOdI0D5LpSTnmEvT9JJEn3V48oqu9AjNsKJWa0KTJEjLnlw8B7ygQpzOFR55lFxi3LijPhpveYVnkLOoKNuHDALiyIy%2FNbQHjJU0SOIYD%2B0M6fgUgtH1UU5LhIcFYM8NfceQa5BdYyY8HAECSrQHGcjTfDR%2BAuieEr7LtrH6J%2FiIopJsff05a80qRhD29Idk2AmJYMrsQuFZtNH9330MgUjZup60HNB8%2Bvn6yNOL0VkNOvEeWXAil%2BLoF7RSNc0%2Ft1MTnu2JiToPmvy%2BQ%2Fu%2BpTJDVGTk4ILbtN1gze01%2B5bqqcs2cd4opZvOp734HnogdmdlnygVjbHvOYqP9EM2Y%2FEvVAoRG1VjsXMtH0abUTObi6ZeNbmUzpffM%2FT0go%2FtPuTaO%2BcWePEOkGHlUEeOHVRwJeje%2FNG6vrreLFz0sGbRLHV7L2NRtGOmf4KykxlXYT7SH0TJoWINgWEVgutAtXafrbiyGwRwtpE%2Fh5Gn9aKn%2FVtC2mSkDiT97aKKyWfoMMfP0DDLYUudUAyR8fvK38UepBCrE%2FIu%2BERxqoOW3Cb0SP24OW6fLOuF%2F0aBbLH08iCoTt9HHmghjorAqMX%2F9iofy70YTT8VsG70CpbW2bccZ9h0jVu6n66684qgzFzCULo56tW7PO9%2BVYgtYf0TfMdu0C81g62mU5Galn2J05cRJ1U6uX344VwXA3ow78TNh7ZnDrtyAEy%2FawObMFS7eZkpJ5JEBMOXBg7%2B2HQbCjm9Cp7pdBXUno7IM5Qf1GjLUr3%2FTItZh8UhTDuNpPm5pzrQXJQWWoYQpR9XUpz8iU%2BP9ibOg%2Fd1KvoJWDW18NXnGI8mR2zTxKnt98w172%2BzQY6sAHepdvIlar7M5H0aOaxoST%2FeUT8FNPjlP8YbgXQdd9%2B6%2F7sOJlUAhNJRugAN1WKR2cMhU2vdLb1zaa8L7EZ7l36MoJAD%2F1Oy3UTh8uzE2FFvWGTeHFn93Ua0hnfRLbOgr8cCfR3Ajjq0xG1ob0jaXP4cAfmxwnup4YHNqw7eNhIKQao7RgX6T8riBZgxm7BJuzIpwqMqE%2BmJEsV845ub3dlQyX7KqcnApPfoIXr2kp8ag%3D%3D&X-Amz-Signature=c53b6aa6e308d3fb0beb048e7a6a356867ecbdd7cc79f095641bf88ff178e48d&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 2.
![Location of Manifaturacılar Retail Center (visualization by authors based on aerial photograph dated 1966 [27])](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/677fd28e082aa65dea3c718b/j_acee-2024-0017_fig_002.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKKYHRIQIM%2F20260310%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20260310T092525Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEHUaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJIMEYCIQD1EJNYn%2F%2Fcn%2BaMSIAd8bbGyJyB5rpWsGjtHCnPMxM9fQIhAOcxcEafL4ElZo0GgYz1AmDImPGN9z10abAetzoT9nI3Kr0FCD4QAhoMOTYzMTM0Mjg5OTQwIgx8JQVXEQiHwK4%2F%2BMYqmgWU1IdilL7OYGoqxagDlOYn8%2Bo9ieFeFVOoB4yp3DgmG%2FOdI0D5LpSTnmEvT9JJEn3V48oqu9AjNsKJWa0KTJEjLnlw8B7ygQpzOFR55lFxi3LijPhpveYVnkLOoKNuHDALiyIy%2FNbQHjJU0SOIYD%2B0M6fgUgtH1UU5LhIcFYM8NfceQa5BdYyY8HAECSrQHGcjTfDR%2BAuieEr7LtrH6J%2FiIopJsff05a80qRhD29Idk2AmJYMrsQuFZtNH9330MgUjZup60HNB8%2Bvn6yNOL0VkNOvEeWXAil%2BLoF7RSNc0%2Ft1MTnu2JiToPmvy%2BQ%2Fu%2BpTJDVGTk4ILbtN1gze01%2B5bqqcs2cd4opZvOp734HnogdmdlnygVjbHvOYqP9EM2Y%2FEvVAoRG1VjsXMtH0abUTObi6ZeNbmUzpffM%2FT0go%2FtPuTaO%2BcWePEOkGHlUEeOHVRwJeje%2FNG6vrreLFz0sGbRLHV7L2NRtGOmf4KykxlXYT7SH0TJoWINgWEVgutAtXafrbiyGwRwtpE%2Fh5Gn9aKn%2FVtC2mSkDiT97aKKyWfoMMfP0DDLYUudUAyR8fvK38UepBCrE%2FIu%2BERxqoOW3Cb0SP24OW6fLOuF%2F0aBbLH08iCoTt9HHmghjorAqMX%2F9iofy70YTT8VsG70CpbW2bccZ9h0jVu6n66684qgzFzCULo56tW7PO9%2BVYgtYf0TfMdu0C81g62mU5Galn2J05cRJ1U6uX344VwXA3ow78TNh7ZnDrtyAEy%2FawObMFS7eZkpJ5JEBMOXBg7%2B2HQbCjm9Cp7pdBXUno7IM5Qf1GjLUr3%2FTItZh8UhTDuNpPm5pzrQXJQWWoYQpR9XUpz8iU%2BP9ibOg%2Fd1KvoJWDW18NXnGI8mR2zTxKnt98w172%2BzQY6sAHepdvIlar7M5H0aOaxoST%2FeUT8FNPjlP8YbgXQdd9%2B6%2F7sOJlUAhNJRugAN1WKR2cMhU2vdLb1zaa8L7EZ7l36MoJAD%2F1Oy3UTh8uzE2FFvWGTeHFn93Ua0hnfRLbOgr8cCfR3Ajjq0xG1ob0jaXP4cAfmxwnup4YHNqw7eNhIKQao7RgX6T8riBZgxm7BJuzIpwqMqE%2BmJEsV845ub3dlQyX7KqcnApPfoIXr2kp8ag%3D%3D&X-Amz-Signature=cabb51fe45c5f9f99d1ee0851e9e624a6b9cbed56fa0ec6fa6c47ad1effd698a&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 3.
![Manifaturacılar Retail Center master plan (drawn and visualized by the authors based on [32])](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/677fd28e082aa65dea3c718b/j_acee-2024-0017_fig_003.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKKYHRIQIM%2F20260310%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20260310T092525Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEHUaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJIMEYCIQD1EJNYn%2F%2Fcn%2BaMSIAd8bbGyJyB5rpWsGjtHCnPMxM9fQIhAOcxcEafL4ElZo0GgYz1AmDImPGN9z10abAetzoT9nI3Kr0FCD4QAhoMOTYzMTM0Mjg5OTQwIgx8JQVXEQiHwK4%2F%2BMYqmgWU1IdilL7OYGoqxagDlOYn8%2Bo9ieFeFVOoB4yp3DgmG%2FOdI0D5LpSTnmEvT9JJEn3V48oqu9AjNsKJWa0KTJEjLnlw8B7ygQpzOFR55lFxi3LijPhpveYVnkLOoKNuHDALiyIy%2FNbQHjJU0SOIYD%2B0M6fgUgtH1UU5LhIcFYM8NfceQa5BdYyY8HAECSrQHGcjTfDR%2BAuieEr7LtrH6J%2FiIopJsff05a80qRhD29Idk2AmJYMrsQuFZtNH9330MgUjZup60HNB8%2Bvn6yNOL0VkNOvEeWXAil%2BLoF7RSNc0%2Ft1MTnu2JiToPmvy%2BQ%2Fu%2BpTJDVGTk4ILbtN1gze01%2B5bqqcs2cd4opZvOp734HnogdmdlnygVjbHvOYqP9EM2Y%2FEvVAoRG1VjsXMtH0abUTObi6ZeNbmUzpffM%2FT0go%2FtPuTaO%2BcWePEOkGHlUEeOHVRwJeje%2FNG6vrreLFz0sGbRLHV7L2NRtGOmf4KykxlXYT7SH0TJoWINgWEVgutAtXafrbiyGwRwtpE%2Fh5Gn9aKn%2FVtC2mSkDiT97aKKyWfoMMfP0DDLYUudUAyR8fvK38UepBCrE%2FIu%2BERxqoOW3Cb0SP24OW6fLOuF%2F0aBbLH08iCoTt9HHmghjorAqMX%2F9iofy70YTT8VsG70CpbW2bccZ9h0jVu6n66684qgzFzCULo56tW7PO9%2BVYgtYf0TfMdu0C81g62mU5Galn2J05cRJ1U6uX344VwXA3ow78TNh7ZnDrtyAEy%2FawObMFS7eZkpJ5JEBMOXBg7%2B2HQbCjm9Cp7pdBXUno7IM5Qf1GjLUr3%2FTItZh8UhTDuNpPm5pzrQXJQWWoYQpR9XUpz8iU%2BP9ibOg%2Fd1KvoJWDW18NXnGI8mR2zTxKnt98w172%2BzQY6sAHepdvIlar7M5H0aOaxoST%2FeUT8FNPjlP8YbgXQdd9%2B6%2F7sOJlUAhNJRugAN1WKR2cMhU2vdLb1zaa8L7EZ7l36MoJAD%2F1Oy3UTh8uzE2FFvWGTeHFn93Ua0hnfRLbOgr8cCfR3Ajjq0xG1ob0jaXP4cAfmxwnup4YHNqw7eNhIKQao7RgX6T8riBZgxm7BJuzIpwqMqE%2BmJEsV845ub3dlQyX7KqcnApPfoIXr2kp8ag%3D%3D&X-Amz-Signature=c58d2b8496461e159fdb3785f69fa291f2f3ee331c2aa4a4547db6d0a2230881&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 4.
![Silhouette of Manifaturacılar Retail Center and Süleymaniye Mosque (visualized by the authors based on [25])](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/677fd28e082aa65dea3c718b/j_acee-2024-0017_fig_004.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKKYHRIQIM%2F20260310%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20260310T092525Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEHUaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJIMEYCIQD1EJNYn%2F%2Fcn%2BaMSIAd8bbGyJyB5rpWsGjtHCnPMxM9fQIhAOcxcEafL4ElZo0GgYz1AmDImPGN9z10abAetzoT9nI3Kr0FCD4QAhoMOTYzMTM0Mjg5OTQwIgx8JQVXEQiHwK4%2F%2BMYqmgWU1IdilL7OYGoqxagDlOYn8%2Bo9ieFeFVOoB4yp3DgmG%2FOdI0D5LpSTnmEvT9JJEn3V48oqu9AjNsKJWa0KTJEjLnlw8B7ygQpzOFR55lFxi3LijPhpveYVnkLOoKNuHDALiyIy%2FNbQHjJU0SOIYD%2B0M6fgUgtH1UU5LhIcFYM8NfceQa5BdYyY8HAECSrQHGcjTfDR%2BAuieEr7LtrH6J%2FiIopJsff05a80qRhD29Idk2AmJYMrsQuFZtNH9330MgUjZup60HNB8%2Bvn6yNOL0VkNOvEeWXAil%2BLoF7RSNc0%2Ft1MTnu2JiToPmvy%2BQ%2Fu%2BpTJDVGTk4ILbtN1gze01%2B5bqqcs2cd4opZvOp734HnogdmdlnygVjbHvOYqP9EM2Y%2FEvVAoRG1VjsXMtH0abUTObi6ZeNbmUzpffM%2FT0go%2FtPuTaO%2BcWePEOkGHlUEeOHVRwJeje%2FNG6vrreLFz0sGbRLHV7L2NRtGOmf4KykxlXYT7SH0TJoWINgWEVgutAtXafrbiyGwRwtpE%2Fh5Gn9aKn%2FVtC2mSkDiT97aKKyWfoMMfP0DDLYUudUAyR8fvK38UepBCrE%2FIu%2BERxqoOW3Cb0SP24OW6fLOuF%2F0aBbLH08iCoTt9HHmghjorAqMX%2F9iofy70YTT8VsG70CpbW2bccZ9h0jVu6n66684qgzFzCULo56tW7PO9%2BVYgtYf0TfMdu0C81g62mU5Galn2J05cRJ1U6uX344VwXA3ow78TNh7ZnDrtyAEy%2FawObMFS7eZkpJ5JEBMOXBg7%2B2HQbCjm9Cp7pdBXUno7IM5Qf1GjLUr3%2FTItZh8UhTDuNpPm5pzrQXJQWWoYQpR9XUpz8iU%2BP9ibOg%2Fd1KvoJWDW18NXnGI8mR2zTxKnt98w172%2BzQY6sAHepdvIlar7M5H0aOaxoST%2FeUT8FNPjlP8YbgXQdd9%2B6%2F7sOJlUAhNJRugAN1WKR2cMhU2vdLb1zaa8L7EZ7l36MoJAD%2F1Oy3UTh8uzE2FFvWGTeHFn93Ua0hnfRLbOgr8cCfR3Ajjq0xG1ob0jaXP4cAfmxwnup4YHNqw7eNhIKQao7RgX6T8riBZgxm7BJuzIpwqMqE%2BmJEsV845ub3dlQyX7KqcnApPfoIXr2kp8ag%3D%3D&X-Amz-Signature=d6d4c327f1cf1f4234eda6e724aaa48eacb0fa8b2dca92da3b4d83ea8335152a&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 5.
![Block 1 ground floor plan (left) and Block 2nd floor plan (right) (visualized by the authors based on [32])](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/677fd28e082aa65dea3c718b/j_acee-2024-0017_fig_005.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKKYHRIQIM%2F20260310%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20260310T092525Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEHUaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJIMEYCIQD1EJNYn%2F%2Fcn%2BaMSIAd8bbGyJyB5rpWsGjtHCnPMxM9fQIhAOcxcEafL4ElZo0GgYz1AmDImPGN9z10abAetzoT9nI3Kr0FCD4QAhoMOTYzMTM0Mjg5OTQwIgx8JQVXEQiHwK4%2F%2BMYqmgWU1IdilL7OYGoqxagDlOYn8%2Bo9ieFeFVOoB4yp3DgmG%2FOdI0D5LpSTnmEvT9JJEn3V48oqu9AjNsKJWa0KTJEjLnlw8B7ygQpzOFR55lFxi3LijPhpveYVnkLOoKNuHDALiyIy%2FNbQHjJU0SOIYD%2B0M6fgUgtH1UU5LhIcFYM8NfceQa5BdYyY8HAECSrQHGcjTfDR%2BAuieEr7LtrH6J%2FiIopJsff05a80qRhD29Idk2AmJYMrsQuFZtNH9330MgUjZup60HNB8%2Bvn6yNOL0VkNOvEeWXAil%2BLoF7RSNc0%2Ft1MTnu2JiToPmvy%2BQ%2Fu%2BpTJDVGTk4ILbtN1gze01%2B5bqqcs2cd4opZvOp734HnogdmdlnygVjbHvOYqP9EM2Y%2FEvVAoRG1VjsXMtH0abUTObi6ZeNbmUzpffM%2FT0go%2FtPuTaO%2BcWePEOkGHlUEeOHVRwJeje%2FNG6vrreLFz0sGbRLHV7L2NRtGOmf4KykxlXYT7SH0TJoWINgWEVgutAtXafrbiyGwRwtpE%2Fh5Gn9aKn%2FVtC2mSkDiT97aKKyWfoMMfP0DDLYUudUAyR8fvK38UepBCrE%2FIu%2BERxqoOW3Cb0SP24OW6fLOuF%2F0aBbLH08iCoTt9HHmghjorAqMX%2F9iofy70YTT8VsG70CpbW2bccZ9h0jVu6n66684qgzFzCULo56tW7PO9%2BVYgtYf0TfMdu0C81g62mU5Galn2J05cRJ1U6uX344VwXA3ow78TNh7ZnDrtyAEy%2FawObMFS7eZkpJ5JEBMOXBg7%2B2HQbCjm9Cp7pdBXUno7IM5Qf1GjLUr3%2FTItZh8UhTDuNpPm5pzrQXJQWWoYQpR9XUpz8iU%2BP9ibOg%2Fd1KvoJWDW18NXnGI8mR2zTxKnt98w172%2BzQY6sAHepdvIlar7M5H0aOaxoST%2FeUT8FNPjlP8YbgXQdd9%2B6%2F7sOJlUAhNJRugAN1WKR2cMhU2vdLb1zaa8L7EZ7l36MoJAD%2F1Oy3UTh8uzE2FFvWGTeHFn93Ua0hnfRLbOgr8cCfR3Ajjq0xG1ob0jaXP4cAfmxwnup4YHNqw7eNhIKQao7RgX6T8riBZgxm7BJuzIpwqMqE%2BmJEsV845ub3dlQyX7KqcnApPfoIXr2kp8ag%3D%3D&X-Amz-Signature=b4ebdf0f292adfeab248c239c4e03adb0eb65ca69d0abd2629274f7a85fe6ee0&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 6.

Figure 7.
![Opening of MRC, 1967 [25]](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/677fd28e082aa65dea3c718b/j_acee-2024-0017_fig_007.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKKYHRIQIM%2F20260310%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20260310T092525Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEHUaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJIMEYCIQD1EJNYn%2F%2Fcn%2BaMSIAd8bbGyJyB5rpWsGjtHCnPMxM9fQIhAOcxcEafL4ElZo0GgYz1AmDImPGN9z10abAetzoT9nI3Kr0FCD4QAhoMOTYzMTM0Mjg5OTQwIgx8JQVXEQiHwK4%2F%2BMYqmgWU1IdilL7OYGoqxagDlOYn8%2Bo9ieFeFVOoB4yp3DgmG%2FOdI0D5LpSTnmEvT9JJEn3V48oqu9AjNsKJWa0KTJEjLnlw8B7ygQpzOFR55lFxi3LijPhpveYVnkLOoKNuHDALiyIy%2FNbQHjJU0SOIYD%2B0M6fgUgtH1UU5LhIcFYM8NfceQa5BdYyY8HAECSrQHGcjTfDR%2BAuieEr7LtrH6J%2FiIopJsff05a80qRhD29Idk2AmJYMrsQuFZtNH9330MgUjZup60HNB8%2Bvn6yNOL0VkNOvEeWXAil%2BLoF7RSNc0%2Ft1MTnu2JiToPmvy%2BQ%2Fu%2BpTJDVGTk4ILbtN1gze01%2B5bqqcs2cd4opZvOp734HnogdmdlnygVjbHvOYqP9EM2Y%2FEvVAoRG1VjsXMtH0abUTObi6ZeNbmUzpffM%2FT0go%2FtPuTaO%2BcWePEOkGHlUEeOHVRwJeje%2FNG6vrreLFz0sGbRLHV7L2NRtGOmf4KykxlXYT7SH0TJoWINgWEVgutAtXafrbiyGwRwtpE%2Fh5Gn9aKn%2FVtC2mSkDiT97aKKyWfoMMfP0DDLYUudUAyR8fvK38UepBCrE%2FIu%2BERxqoOW3Cb0SP24OW6fLOuF%2F0aBbLH08iCoTt9HHmghjorAqMX%2F9iofy70YTT8VsG70CpbW2bccZ9h0jVu6n66684qgzFzCULo56tW7PO9%2BVYgtYf0TfMdu0C81g62mU5Galn2J05cRJ1U6uX344VwXA3ow78TNh7ZnDrtyAEy%2FawObMFS7eZkpJ5JEBMOXBg7%2B2HQbCjm9Cp7pdBXUno7IM5Qf1GjLUr3%2FTItZh8UhTDuNpPm5pzrQXJQWWoYQpR9XUpz8iU%2BP9ibOg%2Fd1KvoJWDW18NXnGI8mR2zTxKnt98w172%2BzQY6sAHepdvIlar7M5H0aOaxoST%2FeUT8FNPjlP8YbgXQdd9%2B6%2F7sOJlUAhNJRugAN1WKR2cMhU2vdLb1zaa8L7EZ7l36MoJAD%2F1Oy3UTh8uzE2FFvWGTeHFn93Ua0hnfRLbOgr8cCfR3Ajjq0xG1ob0jaXP4cAfmxwnup4YHNqw7eNhIKQao7RgX6T8riBZgxm7BJuzIpwqMqE%2BmJEsV845ub3dlQyX7KqcnApPfoIXr2kp8ag%3D%3D&X-Amz-Signature=3283f7050c38a46eccfb02f5c3b4c533d3ba44224ea1725b26a931e11c0c3931&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 8.

Figure 9.

Figure 10.
![Location of the Istanbul Reklam Building (visualization by authors based on aerial photograph dated 1976 [27])](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/677fd28e082aa65dea3c718b/j_acee-2024-0017_fig_010.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKKYHRIQIM%2F20260310%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20260310T092525Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEHUaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJIMEYCIQD1EJNYn%2F%2Fcn%2BaMSIAd8bbGyJyB5rpWsGjtHCnPMxM9fQIhAOcxcEafL4ElZo0GgYz1AmDImPGN9z10abAetzoT9nI3Kr0FCD4QAhoMOTYzMTM0Mjg5OTQwIgx8JQVXEQiHwK4%2F%2BMYqmgWU1IdilL7OYGoqxagDlOYn8%2Bo9ieFeFVOoB4yp3DgmG%2FOdI0D5LpSTnmEvT9JJEn3V48oqu9AjNsKJWa0KTJEjLnlw8B7ygQpzOFR55lFxi3LijPhpveYVnkLOoKNuHDALiyIy%2FNbQHjJU0SOIYD%2B0M6fgUgtH1UU5LhIcFYM8NfceQa5BdYyY8HAECSrQHGcjTfDR%2BAuieEr7LtrH6J%2FiIopJsff05a80qRhD29Idk2AmJYMrsQuFZtNH9330MgUjZup60HNB8%2Bvn6yNOL0VkNOvEeWXAil%2BLoF7RSNc0%2Ft1MTnu2JiToPmvy%2BQ%2Fu%2BpTJDVGTk4ILbtN1gze01%2B5bqqcs2cd4opZvOp734HnogdmdlnygVjbHvOYqP9EM2Y%2FEvVAoRG1VjsXMtH0abUTObi6ZeNbmUzpffM%2FT0go%2FtPuTaO%2BcWePEOkGHlUEeOHVRwJeje%2FNG6vrreLFz0sGbRLHV7L2NRtGOmf4KykxlXYT7SH0TJoWINgWEVgutAtXafrbiyGwRwtpE%2Fh5Gn9aKn%2FVtC2mSkDiT97aKKyWfoMMfP0DDLYUudUAyR8fvK38UepBCrE%2FIu%2BERxqoOW3Cb0SP24OW6fLOuF%2F0aBbLH08iCoTt9HHmghjorAqMX%2F9iofy70YTT8VsG70CpbW2bccZ9h0jVu6n66684qgzFzCULo56tW7PO9%2BVYgtYf0TfMdu0C81g62mU5Galn2J05cRJ1U6uX344VwXA3ow78TNh7ZnDrtyAEy%2FawObMFS7eZkpJ5JEBMOXBg7%2B2HQbCjm9Cp7pdBXUno7IM5Qf1GjLUr3%2FTItZh8UhTDuNpPm5pzrQXJQWWoYQpR9XUpz8iU%2BP9ibOg%2Fd1KvoJWDW18NXnGI8mR2zTxKnt98w172%2BzQY6sAHepdvIlar7M5H0aOaxoST%2FeUT8FNPjlP8YbgXQdd9%2B6%2F7sOJlUAhNJRugAN1WKR2cMhU2vdLb1zaa8L7EZ7l36MoJAD%2F1Oy3UTh8uzE2FFvWGTeHFn93Ua0hnfRLbOgr8cCfR3Ajjq0xG1ob0jaXP4cAfmxwnup4YHNqw7eNhIKQao7RgX6T8riBZgxm7BJuzIpwqMqE%2BmJEsV845ub3dlQyX7KqcnApPfoIXr2kp8ag%3D%3D&X-Amz-Signature=aa471651fe4faedd87975a81f3f02ca1a9981a02197923c8f41fe6764527c544&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 11.
![Istanbul Reklam Building plan (drawn and visualized by the authors based on [43])](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/677fd28e082aa65dea3c718b/j_acee-2024-0017_fig_011.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKKYHRIQIM%2F20260310%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20260310T092525Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEHUaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJIMEYCIQD1EJNYn%2F%2Fcn%2BaMSIAd8bbGyJyB5rpWsGjtHCnPMxM9fQIhAOcxcEafL4ElZo0GgYz1AmDImPGN9z10abAetzoT9nI3Kr0FCD4QAhoMOTYzMTM0Mjg5OTQwIgx8JQVXEQiHwK4%2F%2BMYqmgWU1IdilL7OYGoqxagDlOYn8%2Bo9ieFeFVOoB4yp3DgmG%2FOdI0D5LpSTnmEvT9JJEn3V48oqu9AjNsKJWa0KTJEjLnlw8B7ygQpzOFR55lFxi3LijPhpveYVnkLOoKNuHDALiyIy%2FNbQHjJU0SOIYD%2B0M6fgUgtH1UU5LhIcFYM8NfceQa5BdYyY8HAECSrQHGcjTfDR%2BAuieEr7LtrH6J%2FiIopJsff05a80qRhD29Idk2AmJYMrsQuFZtNH9330MgUjZup60HNB8%2Bvn6yNOL0VkNOvEeWXAil%2BLoF7RSNc0%2Ft1MTnu2JiToPmvy%2BQ%2Fu%2BpTJDVGTk4ILbtN1gze01%2B5bqqcs2cd4opZvOp734HnogdmdlnygVjbHvOYqP9EM2Y%2FEvVAoRG1VjsXMtH0abUTObi6ZeNbmUzpffM%2FT0go%2FtPuTaO%2BcWePEOkGHlUEeOHVRwJeje%2FNG6vrreLFz0sGbRLHV7L2NRtGOmf4KykxlXYT7SH0TJoWINgWEVgutAtXafrbiyGwRwtpE%2Fh5Gn9aKn%2FVtC2mSkDiT97aKKyWfoMMfP0DDLYUudUAyR8fvK38UepBCrE%2FIu%2BERxqoOW3Cb0SP24OW6fLOuF%2F0aBbLH08iCoTt9HHmghjorAqMX%2F9iofy70YTT8VsG70CpbW2bccZ9h0jVu6n66684qgzFzCULo56tW7PO9%2BVYgtYf0TfMdu0C81g62mU5Galn2J05cRJ1U6uX344VwXA3ow78TNh7ZnDrtyAEy%2FawObMFS7eZkpJ5JEBMOXBg7%2B2HQbCjm9Cp7pdBXUno7IM5Qf1GjLUr3%2FTItZh8UhTDuNpPm5pzrQXJQWWoYQpR9XUpz8iU%2BP9ibOg%2Fd1KvoJWDW18NXnGI8mR2zTxKnt98w172%2BzQY6sAHepdvIlar7M5H0aOaxoST%2FeUT8FNPjlP8YbgXQdd9%2B6%2F7sOJlUAhNJRugAN1WKR2cMhU2vdLb1zaa8L7EZ7l36MoJAD%2F1Oy3UTh8uzE2FFvWGTeHFn93Ua0hnfRLbOgr8cCfR3Ajjq0xG1ob0jaXP4cAfmxwnup4YHNqw7eNhIKQao7RgX6T8riBZgxm7BJuzIpwqMqE%2BmJEsV845ub3dlQyX7KqcnApPfoIXr2kp8ag%3D%3D&X-Amz-Signature=81075d59c3821e287641454bba95d28baaca831a6f6496bff64f86f0dc661dae&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 12.
![Dentsu Advertising Office Building [47]](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/677fd28e082aa65dea3c718b/j_acee-2024-0017_fig_012.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKKYHRIQIM%2F20260310%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20260310T092525Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEHUaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJIMEYCIQD1EJNYn%2F%2Fcn%2BaMSIAd8bbGyJyB5rpWsGjtHCnPMxM9fQIhAOcxcEafL4ElZo0GgYz1AmDImPGN9z10abAetzoT9nI3Kr0FCD4QAhoMOTYzMTM0Mjg5OTQwIgx8JQVXEQiHwK4%2F%2BMYqmgWU1IdilL7OYGoqxagDlOYn8%2Bo9ieFeFVOoB4yp3DgmG%2FOdI0D5LpSTnmEvT9JJEn3V48oqu9AjNsKJWa0KTJEjLnlw8B7ygQpzOFR55lFxi3LijPhpveYVnkLOoKNuHDALiyIy%2FNbQHjJU0SOIYD%2B0M6fgUgtH1UU5LhIcFYM8NfceQa5BdYyY8HAECSrQHGcjTfDR%2BAuieEr7LtrH6J%2FiIopJsff05a80qRhD29Idk2AmJYMrsQuFZtNH9330MgUjZup60HNB8%2Bvn6yNOL0VkNOvEeWXAil%2BLoF7RSNc0%2Ft1MTnu2JiToPmvy%2BQ%2Fu%2BpTJDVGTk4ILbtN1gze01%2B5bqqcs2cd4opZvOp734HnogdmdlnygVjbHvOYqP9EM2Y%2FEvVAoRG1VjsXMtH0abUTObi6ZeNbmUzpffM%2FT0go%2FtPuTaO%2BcWePEOkGHlUEeOHVRwJeje%2FNG6vrreLFz0sGbRLHV7L2NRtGOmf4KykxlXYT7SH0TJoWINgWEVgutAtXafrbiyGwRwtpE%2Fh5Gn9aKn%2FVtC2mSkDiT97aKKyWfoMMfP0DDLYUudUAyR8fvK38UepBCrE%2FIu%2BERxqoOW3Cb0SP24OW6fLOuF%2F0aBbLH08iCoTt9HHmghjorAqMX%2F9iofy70YTT8VsG70CpbW2bccZ9h0jVu6n66684qgzFzCULo56tW7PO9%2BVYgtYf0TfMdu0C81g62mU5Galn2J05cRJ1U6uX344VwXA3ow78TNh7ZnDrtyAEy%2FawObMFS7eZkpJ5JEBMOXBg7%2B2HQbCjm9Cp7pdBXUno7IM5Qf1GjLUr3%2FTItZh8UhTDuNpPm5pzrQXJQWWoYQpR9XUpz8iU%2BP9ibOg%2Fd1KvoJWDW18NXnGI8mR2zTxKnt98w172%2BzQY6sAHepdvIlar7M5H0aOaxoST%2FeUT8FNPjlP8YbgXQdd9%2B6%2F7sOJlUAhNJRugAN1WKR2cMhU2vdLb1zaa8L7EZ7l36MoJAD%2F1Oy3UTh8uzE2FFvWGTeHFn93Ua0hnfRLbOgr8cCfR3Ajjq0xG1ob0jaXP4cAfmxwnup4YHNqw7eNhIKQao7RgX6T8riBZgxm7BJuzIpwqMqE%2BmJEsV845ub3dlQyX7KqcnApPfoIXr2kp8ag%3D%3D&X-Amz-Signature=03e49415524c3e78713918bc5f169a7716c64f3edec381aa01d02da8497e915a&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 13.
![Dentsu Advertising Office Building [47]](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/677fd28e082aa65dea3c718b/j_acee-2024-0017_fig_013.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKKYHRIQIM%2F20260310%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20260310T092525Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEHUaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJIMEYCIQD1EJNYn%2F%2Fcn%2BaMSIAd8bbGyJyB5rpWsGjtHCnPMxM9fQIhAOcxcEafL4ElZo0GgYz1AmDImPGN9z10abAetzoT9nI3Kr0FCD4QAhoMOTYzMTM0Mjg5OTQwIgx8JQVXEQiHwK4%2F%2BMYqmgWU1IdilL7OYGoqxagDlOYn8%2Bo9ieFeFVOoB4yp3DgmG%2FOdI0D5LpSTnmEvT9JJEn3V48oqu9AjNsKJWa0KTJEjLnlw8B7ygQpzOFR55lFxi3LijPhpveYVnkLOoKNuHDALiyIy%2FNbQHjJU0SOIYD%2B0M6fgUgtH1UU5LhIcFYM8NfceQa5BdYyY8HAECSrQHGcjTfDR%2BAuieEr7LtrH6J%2FiIopJsff05a80qRhD29Idk2AmJYMrsQuFZtNH9330MgUjZup60HNB8%2Bvn6yNOL0VkNOvEeWXAil%2BLoF7RSNc0%2Ft1MTnu2JiToPmvy%2BQ%2Fu%2BpTJDVGTk4ILbtN1gze01%2B5bqqcs2cd4opZvOp734HnogdmdlnygVjbHvOYqP9EM2Y%2FEvVAoRG1VjsXMtH0abUTObi6ZeNbmUzpffM%2FT0go%2FtPuTaO%2BcWePEOkGHlUEeOHVRwJeje%2FNG6vrreLFz0sGbRLHV7L2NRtGOmf4KykxlXYT7SH0TJoWINgWEVgutAtXafrbiyGwRwtpE%2Fh5Gn9aKn%2FVtC2mSkDiT97aKKyWfoMMfP0DDLYUudUAyR8fvK38UepBCrE%2FIu%2BERxqoOW3Cb0SP24OW6fLOuF%2F0aBbLH08iCoTt9HHmghjorAqMX%2F9iofy70YTT8VsG70CpbW2bccZ9h0jVu6n66684qgzFzCULo56tW7PO9%2BVYgtYf0TfMdu0C81g62mU5Galn2J05cRJ1U6uX344VwXA3ow78TNh7ZnDrtyAEy%2FawObMFS7eZkpJ5JEBMOXBg7%2B2HQbCjm9Cp7pdBXUno7IM5Qf1GjLUr3%2FTItZh8UhTDuNpPm5pzrQXJQWWoYQpR9XUpz8iU%2BP9ibOg%2Fd1KvoJWDW18NXnGI8mR2zTxKnt98w172%2BzQY6sAHepdvIlar7M5H0aOaxoST%2FeUT8FNPjlP8YbgXQdd9%2B6%2F7sOJlUAhNJRugAN1WKR2cMhU2vdLb1zaa8L7EZ7l36MoJAD%2F1Oy3UTh8uzE2FFvWGTeHFn93Ua0hnfRLbOgr8cCfR3Ajjq0xG1ob0jaXP4cAfmxwnup4YHNqw7eNhIKQao7RgX6T8riBZgxm7BJuzIpwqMqE%2BmJEsV845ub3dlQyX7KqcnApPfoIXr2kp8ag%3D%3D&X-Amz-Signature=c09a365a1e4eb9db2130c32ada9d040f81642c253311a179a80882f3d51a1971&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 14.
![Istanbul Reklam Building façade and column-beam detail from the entrance hall [authors archive, 2022]](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/677fd28e082aa65dea3c718b/j_acee-2024-0017_fig_014.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKKYHRIQIM%2F20260310%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20260310T092525Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEHUaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJIMEYCIQD1EJNYn%2F%2Fcn%2BaMSIAd8bbGyJyB5rpWsGjtHCnPMxM9fQIhAOcxcEafL4ElZo0GgYz1AmDImPGN9z10abAetzoT9nI3Kr0FCD4QAhoMOTYzMTM0Mjg5OTQwIgx8JQVXEQiHwK4%2F%2BMYqmgWU1IdilL7OYGoqxagDlOYn8%2Bo9ieFeFVOoB4yp3DgmG%2FOdI0D5LpSTnmEvT9JJEn3V48oqu9AjNsKJWa0KTJEjLnlw8B7ygQpzOFR55lFxi3LijPhpveYVnkLOoKNuHDALiyIy%2FNbQHjJU0SOIYD%2B0M6fgUgtH1UU5LhIcFYM8NfceQa5BdYyY8HAECSrQHGcjTfDR%2BAuieEr7LtrH6J%2FiIopJsff05a80qRhD29Idk2AmJYMrsQuFZtNH9330MgUjZup60HNB8%2Bvn6yNOL0VkNOvEeWXAil%2BLoF7RSNc0%2Ft1MTnu2JiToPmvy%2BQ%2Fu%2BpTJDVGTk4ILbtN1gze01%2B5bqqcs2cd4opZvOp734HnogdmdlnygVjbHvOYqP9EM2Y%2FEvVAoRG1VjsXMtH0abUTObi6ZeNbmUzpffM%2FT0go%2FtPuTaO%2BcWePEOkGHlUEeOHVRwJeje%2FNG6vrreLFz0sGbRLHV7L2NRtGOmf4KykxlXYT7SH0TJoWINgWEVgutAtXafrbiyGwRwtpE%2Fh5Gn9aKn%2FVtC2mSkDiT97aKKyWfoMMfP0DDLYUudUAyR8fvK38UepBCrE%2FIu%2BERxqoOW3Cb0SP24OW6fLOuF%2F0aBbLH08iCoTt9HHmghjorAqMX%2F9iofy70YTT8VsG70CpbW2bccZ9h0jVu6n66684qgzFzCULo56tW7PO9%2BVYgtYf0TfMdu0C81g62mU5Galn2J05cRJ1U6uX344VwXA3ow78TNh7ZnDrtyAEy%2FawObMFS7eZkpJ5JEBMOXBg7%2B2HQbCjm9Cp7pdBXUno7IM5Qf1GjLUr3%2FTItZh8UhTDuNpPm5pzrQXJQWWoYQpR9XUpz8iU%2BP9ibOg%2Fd1KvoJWDW18NXnGI8mR2zTxKnt98w172%2BzQY6sAHepdvIlar7M5H0aOaxoST%2FeUT8FNPjlP8YbgXQdd9%2B6%2F7sOJlUAhNJRugAN1WKR2cMhU2vdLb1zaa8L7EZ7l36MoJAD%2F1Oy3UTh8uzE2FFvWGTeHFn93Ua0hnfRLbOgr8cCfR3Ajjq0xG1ob0jaXP4cAfmxwnup4YHNqw7eNhIKQao7RgX6T8riBZgxm7BJuzIpwqMqE%2BmJEsV845ub3dlQyX7KqcnApPfoIXr2kp8ag%3D%3D&X-Amz-Signature=c959e253659f4b9ca78bc27710822352bdf03ae9ccaf8d90b3b569c7a759cc67&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 15.
![View of the Istanbul Reklam Building [Irexpo introductory booklet, authors archive]](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/677fd28e082aa65dea3c718b/j_acee-2024-0017_fig_015.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKKYHRIQIM%2F20260310%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20260310T092525Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEHUaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJIMEYCIQD1EJNYn%2F%2Fcn%2BaMSIAd8bbGyJyB5rpWsGjtHCnPMxM9fQIhAOcxcEafL4ElZo0GgYz1AmDImPGN9z10abAetzoT9nI3Kr0FCD4QAhoMOTYzMTM0Mjg5OTQwIgx8JQVXEQiHwK4%2F%2BMYqmgWU1IdilL7OYGoqxagDlOYn8%2Bo9ieFeFVOoB4yp3DgmG%2FOdI0D5LpSTnmEvT9JJEn3V48oqu9AjNsKJWa0KTJEjLnlw8B7ygQpzOFR55lFxi3LijPhpveYVnkLOoKNuHDALiyIy%2FNbQHjJU0SOIYD%2B0M6fgUgtH1UU5LhIcFYM8NfceQa5BdYyY8HAECSrQHGcjTfDR%2BAuieEr7LtrH6J%2FiIopJsff05a80qRhD29Idk2AmJYMrsQuFZtNH9330MgUjZup60HNB8%2Bvn6yNOL0VkNOvEeWXAil%2BLoF7RSNc0%2Ft1MTnu2JiToPmvy%2BQ%2Fu%2BpTJDVGTk4ILbtN1gze01%2B5bqqcs2cd4opZvOp734HnogdmdlnygVjbHvOYqP9EM2Y%2FEvVAoRG1VjsXMtH0abUTObi6ZeNbmUzpffM%2FT0go%2FtPuTaO%2BcWePEOkGHlUEeOHVRwJeje%2FNG6vrreLFz0sGbRLHV7L2NRtGOmf4KykxlXYT7SH0TJoWINgWEVgutAtXafrbiyGwRwtpE%2Fh5Gn9aKn%2FVtC2mSkDiT97aKKyWfoMMfP0DDLYUudUAyR8fvK38UepBCrE%2FIu%2BERxqoOW3Cb0SP24OW6fLOuF%2F0aBbLH08iCoTt9HHmghjorAqMX%2F9iofy70YTT8VsG70CpbW2bccZ9h0jVu6n66684qgzFzCULo56tW7PO9%2BVYgtYf0TfMdu0C81g62mU5Galn2J05cRJ1U6uX344VwXA3ow78TNh7ZnDrtyAEy%2FawObMFS7eZkpJ5JEBMOXBg7%2B2HQbCjm9Cp7pdBXUno7IM5Qf1GjLUr3%2FTItZh8UhTDuNpPm5pzrQXJQWWoYQpR9XUpz8iU%2BP9ibOg%2Fd1KvoJWDW18NXnGI8mR2zTxKnt98w172%2BzQY6sAHepdvIlar7M5H0aOaxoST%2FeUT8FNPjlP8YbgXQdd9%2B6%2F7sOJlUAhNJRugAN1WKR2cMhU2vdLb1zaa8L7EZ7l36MoJAD%2F1Oy3UTh8uzE2FFvWGTeHFn93Ua0hnfRLbOgr8cCfR3Ajjq0xG1ob0jaXP4cAfmxwnup4YHNqw7eNhIKQao7RgX6T8riBZgxm7BJuzIpwqMqE%2BmJEsV845ub3dlQyX7KqcnApPfoIXr2kp8ag%3D%3D&X-Amz-Signature=4b91ed8625535c766dee619d968edf058802e46f094868a674ca917b2fa5dd9e&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 16.
![Istanbul Reklam Building interior spaces [Irexpo introductory booklet, authors archive]](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/677fd28e082aa65dea3c718b/j_acee-2024-0017_fig_016.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKKYHRIQIM%2F20260310%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20260310T092525Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEHUaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJIMEYCIQD1EJNYn%2F%2Fcn%2BaMSIAd8bbGyJyB5rpWsGjtHCnPMxM9fQIhAOcxcEafL4ElZo0GgYz1AmDImPGN9z10abAetzoT9nI3Kr0FCD4QAhoMOTYzMTM0Mjg5OTQwIgx8JQVXEQiHwK4%2F%2BMYqmgWU1IdilL7OYGoqxagDlOYn8%2Bo9ieFeFVOoB4yp3DgmG%2FOdI0D5LpSTnmEvT9JJEn3V48oqu9AjNsKJWa0KTJEjLnlw8B7ygQpzOFR55lFxi3LijPhpveYVnkLOoKNuHDALiyIy%2FNbQHjJU0SOIYD%2B0M6fgUgtH1UU5LhIcFYM8NfceQa5BdYyY8HAECSrQHGcjTfDR%2BAuieEr7LtrH6J%2FiIopJsff05a80qRhD29Idk2AmJYMrsQuFZtNH9330MgUjZup60HNB8%2Bvn6yNOL0VkNOvEeWXAil%2BLoF7RSNc0%2Ft1MTnu2JiToPmvy%2BQ%2Fu%2BpTJDVGTk4ILbtN1gze01%2B5bqqcs2cd4opZvOp734HnogdmdlnygVjbHvOYqP9EM2Y%2FEvVAoRG1VjsXMtH0abUTObi6ZeNbmUzpffM%2FT0go%2FtPuTaO%2BcWePEOkGHlUEeOHVRwJeje%2FNG6vrreLFz0sGbRLHV7L2NRtGOmf4KykxlXYT7SH0TJoWINgWEVgutAtXafrbiyGwRwtpE%2Fh5Gn9aKn%2FVtC2mSkDiT97aKKyWfoMMfP0DDLYUudUAyR8fvK38UepBCrE%2FIu%2BERxqoOW3Cb0SP24OW6fLOuF%2F0aBbLH08iCoTt9HHmghjorAqMX%2F9iofy70YTT8VsG70CpbW2bccZ9h0jVu6n66684qgzFzCULo56tW7PO9%2BVYgtYf0TfMdu0C81g62mU5Galn2J05cRJ1U6uX344VwXA3ow78TNh7ZnDrtyAEy%2FawObMFS7eZkpJ5JEBMOXBg7%2B2HQbCjm9Cp7pdBXUno7IM5Qf1GjLUr3%2FTItZh8UhTDuNpPm5pzrQXJQWWoYQpR9XUpz8iU%2BP9ibOg%2Fd1KvoJWDW18NXnGI8mR2zTxKnt98w172%2BzQY6sAHepdvIlar7M5H0aOaxoST%2FeUT8FNPjlP8YbgXQdd9%2B6%2F7sOJlUAhNJRugAN1WKR2cMhU2vdLb1zaa8L7EZ7l36MoJAD%2F1Oy3UTh8uzE2FFvWGTeHFn93Ua0hnfRLbOgr8cCfR3Ajjq0xG1ob0jaXP4cAfmxwnup4YHNqw7eNhIKQao7RgX6T8riBZgxm7BJuzIpwqMqE%2BmJEsV845ub3dlQyX7KqcnApPfoIXr2kp8ag%3D%3D&X-Amz-Signature=acfecd43301f5a1cccae792033376a5a26c409ae8e2b177c1d9593543c526dcb&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 17.
![Location of the Istanbul Officers’ Club (visualization by authors based on aerial photograph dated 1987 [27])](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/677fd28e082aa65dea3c718b/j_acee-2024-0017_fig_017.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKKYHRIQIM%2F20260310%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20260310T092525Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEHUaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJIMEYCIQD1EJNYn%2F%2Fcn%2BaMSIAd8bbGyJyB5rpWsGjtHCnPMxM9fQIhAOcxcEafL4ElZo0GgYz1AmDImPGN9z10abAetzoT9nI3Kr0FCD4QAhoMOTYzMTM0Mjg5OTQwIgx8JQVXEQiHwK4%2F%2BMYqmgWU1IdilL7OYGoqxagDlOYn8%2Bo9ieFeFVOoB4yp3DgmG%2FOdI0D5LpSTnmEvT9JJEn3V48oqu9AjNsKJWa0KTJEjLnlw8B7ygQpzOFR55lFxi3LijPhpveYVnkLOoKNuHDALiyIy%2FNbQHjJU0SOIYD%2B0M6fgUgtH1UU5LhIcFYM8NfceQa5BdYyY8HAECSrQHGcjTfDR%2BAuieEr7LtrH6J%2FiIopJsff05a80qRhD29Idk2AmJYMrsQuFZtNH9330MgUjZup60HNB8%2Bvn6yNOL0VkNOvEeWXAil%2BLoF7RSNc0%2Ft1MTnu2JiToPmvy%2BQ%2Fu%2BpTJDVGTk4ILbtN1gze01%2B5bqqcs2cd4opZvOp734HnogdmdlnygVjbHvOYqP9EM2Y%2FEvVAoRG1VjsXMtH0abUTObi6ZeNbmUzpffM%2FT0go%2FtPuTaO%2BcWePEOkGHlUEeOHVRwJeje%2FNG6vrreLFz0sGbRLHV7L2NRtGOmf4KykxlXYT7SH0TJoWINgWEVgutAtXafrbiyGwRwtpE%2Fh5Gn9aKn%2FVtC2mSkDiT97aKKyWfoMMfP0DDLYUudUAyR8fvK38UepBCrE%2FIu%2BERxqoOW3Cb0SP24OW6fLOuF%2F0aBbLH08iCoTt9HHmghjorAqMX%2F9iofy70YTT8VsG70CpbW2bccZ9h0jVu6n66684qgzFzCULo56tW7PO9%2BVYgtYf0TfMdu0C81g62mU5Galn2J05cRJ1U6uX344VwXA3ow78TNh7ZnDrtyAEy%2FawObMFS7eZkpJ5JEBMOXBg7%2B2HQbCjm9Cp7pdBXUno7IM5Qf1GjLUr3%2FTItZh8UhTDuNpPm5pzrQXJQWWoYQpR9XUpz8iU%2BP9ibOg%2Fd1KvoJWDW18NXnGI8mR2zTxKnt98w172%2BzQY6sAHepdvIlar7M5H0aOaxoST%2FeUT8FNPjlP8YbgXQdd9%2B6%2F7sOJlUAhNJRugAN1WKR2cMhU2vdLb1zaa8L7EZ7l36MoJAD%2F1Oy3UTh8uzE2FFvWGTeHFn93Ua0hnfRLbOgr8cCfR3Ajjq0xG1ob0jaXP4cAfmxwnup4YHNqw7eNhIKQao7RgX6T8riBZgxm7BJuzIpwqMqE%2BmJEsV845ub3dlQyX7KqcnApPfoIXr2kp8ag%3D%3D&X-Amz-Signature=9f5b37a1a0675aeb90d03d7dd44c59fef910d21960c1c90ce9465117f0ca74e0&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 18.
![Istanbul Officers’ Club plan (drawn and visualized by the authors based on [32])](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/677fd28e082aa65dea3c718b/j_acee-2024-0017_fig_018.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKKYHRIQIM%2F20260310%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20260310T092525Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEHUaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJIMEYCIQD1EJNYn%2F%2Fcn%2BaMSIAd8bbGyJyB5rpWsGjtHCnPMxM9fQIhAOcxcEafL4ElZo0GgYz1AmDImPGN9z10abAetzoT9nI3Kr0FCD4QAhoMOTYzMTM0Mjg5OTQwIgx8JQVXEQiHwK4%2F%2BMYqmgWU1IdilL7OYGoqxagDlOYn8%2Bo9ieFeFVOoB4yp3DgmG%2FOdI0D5LpSTnmEvT9JJEn3V48oqu9AjNsKJWa0KTJEjLnlw8B7ygQpzOFR55lFxi3LijPhpveYVnkLOoKNuHDALiyIy%2FNbQHjJU0SOIYD%2B0M6fgUgtH1UU5LhIcFYM8NfceQa5BdYyY8HAECSrQHGcjTfDR%2BAuieEr7LtrH6J%2FiIopJsff05a80qRhD29Idk2AmJYMrsQuFZtNH9330MgUjZup60HNB8%2Bvn6yNOL0VkNOvEeWXAil%2BLoF7RSNc0%2Ft1MTnu2JiToPmvy%2BQ%2Fu%2BpTJDVGTk4ILbtN1gze01%2B5bqqcs2cd4opZvOp734HnogdmdlnygVjbHvOYqP9EM2Y%2FEvVAoRG1VjsXMtH0abUTObi6ZeNbmUzpffM%2FT0go%2FtPuTaO%2BcWePEOkGHlUEeOHVRwJeje%2FNG6vrreLFz0sGbRLHV7L2NRtGOmf4KykxlXYT7SH0TJoWINgWEVgutAtXafrbiyGwRwtpE%2Fh5Gn9aKn%2FVtC2mSkDiT97aKKyWfoMMfP0DDLYUudUAyR8fvK38UepBCrE%2FIu%2BERxqoOW3Cb0SP24OW6fLOuF%2F0aBbLH08iCoTt9HHmghjorAqMX%2F9iofy70YTT8VsG70CpbW2bccZ9h0jVu6n66684qgzFzCULo56tW7PO9%2BVYgtYf0TfMdu0C81g62mU5Galn2J05cRJ1U6uX344VwXA3ow78TNh7ZnDrtyAEy%2FawObMFS7eZkpJ5JEBMOXBg7%2B2HQbCjm9Cp7pdBXUno7IM5Qf1GjLUr3%2FTItZh8UhTDuNpPm5pzrQXJQWWoYQpR9XUpz8iU%2BP9ibOg%2Fd1KvoJWDW18NXnGI8mR2zTxKnt98w172%2BzQY6sAHepdvIlar7M5H0aOaxoST%2FeUT8FNPjlP8YbgXQdd9%2B6%2F7sOJlUAhNJRugAN1WKR2cMhU2vdLb1zaa8L7EZ7l36MoJAD%2F1Oy3UTh8uzE2FFvWGTeHFn93Ua0hnfRLbOgr8cCfR3Ajjq0xG1ob0jaXP4cAfmxwnup4YHNqw7eNhIKQao7RgX6T8riBZgxm7BJuzIpwqMqE%2BmJEsV845ub3dlQyX7KqcnApPfoIXr2kp8ag%3D%3D&X-Amz-Signature=9e09ceaf164b9adc5041be0b337f72a0fe50b9701d5279db1c916632925f47a5&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 19.
![Istanbul Officers’ Club façade and balcony details [authors archive, 2024]](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/677fd28e082aa65dea3c718b/j_acee-2024-0017_fig_019.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKKYHRIQIM%2F20260310%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20260310T092525Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEHUaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJIMEYCIQD1EJNYn%2F%2Fcn%2BaMSIAd8bbGyJyB5rpWsGjtHCnPMxM9fQIhAOcxcEafL4ElZo0GgYz1AmDImPGN9z10abAetzoT9nI3Kr0FCD4QAhoMOTYzMTM0Mjg5OTQwIgx8JQVXEQiHwK4%2F%2BMYqmgWU1IdilL7OYGoqxagDlOYn8%2Bo9ieFeFVOoB4yp3DgmG%2FOdI0D5LpSTnmEvT9JJEn3V48oqu9AjNsKJWa0KTJEjLnlw8B7ygQpzOFR55lFxi3LijPhpveYVnkLOoKNuHDALiyIy%2FNbQHjJU0SOIYD%2B0M6fgUgtH1UU5LhIcFYM8NfceQa5BdYyY8HAECSrQHGcjTfDR%2BAuieEr7LtrH6J%2FiIopJsff05a80qRhD29Idk2AmJYMrsQuFZtNH9330MgUjZup60HNB8%2Bvn6yNOL0VkNOvEeWXAil%2BLoF7RSNc0%2Ft1MTnu2JiToPmvy%2BQ%2Fu%2BpTJDVGTk4ILbtN1gze01%2B5bqqcs2cd4opZvOp734HnogdmdlnygVjbHvOYqP9EM2Y%2FEvVAoRG1VjsXMtH0abUTObi6ZeNbmUzpffM%2FT0go%2FtPuTaO%2BcWePEOkGHlUEeOHVRwJeje%2FNG6vrreLFz0sGbRLHV7L2NRtGOmf4KykxlXYT7SH0TJoWINgWEVgutAtXafrbiyGwRwtpE%2Fh5Gn9aKn%2FVtC2mSkDiT97aKKyWfoMMfP0DDLYUudUAyR8fvK38UepBCrE%2FIu%2BERxqoOW3Cb0SP24OW6fLOuF%2F0aBbLH08iCoTt9HHmghjorAqMX%2F9iofy70YTT8VsG70CpbW2bccZ9h0jVu6n66684qgzFzCULo56tW7PO9%2BVYgtYf0TfMdu0C81g62mU5Galn2J05cRJ1U6uX344VwXA3ow78TNh7ZnDrtyAEy%2FawObMFS7eZkpJ5JEBMOXBg7%2B2HQbCjm9Cp7pdBXUno7IM5Qf1GjLUr3%2FTItZh8UhTDuNpPm5pzrQXJQWWoYQpR9XUpz8iU%2BP9ibOg%2Fd1KvoJWDW18NXnGI8mR2zTxKnt98w172%2BzQY6sAHepdvIlar7M5H0aOaxoST%2FeUT8FNPjlP8YbgXQdd9%2B6%2F7sOJlUAhNJRugAN1WKR2cMhU2vdLb1zaa8L7EZ7l36MoJAD%2F1Oy3UTh8uzE2FFvWGTeHFn93Ua0hnfRLbOgr8cCfR3Ajjq0xG1ob0jaXP4cAfmxwnup4YHNqw7eNhIKQao7RgX6T8riBZgxm7BJuzIpwqMqE%2BmJEsV845ub3dlQyX7KqcnApPfoIXr2kp8ag%3D%3D&X-Amz-Signature=8a2b9f6e34509151d079aa399204e3779e66be7a1c6300645d3a487f0f1d8559&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 20.
![Istanbul Officers’ Club art works; (a) Afyon marble wall, (b) mosaic panel by Atilla Galatalı, (c) ceramic panel by Oya Koçan (d) mosaic panel by Atilla Galatalı [authors archive, 2024]](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/677fd28e082aa65dea3c718b/j_acee-2024-0017_fig_020.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKKYHRIQIM%2F20260310%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20260310T092525Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEHUaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJIMEYCIQD1EJNYn%2F%2Fcn%2BaMSIAd8bbGyJyB5rpWsGjtHCnPMxM9fQIhAOcxcEafL4ElZo0GgYz1AmDImPGN9z10abAetzoT9nI3Kr0FCD4QAhoMOTYzMTM0Mjg5OTQwIgx8JQVXEQiHwK4%2F%2BMYqmgWU1IdilL7OYGoqxagDlOYn8%2Bo9ieFeFVOoB4yp3DgmG%2FOdI0D5LpSTnmEvT9JJEn3V48oqu9AjNsKJWa0KTJEjLnlw8B7ygQpzOFR55lFxi3LijPhpveYVnkLOoKNuHDALiyIy%2FNbQHjJU0SOIYD%2B0M6fgUgtH1UU5LhIcFYM8NfceQa5BdYyY8HAECSrQHGcjTfDR%2BAuieEr7LtrH6J%2FiIopJsff05a80qRhD29Idk2AmJYMrsQuFZtNH9330MgUjZup60HNB8%2Bvn6yNOL0VkNOvEeWXAil%2BLoF7RSNc0%2Ft1MTnu2JiToPmvy%2BQ%2Fu%2BpTJDVGTk4ILbtN1gze01%2B5bqqcs2cd4opZvOp734HnogdmdlnygVjbHvOYqP9EM2Y%2FEvVAoRG1VjsXMtH0abUTObi6ZeNbmUzpffM%2FT0go%2FtPuTaO%2BcWePEOkGHlUEeOHVRwJeje%2FNG6vrreLFz0sGbRLHV7L2NRtGOmf4KykxlXYT7SH0TJoWINgWEVgutAtXafrbiyGwRwtpE%2Fh5Gn9aKn%2FVtC2mSkDiT97aKKyWfoMMfP0DDLYUudUAyR8fvK38UepBCrE%2FIu%2BERxqoOW3Cb0SP24OW6fLOuF%2F0aBbLH08iCoTt9HHmghjorAqMX%2F9iofy70YTT8VsG70CpbW2bccZ9h0jVu6n66684qgzFzCULo56tW7PO9%2BVYgtYf0TfMdu0C81g62mU5Galn2J05cRJ1U6uX344VwXA3ow78TNh7ZnDrtyAEy%2FawObMFS7eZkpJ5JEBMOXBg7%2B2HQbCjm9Cp7pdBXUno7IM5Qf1GjLUr3%2FTItZh8UhTDuNpPm5pzrQXJQWWoYQpR9XUpz8iU%2BP9ibOg%2Fd1KvoJWDW18NXnGI8mR2zTxKnt98w172%2BzQY6sAHepdvIlar7M5H0aOaxoST%2FeUT8FNPjlP8YbgXQdd9%2B6%2F7sOJlUAhNJRugAN1WKR2cMhU2vdLb1zaa8L7EZ7l36MoJAD%2F1Oy3UTh8uzE2FFvWGTeHFn93Ua0hnfRLbOgr8cCfR3Ajjq0xG1ob0jaXP4cAfmxwnup4YHNqw7eNhIKQao7RgX6T8riBZgxm7BJuzIpwqMqE%2BmJEsV845ub3dlQyX7KqcnApPfoIXr2kp8ag%3D%3D&X-Amz-Signature=ea26a87dd8125e151938c5bd4313a31011d15c1f50fcd874abfdd3f14a7c72cc&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Brutalist Examples in Istanbul (created by authors, 2024)
| NO | NAME | ARCHITECTS | BUILT IN | FUNCTION |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Rexx Cinema* | Maruf Önal | 1961 | Culture |
| 2 | Kınalıada Mosque | Turhan Uyaroğlu, Başar Acarlı | 1964 | Religious |
| 3 | Tarabya Mosque | Ali Barman | 1964 | Religious |
| 4 | Sudalı Villa | Muzaffer Sudalı | 1965 | Housing |
| 5 | Palet 2 Restaurant (Big Chefs) | unknown | 1960-66 | Restaurant |
| 6 | Manifaturacilar Retail Center | Doğan Tekeli, Sami Sisa, Metin Hepgüler | 1967 | Trade |
| 7 | Istanbul Reklam Building | Günay C?ilingiroğlu, Muhlis Tunca | 1969-74 | Administration |
| 8 | Istanbul Officer’s Club | Metin Hepgüler | 1974 | Hotel |
| 9 | Tercüman Newspaper Office** | Günay Çilingiroğlu, Muhlis Tunca | 1974 | Administration |
| 10 | Atatürk Library | Sedad Hakkı Eldem | 1973-75 | Culture |
| 11 | UFI Shopping Center | Doğan Tekeli, Sami Sisa, İrfan Ertem | 1975 | Trade |
| 12 | Karaköy Trade Center | Günay Çilingiroğlu, Bilge Kıray | 1978 | Trade |
| 13 | Zincirlikuyu Highways Facilities** | Mehmet Konuralp | 1973-80 | Facility |
| 14 | Apartment in Kanlica | Kaya Tecimen, Ali Çiçek | 1978-80 | Housing |
| 15 | Beyti Steakhouse | Yilmaz Sanlı | 1970-83 | Restaurant |