Figure 1.
![Brutalist and Brutalist-influenced buildings in Istanbul (map and table created by authors, 2024) [19]](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/677fd28e082aa65dea3c718b/j_acee-2024-0017_fig_001.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKKYHRIQIM%2F20260310%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20260310T080427Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEHUaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJIMEYCIQD1EJNYn%2F%2Fcn%2BaMSIAd8bbGyJyB5rpWsGjtHCnPMxM9fQIhAOcxcEafL4ElZo0GgYz1AmDImPGN9z10abAetzoT9nI3Kr0FCD4QAhoMOTYzMTM0Mjg5OTQwIgx8JQVXEQiHwK4%2F%2BMYqmgWU1IdilL7OYGoqxagDlOYn8%2Bo9ieFeFVOoB4yp3DgmG%2FOdI0D5LpSTnmEvT9JJEn3V48oqu9AjNsKJWa0KTJEjLnlw8B7ygQpzOFR55lFxi3LijPhpveYVnkLOoKNuHDALiyIy%2FNbQHjJU0SOIYD%2B0M6fgUgtH1UU5LhIcFYM8NfceQa5BdYyY8HAECSrQHGcjTfDR%2BAuieEr7LtrH6J%2FiIopJsff05a80qRhD29Idk2AmJYMrsQuFZtNH9330MgUjZup60HNB8%2Bvn6yNOL0VkNOvEeWXAil%2BLoF7RSNc0%2Ft1MTnu2JiToPmvy%2BQ%2Fu%2BpTJDVGTk4ILbtN1gze01%2B5bqqcs2cd4opZvOp734HnogdmdlnygVjbHvOYqP9EM2Y%2FEvVAoRG1VjsXMtH0abUTObi6ZeNbmUzpffM%2FT0go%2FtPuTaO%2BcWePEOkGHlUEeOHVRwJeje%2FNG6vrreLFz0sGbRLHV7L2NRtGOmf4KykxlXYT7SH0TJoWINgWEVgutAtXafrbiyGwRwtpE%2Fh5Gn9aKn%2FVtC2mSkDiT97aKKyWfoMMfP0DDLYUudUAyR8fvK38UepBCrE%2FIu%2BERxqoOW3Cb0SP24OW6fLOuF%2F0aBbLH08iCoTt9HHmghjorAqMX%2F9iofy70YTT8VsG70CpbW2bccZ9h0jVu6n66684qgzFzCULo56tW7PO9%2BVYgtYf0TfMdu0C81g62mU5Galn2J05cRJ1U6uX344VwXA3ow78TNh7ZnDrtyAEy%2FawObMFS7eZkpJ5JEBMOXBg7%2B2HQbCjm9Cp7pdBXUno7IM5Qf1GjLUr3%2FTItZh8UhTDuNpPm5pzrQXJQWWoYQpR9XUpz8iU%2BP9ibOg%2Fd1KvoJWDW18NXnGI8mR2zTxKnt98w172%2BzQY6sAHepdvIlar7M5H0aOaxoST%2FeUT8FNPjlP8YbgXQdd9%2B6%2F7sOJlUAhNJRugAN1WKR2cMhU2vdLb1zaa8L7EZ7l36MoJAD%2F1Oy3UTh8uzE2FFvWGTeHFn93Ua0hnfRLbOgr8cCfR3Ajjq0xG1ob0jaXP4cAfmxwnup4YHNqw7eNhIKQao7RgX6T8riBZgxm7BJuzIpwqMqE%2BmJEsV845ub3dlQyX7KqcnApPfoIXr2kp8ag%3D%3D&X-Amz-Signature=ff8542166ef6fdcbc991ecb3edc74d7557c07ba7406ff8ce664099e97ae86871&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 2.
![Location of Manifaturacılar Retail Center (visualization by authors based on aerial photograph dated 1966 [27])](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/677fd28e082aa65dea3c718b/j_acee-2024-0017_fig_002.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKKYHRIQIM%2F20260310%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20260310T080427Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEHUaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJIMEYCIQD1EJNYn%2F%2Fcn%2BaMSIAd8bbGyJyB5rpWsGjtHCnPMxM9fQIhAOcxcEafL4ElZo0GgYz1AmDImPGN9z10abAetzoT9nI3Kr0FCD4QAhoMOTYzMTM0Mjg5OTQwIgx8JQVXEQiHwK4%2F%2BMYqmgWU1IdilL7OYGoqxagDlOYn8%2Bo9ieFeFVOoB4yp3DgmG%2FOdI0D5LpSTnmEvT9JJEn3V48oqu9AjNsKJWa0KTJEjLnlw8B7ygQpzOFR55lFxi3LijPhpveYVnkLOoKNuHDALiyIy%2FNbQHjJU0SOIYD%2B0M6fgUgtH1UU5LhIcFYM8NfceQa5BdYyY8HAECSrQHGcjTfDR%2BAuieEr7LtrH6J%2FiIopJsff05a80qRhD29Idk2AmJYMrsQuFZtNH9330MgUjZup60HNB8%2Bvn6yNOL0VkNOvEeWXAil%2BLoF7RSNc0%2Ft1MTnu2JiToPmvy%2BQ%2Fu%2BpTJDVGTk4ILbtN1gze01%2B5bqqcs2cd4opZvOp734HnogdmdlnygVjbHvOYqP9EM2Y%2FEvVAoRG1VjsXMtH0abUTObi6ZeNbmUzpffM%2FT0go%2FtPuTaO%2BcWePEOkGHlUEeOHVRwJeje%2FNG6vrreLFz0sGbRLHV7L2NRtGOmf4KykxlXYT7SH0TJoWINgWEVgutAtXafrbiyGwRwtpE%2Fh5Gn9aKn%2FVtC2mSkDiT97aKKyWfoMMfP0DDLYUudUAyR8fvK38UepBCrE%2FIu%2BERxqoOW3Cb0SP24OW6fLOuF%2F0aBbLH08iCoTt9HHmghjorAqMX%2F9iofy70YTT8VsG70CpbW2bccZ9h0jVu6n66684qgzFzCULo56tW7PO9%2BVYgtYf0TfMdu0C81g62mU5Galn2J05cRJ1U6uX344VwXA3ow78TNh7ZnDrtyAEy%2FawObMFS7eZkpJ5JEBMOXBg7%2B2HQbCjm9Cp7pdBXUno7IM5Qf1GjLUr3%2FTItZh8UhTDuNpPm5pzrQXJQWWoYQpR9XUpz8iU%2BP9ibOg%2Fd1KvoJWDW18NXnGI8mR2zTxKnt98w172%2BzQY6sAHepdvIlar7M5H0aOaxoST%2FeUT8FNPjlP8YbgXQdd9%2B6%2F7sOJlUAhNJRugAN1WKR2cMhU2vdLb1zaa8L7EZ7l36MoJAD%2F1Oy3UTh8uzE2FFvWGTeHFn93Ua0hnfRLbOgr8cCfR3Ajjq0xG1ob0jaXP4cAfmxwnup4YHNqw7eNhIKQao7RgX6T8riBZgxm7BJuzIpwqMqE%2BmJEsV845ub3dlQyX7KqcnApPfoIXr2kp8ag%3D%3D&X-Amz-Signature=6e173bec42c7e63798c196f9b2a52b43a344a8fa515c307267e013f4b763fcef&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 3.
![Manifaturacılar Retail Center master plan (drawn and visualized by the authors based on [32])](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/677fd28e082aa65dea3c718b/j_acee-2024-0017_fig_003.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKKYHRIQIM%2F20260310%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20260310T080427Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEHUaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJIMEYCIQD1EJNYn%2F%2Fcn%2BaMSIAd8bbGyJyB5rpWsGjtHCnPMxM9fQIhAOcxcEafL4ElZo0GgYz1AmDImPGN9z10abAetzoT9nI3Kr0FCD4QAhoMOTYzMTM0Mjg5OTQwIgx8JQVXEQiHwK4%2F%2BMYqmgWU1IdilL7OYGoqxagDlOYn8%2Bo9ieFeFVOoB4yp3DgmG%2FOdI0D5LpSTnmEvT9JJEn3V48oqu9AjNsKJWa0KTJEjLnlw8B7ygQpzOFR55lFxi3LijPhpveYVnkLOoKNuHDALiyIy%2FNbQHjJU0SOIYD%2B0M6fgUgtH1UU5LhIcFYM8NfceQa5BdYyY8HAECSrQHGcjTfDR%2BAuieEr7LtrH6J%2FiIopJsff05a80qRhD29Idk2AmJYMrsQuFZtNH9330MgUjZup60HNB8%2Bvn6yNOL0VkNOvEeWXAil%2BLoF7RSNc0%2Ft1MTnu2JiToPmvy%2BQ%2Fu%2BpTJDVGTk4ILbtN1gze01%2B5bqqcs2cd4opZvOp734HnogdmdlnygVjbHvOYqP9EM2Y%2FEvVAoRG1VjsXMtH0abUTObi6ZeNbmUzpffM%2FT0go%2FtPuTaO%2BcWePEOkGHlUEeOHVRwJeje%2FNG6vrreLFz0sGbRLHV7L2NRtGOmf4KykxlXYT7SH0TJoWINgWEVgutAtXafrbiyGwRwtpE%2Fh5Gn9aKn%2FVtC2mSkDiT97aKKyWfoMMfP0DDLYUudUAyR8fvK38UepBCrE%2FIu%2BERxqoOW3Cb0SP24OW6fLOuF%2F0aBbLH08iCoTt9HHmghjorAqMX%2F9iofy70YTT8VsG70CpbW2bccZ9h0jVu6n66684qgzFzCULo56tW7PO9%2BVYgtYf0TfMdu0C81g62mU5Galn2J05cRJ1U6uX344VwXA3ow78TNh7ZnDrtyAEy%2FawObMFS7eZkpJ5JEBMOXBg7%2B2HQbCjm9Cp7pdBXUno7IM5Qf1GjLUr3%2FTItZh8UhTDuNpPm5pzrQXJQWWoYQpR9XUpz8iU%2BP9ibOg%2Fd1KvoJWDW18NXnGI8mR2zTxKnt98w172%2BzQY6sAHepdvIlar7M5H0aOaxoST%2FeUT8FNPjlP8YbgXQdd9%2B6%2F7sOJlUAhNJRugAN1WKR2cMhU2vdLb1zaa8L7EZ7l36MoJAD%2F1Oy3UTh8uzE2FFvWGTeHFn93Ua0hnfRLbOgr8cCfR3Ajjq0xG1ob0jaXP4cAfmxwnup4YHNqw7eNhIKQao7RgX6T8riBZgxm7BJuzIpwqMqE%2BmJEsV845ub3dlQyX7KqcnApPfoIXr2kp8ag%3D%3D&X-Amz-Signature=89b0bb076a85e75268f2e84468b32c00566e23378bb75b66c83f8d745512bb08&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 4.
![Silhouette of Manifaturacılar Retail Center and Süleymaniye Mosque (visualized by the authors based on [25])](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/677fd28e082aa65dea3c718b/j_acee-2024-0017_fig_004.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKKYHRIQIM%2F20260310%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20260310T080427Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEHUaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJIMEYCIQD1EJNYn%2F%2Fcn%2BaMSIAd8bbGyJyB5rpWsGjtHCnPMxM9fQIhAOcxcEafL4ElZo0GgYz1AmDImPGN9z10abAetzoT9nI3Kr0FCD4QAhoMOTYzMTM0Mjg5OTQwIgx8JQVXEQiHwK4%2F%2BMYqmgWU1IdilL7OYGoqxagDlOYn8%2Bo9ieFeFVOoB4yp3DgmG%2FOdI0D5LpSTnmEvT9JJEn3V48oqu9AjNsKJWa0KTJEjLnlw8B7ygQpzOFR55lFxi3LijPhpveYVnkLOoKNuHDALiyIy%2FNbQHjJU0SOIYD%2B0M6fgUgtH1UU5LhIcFYM8NfceQa5BdYyY8HAECSrQHGcjTfDR%2BAuieEr7LtrH6J%2FiIopJsff05a80qRhD29Idk2AmJYMrsQuFZtNH9330MgUjZup60HNB8%2Bvn6yNOL0VkNOvEeWXAil%2BLoF7RSNc0%2Ft1MTnu2JiToPmvy%2BQ%2Fu%2BpTJDVGTk4ILbtN1gze01%2B5bqqcs2cd4opZvOp734HnogdmdlnygVjbHvOYqP9EM2Y%2FEvVAoRG1VjsXMtH0abUTObi6ZeNbmUzpffM%2FT0go%2FtPuTaO%2BcWePEOkGHlUEeOHVRwJeje%2FNG6vrreLFz0sGbRLHV7L2NRtGOmf4KykxlXYT7SH0TJoWINgWEVgutAtXafrbiyGwRwtpE%2Fh5Gn9aKn%2FVtC2mSkDiT97aKKyWfoMMfP0DDLYUudUAyR8fvK38UepBCrE%2FIu%2BERxqoOW3Cb0SP24OW6fLOuF%2F0aBbLH08iCoTt9HHmghjorAqMX%2F9iofy70YTT8VsG70CpbW2bccZ9h0jVu6n66684qgzFzCULo56tW7PO9%2BVYgtYf0TfMdu0C81g62mU5Galn2J05cRJ1U6uX344VwXA3ow78TNh7ZnDrtyAEy%2FawObMFS7eZkpJ5JEBMOXBg7%2B2HQbCjm9Cp7pdBXUno7IM5Qf1GjLUr3%2FTItZh8UhTDuNpPm5pzrQXJQWWoYQpR9XUpz8iU%2BP9ibOg%2Fd1KvoJWDW18NXnGI8mR2zTxKnt98w172%2BzQY6sAHepdvIlar7M5H0aOaxoST%2FeUT8FNPjlP8YbgXQdd9%2B6%2F7sOJlUAhNJRugAN1WKR2cMhU2vdLb1zaa8L7EZ7l36MoJAD%2F1Oy3UTh8uzE2FFvWGTeHFn93Ua0hnfRLbOgr8cCfR3Ajjq0xG1ob0jaXP4cAfmxwnup4YHNqw7eNhIKQao7RgX6T8riBZgxm7BJuzIpwqMqE%2BmJEsV845ub3dlQyX7KqcnApPfoIXr2kp8ag%3D%3D&X-Amz-Signature=2a4abd114b20338e1d508ebd784a0c3ce8cc402092a6866c9db6262dbc407abe&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 5.
![Block 1 ground floor plan (left) and Block 2nd floor plan (right) (visualized by the authors based on [32])](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/677fd28e082aa65dea3c718b/j_acee-2024-0017_fig_005.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKKYHRIQIM%2F20260310%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20260310T080427Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEHUaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJIMEYCIQD1EJNYn%2F%2Fcn%2BaMSIAd8bbGyJyB5rpWsGjtHCnPMxM9fQIhAOcxcEafL4ElZo0GgYz1AmDImPGN9z10abAetzoT9nI3Kr0FCD4QAhoMOTYzMTM0Mjg5OTQwIgx8JQVXEQiHwK4%2F%2BMYqmgWU1IdilL7OYGoqxagDlOYn8%2Bo9ieFeFVOoB4yp3DgmG%2FOdI0D5LpSTnmEvT9JJEn3V48oqu9AjNsKJWa0KTJEjLnlw8B7ygQpzOFR55lFxi3LijPhpveYVnkLOoKNuHDALiyIy%2FNbQHjJU0SOIYD%2B0M6fgUgtH1UU5LhIcFYM8NfceQa5BdYyY8HAECSrQHGcjTfDR%2BAuieEr7LtrH6J%2FiIopJsff05a80qRhD29Idk2AmJYMrsQuFZtNH9330MgUjZup60HNB8%2Bvn6yNOL0VkNOvEeWXAil%2BLoF7RSNc0%2Ft1MTnu2JiToPmvy%2BQ%2Fu%2BpTJDVGTk4ILbtN1gze01%2B5bqqcs2cd4opZvOp734HnogdmdlnygVjbHvOYqP9EM2Y%2FEvVAoRG1VjsXMtH0abUTObi6ZeNbmUzpffM%2FT0go%2FtPuTaO%2BcWePEOkGHlUEeOHVRwJeje%2FNG6vrreLFz0sGbRLHV7L2NRtGOmf4KykxlXYT7SH0TJoWINgWEVgutAtXafrbiyGwRwtpE%2Fh5Gn9aKn%2FVtC2mSkDiT97aKKyWfoMMfP0DDLYUudUAyR8fvK38UepBCrE%2FIu%2BERxqoOW3Cb0SP24OW6fLOuF%2F0aBbLH08iCoTt9HHmghjorAqMX%2F9iofy70YTT8VsG70CpbW2bccZ9h0jVu6n66684qgzFzCULo56tW7PO9%2BVYgtYf0TfMdu0C81g62mU5Galn2J05cRJ1U6uX344VwXA3ow78TNh7ZnDrtyAEy%2FawObMFS7eZkpJ5JEBMOXBg7%2B2HQbCjm9Cp7pdBXUno7IM5Qf1GjLUr3%2FTItZh8UhTDuNpPm5pzrQXJQWWoYQpR9XUpz8iU%2BP9ibOg%2Fd1KvoJWDW18NXnGI8mR2zTxKnt98w172%2BzQY6sAHepdvIlar7M5H0aOaxoST%2FeUT8FNPjlP8YbgXQdd9%2B6%2F7sOJlUAhNJRugAN1WKR2cMhU2vdLb1zaa8L7EZ7l36MoJAD%2F1Oy3UTh8uzE2FFvWGTeHFn93Ua0hnfRLbOgr8cCfR3Ajjq0xG1ob0jaXP4cAfmxwnup4YHNqw7eNhIKQao7RgX6T8riBZgxm7BJuzIpwqMqE%2BmJEsV845ub3dlQyX7KqcnApPfoIXr2kp8ag%3D%3D&X-Amz-Signature=9a5277fcccbdb787201acaab7b68495579c812202ab6758c5cfc79ba57bdb3c0&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 6.

Figure 7.
![Opening of MRC, 1967 [25]](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/677fd28e082aa65dea3c718b/j_acee-2024-0017_fig_007.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKKYHRIQIM%2F20260310%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20260310T080427Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEHUaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJIMEYCIQD1EJNYn%2F%2Fcn%2BaMSIAd8bbGyJyB5rpWsGjtHCnPMxM9fQIhAOcxcEafL4ElZo0GgYz1AmDImPGN9z10abAetzoT9nI3Kr0FCD4QAhoMOTYzMTM0Mjg5OTQwIgx8JQVXEQiHwK4%2F%2BMYqmgWU1IdilL7OYGoqxagDlOYn8%2Bo9ieFeFVOoB4yp3DgmG%2FOdI0D5LpSTnmEvT9JJEn3V48oqu9AjNsKJWa0KTJEjLnlw8B7ygQpzOFR55lFxi3LijPhpveYVnkLOoKNuHDALiyIy%2FNbQHjJU0SOIYD%2B0M6fgUgtH1UU5LhIcFYM8NfceQa5BdYyY8HAECSrQHGcjTfDR%2BAuieEr7LtrH6J%2FiIopJsff05a80qRhD29Idk2AmJYMrsQuFZtNH9330MgUjZup60HNB8%2Bvn6yNOL0VkNOvEeWXAil%2BLoF7RSNc0%2Ft1MTnu2JiToPmvy%2BQ%2Fu%2BpTJDVGTk4ILbtN1gze01%2B5bqqcs2cd4opZvOp734HnogdmdlnygVjbHvOYqP9EM2Y%2FEvVAoRG1VjsXMtH0abUTObi6ZeNbmUzpffM%2FT0go%2FtPuTaO%2BcWePEOkGHlUEeOHVRwJeje%2FNG6vrreLFz0sGbRLHV7L2NRtGOmf4KykxlXYT7SH0TJoWINgWEVgutAtXafrbiyGwRwtpE%2Fh5Gn9aKn%2FVtC2mSkDiT97aKKyWfoMMfP0DDLYUudUAyR8fvK38UepBCrE%2FIu%2BERxqoOW3Cb0SP24OW6fLOuF%2F0aBbLH08iCoTt9HHmghjorAqMX%2F9iofy70YTT8VsG70CpbW2bccZ9h0jVu6n66684qgzFzCULo56tW7PO9%2BVYgtYf0TfMdu0C81g62mU5Galn2J05cRJ1U6uX344VwXA3ow78TNh7ZnDrtyAEy%2FawObMFS7eZkpJ5JEBMOXBg7%2B2HQbCjm9Cp7pdBXUno7IM5Qf1GjLUr3%2FTItZh8UhTDuNpPm5pzrQXJQWWoYQpR9XUpz8iU%2BP9ibOg%2Fd1KvoJWDW18NXnGI8mR2zTxKnt98w172%2BzQY6sAHepdvIlar7M5H0aOaxoST%2FeUT8FNPjlP8YbgXQdd9%2B6%2F7sOJlUAhNJRugAN1WKR2cMhU2vdLb1zaa8L7EZ7l36MoJAD%2F1Oy3UTh8uzE2FFvWGTeHFn93Ua0hnfRLbOgr8cCfR3Ajjq0xG1ob0jaXP4cAfmxwnup4YHNqw7eNhIKQao7RgX6T8riBZgxm7BJuzIpwqMqE%2BmJEsV845ub3dlQyX7KqcnApPfoIXr2kp8ag%3D%3D&X-Amz-Signature=ea28c24d4ae628ac53f0167ca5f9f9357974527e1560fdd1d43f1ddace6d2205&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 8.

Figure 9.

Figure 10.
![Location of the Istanbul Reklam Building (visualization by authors based on aerial photograph dated 1976 [27])](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/677fd28e082aa65dea3c718b/j_acee-2024-0017_fig_010.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKKYHRIQIM%2F20260310%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20260310T080427Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEHUaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJIMEYCIQD1EJNYn%2F%2Fcn%2BaMSIAd8bbGyJyB5rpWsGjtHCnPMxM9fQIhAOcxcEafL4ElZo0GgYz1AmDImPGN9z10abAetzoT9nI3Kr0FCD4QAhoMOTYzMTM0Mjg5OTQwIgx8JQVXEQiHwK4%2F%2BMYqmgWU1IdilL7OYGoqxagDlOYn8%2Bo9ieFeFVOoB4yp3DgmG%2FOdI0D5LpSTnmEvT9JJEn3V48oqu9AjNsKJWa0KTJEjLnlw8B7ygQpzOFR55lFxi3LijPhpveYVnkLOoKNuHDALiyIy%2FNbQHjJU0SOIYD%2B0M6fgUgtH1UU5LhIcFYM8NfceQa5BdYyY8HAECSrQHGcjTfDR%2BAuieEr7LtrH6J%2FiIopJsff05a80qRhD29Idk2AmJYMrsQuFZtNH9330MgUjZup60HNB8%2Bvn6yNOL0VkNOvEeWXAil%2BLoF7RSNc0%2Ft1MTnu2JiToPmvy%2BQ%2Fu%2BpTJDVGTk4ILbtN1gze01%2B5bqqcs2cd4opZvOp734HnogdmdlnygVjbHvOYqP9EM2Y%2FEvVAoRG1VjsXMtH0abUTObi6ZeNbmUzpffM%2FT0go%2FtPuTaO%2BcWePEOkGHlUEeOHVRwJeje%2FNG6vrreLFz0sGbRLHV7L2NRtGOmf4KykxlXYT7SH0TJoWINgWEVgutAtXafrbiyGwRwtpE%2Fh5Gn9aKn%2FVtC2mSkDiT97aKKyWfoMMfP0DDLYUudUAyR8fvK38UepBCrE%2FIu%2BERxqoOW3Cb0SP24OW6fLOuF%2F0aBbLH08iCoTt9HHmghjorAqMX%2F9iofy70YTT8VsG70CpbW2bccZ9h0jVu6n66684qgzFzCULo56tW7PO9%2BVYgtYf0TfMdu0C81g62mU5Galn2J05cRJ1U6uX344VwXA3ow78TNh7ZnDrtyAEy%2FawObMFS7eZkpJ5JEBMOXBg7%2B2HQbCjm9Cp7pdBXUno7IM5Qf1GjLUr3%2FTItZh8UhTDuNpPm5pzrQXJQWWoYQpR9XUpz8iU%2BP9ibOg%2Fd1KvoJWDW18NXnGI8mR2zTxKnt98w172%2BzQY6sAHepdvIlar7M5H0aOaxoST%2FeUT8FNPjlP8YbgXQdd9%2B6%2F7sOJlUAhNJRugAN1WKR2cMhU2vdLb1zaa8L7EZ7l36MoJAD%2F1Oy3UTh8uzE2FFvWGTeHFn93Ua0hnfRLbOgr8cCfR3Ajjq0xG1ob0jaXP4cAfmxwnup4YHNqw7eNhIKQao7RgX6T8riBZgxm7BJuzIpwqMqE%2BmJEsV845ub3dlQyX7KqcnApPfoIXr2kp8ag%3D%3D&X-Amz-Signature=67595febd40b758954c1504c19fe676184586c202f37bf47a7c6f4546b707f51&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 11.
![Istanbul Reklam Building plan (drawn and visualized by the authors based on [43])](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/677fd28e082aa65dea3c718b/j_acee-2024-0017_fig_011.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKKYHRIQIM%2F20260310%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20260310T080427Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEHUaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJIMEYCIQD1EJNYn%2F%2Fcn%2BaMSIAd8bbGyJyB5rpWsGjtHCnPMxM9fQIhAOcxcEafL4ElZo0GgYz1AmDImPGN9z10abAetzoT9nI3Kr0FCD4QAhoMOTYzMTM0Mjg5OTQwIgx8JQVXEQiHwK4%2F%2BMYqmgWU1IdilL7OYGoqxagDlOYn8%2Bo9ieFeFVOoB4yp3DgmG%2FOdI0D5LpSTnmEvT9JJEn3V48oqu9AjNsKJWa0KTJEjLnlw8B7ygQpzOFR55lFxi3LijPhpveYVnkLOoKNuHDALiyIy%2FNbQHjJU0SOIYD%2B0M6fgUgtH1UU5LhIcFYM8NfceQa5BdYyY8HAECSrQHGcjTfDR%2BAuieEr7LtrH6J%2FiIopJsff05a80qRhD29Idk2AmJYMrsQuFZtNH9330MgUjZup60HNB8%2Bvn6yNOL0VkNOvEeWXAil%2BLoF7RSNc0%2Ft1MTnu2JiToPmvy%2BQ%2Fu%2BpTJDVGTk4ILbtN1gze01%2B5bqqcs2cd4opZvOp734HnogdmdlnygVjbHvOYqP9EM2Y%2FEvVAoRG1VjsXMtH0abUTObi6ZeNbmUzpffM%2FT0go%2FtPuTaO%2BcWePEOkGHlUEeOHVRwJeje%2FNG6vrreLFz0sGbRLHV7L2NRtGOmf4KykxlXYT7SH0TJoWINgWEVgutAtXafrbiyGwRwtpE%2Fh5Gn9aKn%2FVtC2mSkDiT97aKKyWfoMMfP0DDLYUudUAyR8fvK38UepBCrE%2FIu%2BERxqoOW3Cb0SP24OW6fLOuF%2F0aBbLH08iCoTt9HHmghjorAqMX%2F9iofy70YTT8VsG70CpbW2bccZ9h0jVu6n66684qgzFzCULo56tW7PO9%2BVYgtYf0TfMdu0C81g62mU5Galn2J05cRJ1U6uX344VwXA3ow78TNh7ZnDrtyAEy%2FawObMFS7eZkpJ5JEBMOXBg7%2B2HQbCjm9Cp7pdBXUno7IM5Qf1GjLUr3%2FTItZh8UhTDuNpPm5pzrQXJQWWoYQpR9XUpz8iU%2BP9ibOg%2Fd1KvoJWDW18NXnGI8mR2zTxKnt98w172%2BzQY6sAHepdvIlar7M5H0aOaxoST%2FeUT8FNPjlP8YbgXQdd9%2B6%2F7sOJlUAhNJRugAN1WKR2cMhU2vdLb1zaa8L7EZ7l36MoJAD%2F1Oy3UTh8uzE2FFvWGTeHFn93Ua0hnfRLbOgr8cCfR3Ajjq0xG1ob0jaXP4cAfmxwnup4YHNqw7eNhIKQao7RgX6T8riBZgxm7BJuzIpwqMqE%2BmJEsV845ub3dlQyX7KqcnApPfoIXr2kp8ag%3D%3D&X-Amz-Signature=620aef984ec0646cc6dcfae05bca98dba2d58cc42b704ff3bd957b0124b26307&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 12.
![Dentsu Advertising Office Building [47]](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/677fd28e082aa65dea3c718b/j_acee-2024-0017_fig_012.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKKYHRIQIM%2F20260310%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20260310T080427Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEHUaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJIMEYCIQD1EJNYn%2F%2Fcn%2BaMSIAd8bbGyJyB5rpWsGjtHCnPMxM9fQIhAOcxcEafL4ElZo0GgYz1AmDImPGN9z10abAetzoT9nI3Kr0FCD4QAhoMOTYzMTM0Mjg5OTQwIgx8JQVXEQiHwK4%2F%2BMYqmgWU1IdilL7OYGoqxagDlOYn8%2Bo9ieFeFVOoB4yp3DgmG%2FOdI0D5LpSTnmEvT9JJEn3V48oqu9AjNsKJWa0KTJEjLnlw8B7ygQpzOFR55lFxi3LijPhpveYVnkLOoKNuHDALiyIy%2FNbQHjJU0SOIYD%2B0M6fgUgtH1UU5LhIcFYM8NfceQa5BdYyY8HAECSrQHGcjTfDR%2BAuieEr7LtrH6J%2FiIopJsff05a80qRhD29Idk2AmJYMrsQuFZtNH9330MgUjZup60HNB8%2Bvn6yNOL0VkNOvEeWXAil%2BLoF7RSNc0%2Ft1MTnu2JiToPmvy%2BQ%2Fu%2BpTJDVGTk4ILbtN1gze01%2B5bqqcs2cd4opZvOp734HnogdmdlnygVjbHvOYqP9EM2Y%2FEvVAoRG1VjsXMtH0abUTObi6ZeNbmUzpffM%2FT0go%2FtPuTaO%2BcWePEOkGHlUEeOHVRwJeje%2FNG6vrreLFz0sGbRLHV7L2NRtGOmf4KykxlXYT7SH0TJoWINgWEVgutAtXafrbiyGwRwtpE%2Fh5Gn9aKn%2FVtC2mSkDiT97aKKyWfoMMfP0DDLYUudUAyR8fvK38UepBCrE%2FIu%2BERxqoOW3Cb0SP24OW6fLOuF%2F0aBbLH08iCoTt9HHmghjorAqMX%2F9iofy70YTT8VsG70CpbW2bccZ9h0jVu6n66684qgzFzCULo56tW7PO9%2BVYgtYf0TfMdu0C81g62mU5Galn2J05cRJ1U6uX344VwXA3ow78TNh7ZnDrtyAEy%2FawObMFS7eZkpJ5JEBMOXBg7%2B2HQbCjm9Cp7pdBXUno7IM5Qf1GjLUr3%2FTItZh8UhTDuNpPm5pzrQXJQWWoYQpR9XUpz8iU%2BP9ibOg%2Fd1KvoJWDW18NXnGI8mR2zTxKnt98w172%2BzQY6sAHepdvIlar7M5H0aOaxoST%2FeUT8FNPjlP8YbgXQdd9%2B6%2F7sOJlUAhNJRugAN1WKR2cMhU2vdLb1zaa8L7EZ7l36MoJAD%2F1Oy3UTh8uzE2FFvWGTeHFn93Ua0hnfRLbOgr8cCfR3Ajjq0xG1ob0jaXP4cAfmxwnup4YHNqw7eNhIKQao7RgX6T8riBZgxm7BJuzIpwqMqE%2BmJEsV845ub3dlQyX7KqcnApPfoIXr2kp8ag%3D%3D&X-Amz-Signature=d385dbe242f6ade754c5b316b0554c5bad65ba13a88250cbce849f591bd24c3c&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 13.
![Dentsu Advertising Office Building [47]](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/677fd28e082aa65dea3c718b/j_acee-2024-0017_fig_013.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKKYHRIQIM%2F20260310%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20260310T080427Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEHUaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJIMEYCIQD1EJNYn%2F%2Fcn%2BaMSIAd8bbGyJyB5rpWsGjtHCnPMxM9fQIhAOcxcEafL4ElZo0GgYz1AmDImPGN9z10abAetzoT9nI3Kr0FCD4QAhoMOTYzMTM0Mjg5OTQwIgx8JQVXEQiHwK4%2F%2BMYqmgWU1IdilL7OYGoqxagDlOYn8%2Bo9ieFeFVOoB4yp3DgmG%2FOdI0D5LpSTnmEvT9JJEn3V48oqu9AjNsKJWa0KTJEjLnlw8B7ygQpzOFR55lFxi3LijPhpveYVnkLOoKNuHDALiyIy%2FNbQHjJU0SOIYD%2B0M6fgUgtH1UU5LhIcFYM8NfceQa5BdYyY8HAECSrQHGcjTfDR%2BAuieEr7LtrH6J%2FiIopJsff05a80qRhD29Idk2AmJYMrsQuFZtNH9330MgUjZup60HNB8%2Bvn6yNOL0VkNOvEeWXAil%2BLoF7RSNc0%2Ft1MTnu2JiToPmvy%2BQ%2Fu%2BpTJDVGTk4ILbtN1gze01%2B5bqqcs2cd4opZvOp734HnogdmdlnygVjbHvOYqP9EM2Y%2FEvVAoRG1VjsXMtH0abUTObi6ZeNbmUzpffM%2FT0go%2FtPuTaO%2BcWePEOkGHlUEeOHVRwJeje%2FNG6vrreLFz0sGbRLHV7L2NRtGOmf4KykxlXYT7SH0TJoWINgWEVgutAtXafrbiyGwRwtpE%2Fh5Gn9aKn%2FVtC2mSkDiT97aKKyWfoMMfP0DDLYUudUAyR8fvK38UepBCrE%2FIu%2BERxqoOW3Cb0SP24OW6fLOuF%2F0aBbLH08iCoTt9HHmghjorAqMX%2F9iofy70YTT8VsG70CpbW2bccZ9h0jVu6n66684qgzFzCULo56tW7PO9%2BVYgtYf0TfMdu0C81g62mU5Galn2J05cRJ1U6uX344VwXA3ow78TNh7ZnDrtyAEy%2FawObMFS7eZkpJ5JEBMOXBg7%2B2HQbCjm9Cp7pdBXUno7IM5Qf1GjLUr3%2FTItZh8UhTDuNpPm5pzrQXJQWWoYQpR9XUpz8iU%2BP9ibOg%2Fd1KvoJWDW18NXnGI8mR2zTxKnt98w172%2BzQY6sAHepdvIlar7M5H0aOaxoST%2FeUT8FNPjlP8YbgXQdd9%2B6%2F7sOJlUAhNJRugAN1WKR2cMhU2vdLb1zaa8L7EZ7l36MoJAD%2F1Oy3UTh8uzE2FFvWGTeHFn93Ua0hnfRLbOgr8cCfR3Ajjq0xG1ob0jaXP4cAfmxwnup4YHNqw7eNhIKQao7RgX6T8riBZgxm7BJuzIpwqMqE%2BmJEsV845ub3dlQyX7KqcnApPfoIXr2kp8ag%3D%3D&X-Amz-Signature=4b951c818f3b62b55e4f485d92a3be0807b5b543902c360ac681089edfcb9178&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 14.
![Istanbul Reklam Building façade and column-beam detail from the entrance hall [authors archive, 2022]](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/677fd28e082aa65dea3c718b/j_acee-2024-0017_fig_014.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKKYHRIQIM%2F20260310%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20260310T080427Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEHUaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJIMEYCIQD1EJNYn%2F%2Fcn%2BaMSIAd8bbGyJyB5rpWsGjtHCnPMxM9fQIhAOcxcEafL4ElZo0GgYz1AmDImPGN9z10abAetzoT9nI3Kr0FCD4QAhoMOTYzMTM0Mjg5OTQwIgx8JQVXEQiHwK4%2F%2BMYqmgWU1IdilL7OYGoqxagDlOYn8%2Bo9ieFeFVOoB4yp3DgmG%2FOdI0D5LpSTnmEvT9JJEn3V48oqu9AjNsKJWa0KTJEjLnlw8B7ygQpzOFR55lFxi3LijPhpveYVnkLOoKNuHDALiyIy%2FNbQHjJU0SOIYD%2B0M6fgUgtH1UU5LhIcFYM8NfceQa5BdYyY8HAECSrQHGcjTfDR%2BAuieEr7LtrH6J%2FiIopJsff05a80qRhD29Idk2AmJYMrsQuFZtNH9330MgUjZup60HNB8%2Bvn6yNOL0VkNOvEeWXAil%2BLoF7RSNc0%2Ft1MTnu2JiToPmvy%2BQ%2Fu%2BpTJDVGTk4ILbtN1gze01%2B5bqqcs2cd4opZvOp734HnogdmdlnygVjbHvOYqP9EM2Y%2FEvVAoRG1VjsXMtH0abUTObi6ZeNbmUzpffM%2FT0go%2FtPuTaO%2BcWePEOkGHlUEeOHVRwJeje%2FNG6vrreLFz0sGbRLHV7L2NRtGOmf4KykxlXYT7SH0TJoWINgWEVgutAtXafrbiyGwRwtpE%2Fh5Gn9aKn%2FVtC2mSkDiT97aKKyWfoMMfP0DDLYUudUAyR8fvK38UepBCrE%2FIu%2BERxqoOW3Cb0SP24OW6fLOuF%2F0aBbLH08iCoTt9HHmghjorAqMX%2F9iofy70YTT8VsG70CpbW2bccZ9h0jVu6n66684qgzFzCULo56tW7PO9%2BVYgtYf0TfMdu0C81g62mU5Galn2J05cRJ1U6uX344VwXA3ow78TNh7ZnDrtyAEy%2FawObMFS7eZkpJ5JEBMOXBg7%2B2HQbCjm9Cp7pdBXUno7IM5Qf1GjLUr3%2FTItZh8UhTDuNpPm5pzrQXJQWWoYQpR9XUpz8iU%2BP9ibOg%2Fd1KvoJWDW18NXnGI8mR2zTxKnt98w172%2BzQY6sAHepdvIlar7M5H0aOaxoST%2FeUT8FNPjlP8YbgXQdd9%2B6%2F7sOJlUAhNJRugAN1WKR2cMhU2vdLb1zaa8L7EZ7l36MoJAD%2F1Oy3UTh8uzE2FFvWGTeHFn93Ua0hnfRLbOgr8cCfR3Ajjq0xG1ob0jaXP4cAfmxwnup4YHNqw7eNhIKQao7RgX6T8riBZgxm7BJuzIpwqMqE%2BmJEsV845ub3dlQyX7KqcnApPfoIXr2kp8ag%3D%3D&X-Amz-Signature=47d6e83f38326bc716b8d26a886ee031e124e5ba91b6a959384f06b890d49def&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 15.
![View of the Istanbul Reklam Building [Irexpo introductory booklet, authors archive]](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/677fd28e082aa65dea3c718b/j_acee-2024-0017_fig_015.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKKYHRIQIM%2F20260310%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20260310T080427Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEHUaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJIMEYCIQD1EJNYn%2F%2Fcn%2BaMSIAd8bbGyJyB5rpWsGjtHCnPMxM9fQIhAOcxcEafL4ElZo0GgYz1AmDImPGN9z10abAetzoT9nI3Kr0FCD4QAhoMOTYzMTM0Mjg5OTQwIgx8JQVXEQiHwK4%2F%2BMYqmgWU1IdilL7OYGoqxagDlOYn8%2Bo9ieFeFVOoB4yp3DgmG%2FOdI0D5LpSTnmEvT9JJEn3V48oqu9AjNsKJWa0KTJEjLnlw8B7ygQpzOFR55lFxi3LijPhpveYVnkLOoKNuHDALiyIy%2FNbQHjJU0SOIYD%2B0M6fgUgtH1UU5LhIcFYM8NfceQa5BdYyY8HAECSrQHGcjTfDR%2BAuieEr7LtrH6J%2FiIopJsff05a80qRhD29Idk2AmJYMrsQuFZtNH9330MgUjZup60HNB8%2Bvn6yNOL0VkNOvEeWXAil%2BLoF7RSNc0%2Ft1MTnu2JiToPmvy%2BQ%2Fu%2BpTJDVGTk4ILbtN1gze01%2B5bqqcs2cd4opZvOp734HnogdmdlnygVjbHvOYqP9EM2Y%2FEvVAoRG1VjsXMtH0abUTObi6ZeNbmUzpffM%2FT0go%2FtPuTaO%2BcWePEOkGHlUEeOHVRwJeje%2FNG6vrreLFz0sGbRLHV7L2NRtGOmf4KykxlXYT7SH0TJoWINgWEVgutAtXafrbiyGwRwtpE%2Fh5Gn9aKn%2FVtC2mSkDiT97aKKyWfoMMfP0DDLYUudUAyR8fvK38UepBCrE%2FIu%2BERxqoOW3Cb0SP24OW6fLOuF%2F0aBbLH08iCoTt9HHmghjorAqMX%2F9iofy70YTT8VsG70CpbW2bccZ9h0jVu6n66684qgzFzCULo56tW7PO9%2BVYgtYf0TfMdu0C81g62mU5Galn2J05cRJ1U6uX344VwXA3ow78TNh7ZnDrtyAEy%2FawObMFS7eZkpJ5JEBMOXBg7%2B2HQbCjm9Cp7pdBXUno7IM5Qf1GjLUr3%2FTItZh8UhTDuNpPm5pzrQXJQWWoYQpR9XUpz8iU%2BP9ibOg%2Fd1KvoJWDW18NXnGI8mR2zTxKnt98w172%2BzQY6sAHepdvIlar7M5H0aOaxoST%2FeUT8FNPjlP8YbgXQdd9%2B6%2F7sOJlUAhNJRugAN1WKR2cMhU2vdLb1zaa8L7EZ7l36MoJAD%2F1Oy3UTh8uzE2FFvWGTeHFn93Ua0hnfRLbOgr8cCfR3Ajjq0xG1ob0jaXP4cAfmxwnup4YHNqw7eNhIKQao7RgX6T8riBZgxm7BJuzIpwqMqE%2BmJEsV845ub3dlQyX7KqcnApPfoIXr2kp8ag%3D%3D&X-Amz-Signature=4e3ff42a29cc06977d5482a91fecf016354ee5ba03bc10b9aaa755e7b2145444&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 16.
![Istanbul Reklam Building interior spaces [Irexpo introductory booklet, authors archive]](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/677fd28e082aa65dea3c718b/j_acee-2024-0017_fig_016.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKKYHRIQIM%2F20260310%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20260310T080427Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEHUaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJIMEYCIQD1EJNYn%2F%2Fcn%2BaMSIAd8bbGyJyB5rpWsGjtHCnPMxM9fQIhAOcxcEafL4ElZo0GgYz1AmDImPGN9z10abAetzoT9nI3Kr0FCD4QAhoMOTYzMTM0Mjg5OTQwIgx8JQVXEQiHwK4%2F%2BMYqmgWU1IdilL7OYGoqxagDlOYn8%2Bo9ieFeFVOoB4yp3DgmG%2FOdI0D5LpSTnmEvT9JJEn3V48oqu9AjNsKJWa0KTJEjLnlw8B7ygQpzOFR55lFxi3LijPhpveYVnkLOoKNuHDALiyIy%2FNbQHjJU0SOIYD%2B0M6fgUgtH1UU5LhIcFYM8NfceQa5BdYyY8HAECSrQHGcjTfDR%2BAuieEr7LtrH6J%2FiIopJsff05a80qRhD29Idk2AmJYMrsQuFZtNH9330MgUjZup60HNB8%2Bvn6yNOL0VkNOvEeWXAil%2BLoF7RSNc0%2Ft1MTnu2JiToPmvy%2BQ%2Fu%2BpTJDVGTk4ILbtN1gze01%2B5bqqcs2cd4opZvOp734HnogdmdlnygVjbHvOYqP9EM2Y%2FEvVAoRG1VjsXMtH0abUTObi6ZeNbmUzpffM%2FT0go%2FtPuTaO%2BcWePEOkGHlUEeOHVRwJeje%2FNG6vrreLFz0sGbRLHV7L2NRtGOmf4KykxlXYT7SH0TJoWINgWEVgutAtXafrbiyGwRwtpE%2Fh5Gn9aKn%2FVtC2mSkDiT97aKKyWfoMMfP0DDLYUudUAyR8fvK38UepBCrE%2FIu%2BERxqoOW3Cb0SP24OW6fLOuF%2F0aBbLH08iCoTt9HHmghjorAqMX%2F9iofy70YTT8VsG70CpbW2bccZ9h0jVu6n66684qgzFzCULo56tW7PO9%2BVYgtYf0TfMdu0C81g62mU5Galn2J05cRJ1U6uX344VwXA3ow78TNh7ZnDrtyAEy%2FawObMFS7eZkpJ5JEBMOXBg7%2B2HQbCjm9Cp7pdBXUno7IM5Qf1GjLUr3%2FTItZh8UhTDuNpPm5pzrQXJQWWoYQpR9XUpz8iU%2BP9ibOg%2Fd1KvoJWDW18NXnGI8mR2zTxKnt98w172%2BzQY6sAHepdvIlar7M5H0aOaxoST%2FeUT8FNPjlP8YbgXQdd9%2B6%2F7sOJlUAhNJRugAN1WKR2cMhU2vdLb1zaa8L7EZ7l36MoJAD%2F1Oy3UTh8uzE2FFvWGTeHFn93Ua0hnfRLbOgr8cCfR3Ajjq0xG1ob0jaXP4cAfmxwnup4YHNqw7eNhIKQao7RgX6T8riBZgxm7BJuzIpwqMqE%2BmJEsV845ub3dlQyX7KqcnApPfoIXr2kp8ag%3D%3D&X-Amz-Signature=a5bf20b0927acba10f7b2122691887dab214ea771f3ce30e0f95248b8db379b9&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 17.
![Location of the Istanbul Officers’ Club (visualization by authors based on aerial photograph dated 1987 [27])](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/677fd28e082aa65dea3c718b/j_acee-2024-0017_fig_017.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKKYHRIQIM%2F20260310%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20260310T080427Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEHUaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJIMEYCIQD1EJNYn%2F%2Fcn%2BaMSIAd8bbGyJyB5rpWsGjtHCnPMxM9fQIhAOcxcEafL4ElZo0GgYz1AmDImPGN9z10abAetzoT9nI3Kr0FCD4QAhoMOTYzMTM0Mjg5OTQwIgx8JQVXEQiHwK4%2F%2BMYqmgWU1IdilL7OYGoqxagDlOYn8%2Bo9ieFeFVOoB4yp3DgmG%2FOdI0D5LpSTnmEvT9JJEn3V48oqu9AjNsKJWa0KTJEjLnlw8B7ygQpzOFR55lFxi3LijPhpveYVnkLOoKNuHDALiyIy%2FNbQHjJU0SOIYD%2B0M6fgUgtH1UU5LhIcFYM8NfceQa5BdYyY8HAECSrQHGcjTfDR%2BAuieEr7LtrH6J%2FiIopJsff05a80qRhD29Idk2AmJYMrsQuFZtNH9330MgUjZup60HNB8%2Bvn6yNOL0VkNOvEeWXAil%2BLoF7RSNc0%2Ft1MTnu2JiToPmvy%2BQ%2Fu%2BpTJDVGTk4ILbtN1gze01%2B5bqqcs2cd4opZvOp734HnogdmdlnygVjbHvOYqP9EM2Y%2FEvVAoRG1VjsXMtH0abUTObi6ZeNbmUzpffM%2FT0go%2FtPuTaO%2BcWePEOkGHlUEeOHVRwJeje%2FNG6vrreLFz0sGbRLHV7L2NRtGOmf4KykxlXYT7SH0TJoWINgWEVgutAtXafrbiyGwRwtpE%2Fh5Gn9aKn%2FVtC2mSkDiT97aKKyWfoMMfP0DDLYUudUAyR8fvK38UepBCrE%2FIu%2BERxqoOW3Cb0SP24OW6fLOuF%2F0aBbLH08iCoTt9HHmghjorAqMX%2F9iofy70YTT8VsG70CpbW2bccZ9h0jVu6n66684qgzFzCULo56tW7PO9%2BVYgtYf0TfMdu0C81g62mU5Galn2J05cRJ1U6uX344VwXA3ow78TNh7ZnDrtyAEy%2FawObMFS7eZkpJ5JEBMOXBg7%2B2HQbCjm9Cp7pdBXUno7IM5Qf1GjLUr3%2FTItZh8UhTDuNpPm5pzrQXJQWWoYQpR9XUpz8iU%2BP9ibOg%2Fd1KvoJWDW18NXnGI8mR2zTxKnt98w172%2BzQY6sAHepdvIlar7M5H0aOaxoST%2FeUT8FNPjlP8YbgXQdd9%2B6%2F7sOJlUAhNJRugAN1WKR2cMhU2vdLb1zaa8L7EZ7l36MoJAD%2F1Oy3UTh8uzE2FFvWGTeHFn93Ua0hnfRLbOgr8cCfR3Ajjq0xG1ob0jaXP4cAfmxwnup4YHNqw7eNhIKQao7RgX6T8riBZgxm7BJuzIpwqMqE%2BmJEsV845ub3dlQyX7KqcnApPfoIXr2kp8ag%3D%3D&X-Amz-Signature=2b2f8331c3173cc8af600352c1c394ff5a149c1c3ca5290dda93d9d554db05f7&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 18.
![Istanbul Officers’ Club plan (drawn and visualized by the authors based on [32])](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/677fd28e082aa65dea3c718b/j_acee-2024-0017_fig_018.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKKYHRIQIM%2F20260310%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20260310T080427Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEHUaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJIMEYCIQD1EJNYn%2F%2Fcn%2BaMSIAd8bbGyJyB5rpWsGjtHCnPMxM9fQIhAOcxcEafL4ElZo0GgYz1AmDImPGN9z10abAetzoT9nI3Kr0FCD4QAhoMOTYzMTM0Mjg5OTQwIgx8JQVXEQiHwK4%2F%2BMYqmgWU1IdilL7OYGoqxagDlOYn8%2Bo9ieFeFVOoB4yp3DgmG%2FOdI0D5LpSTnmEvT9JJEn3V48oqu9AjNsKJWa0KTJEjLnlw8B7ygQpzOFR55lFxi3LijPhpveYVnkLOoKNuHDALiyIy%2FNbQHjJU0SOIYD%2B0M6fgUgtH1UU5LhIcFYM8NfceQa5BdYyY8HAECSrQHGcjTfDR%2BAuieEr7LtrH6J%2FiIopJsff05a80qRhD29Idk2AmJYMrsQuFZtNH9330MgUjZup60HNB8%2Bvn6yNOL0VkNOvEeWXAil%2BLoF7RSNc0%2Ft1MTnu2JiToPmvy%2BQ%2Fu%2BpTJDVGTk4ILbtN1gze01%2B5bqqcs2cd4opZvOp734HnogdmdlnygVjbHvOYqP9EM2Y%2FEvVAoRG1VjsXMtH0abUTObi6ZeNbmUzpffM%2FT0go%2FtPuTaO%2BcWePEOkGHlUEeOHVRwJeje%2FNG6vrreLFz0sGbRLHV7L2NRtGOmf4KykxlXYT7SH0TJoWINgWEVgutAtXafrbiyGwRwtpE%2Fh5Gn9aKn%2FVtC2mSkDiT97aKKyWfoMMfP0DDLYUudUAyR8fvK38UepBCrE%2FIu%2BERxqoOW3Cb0SP24OW6fLOuF%2F0aBbLH08iCoTt9HHmghjorAqMX%2F9iofy70YTT8VsG70CpbW2bccZ9h0jVu6n66684qgzFzCULo56tW7PO9%2BVYgtYf0TfMdu0C81g62mU5Galn2J05cRJ1U6uX344VwXA3ow78TNh7ZnDrtyAEy%2FawObMFS7eZkpJ5JEBMOXBg7%2B2HQbCjm9Cp7pdBXUno7IM5Qf1GjLUr3%2FTItZh8UhTDuNpPm5pzrQXJQWWoYQpR9XUpz8iU%2BP9ibOg%2Fd1KvoJWDW18NXnGI8mR2zTxKnt98w172%2BzQY6sAHepdvIlar7M5H0aOaxoST%2FeUT8FNPjlP8YbgXQdd9%2B6%2F7sOJlUAhNJRugAN1WKR2cMhU2vdLb1zaa8L7EZ7l36MoJAD%2F1Oy3UTh8uzE2FFvWGTeHFn93Ua0hnfRLbOgr8cCfR3Ajjq0xG1ob0jaXP4cAfmxwnup4YHNqw7eNhIKQao7RgX6T8riBZgxm7BJuzIpwqMqE%2BmJEsV845ub3dlQyX7KqcnApPfoIXr2kp8ag%3D%3D&X-Amz-Signature=b70a60b4a081d5a3fad26d661b608505937ae00f9e88126eb5870cde8abc2c5e&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 19.
![Istanbul Officers’ Club façade and balcony details [authors archive, 2024]](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/677fd28e082aa65dea3c718b/j_acee-2024-0017_fig_019.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKKYHRIQIM%2F20260310%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20260310T080427Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEHUaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJIMEYCIQD1EJNYn%2F%2Fcn%2BaMSIAd8bbGyJyB5rpWsGjtHCnPMxM9fQIhAOcxcEafL4ElZo0GgYz1AmDImPGN9z10abAetzoT9nI3Kr0FCD4QAhoMOTYzMTM0Mjg5OTQwIgx8JQVXEQiHwK4%2F%2BMYqmgWU1IdilL7OYGoqxagDlOYn8%2Bo9ieFeFVOoB4yp3DgmG%2FOdI0D5LpSTnmEvT9JJEn3V48oqu9AjNsKJWa0KTJEjLnlw8B7ygQpzOFR55lFxi3LijPhpveYVnkLOoKNuHDALiyIy%2FNbQHjJU0SOIYD%2B0M6fgUgtH1UU5LhIcFYM8NfceQa5BdYyY8HAECSrQHGcjTfDR%2BAuieEr7LtrH6J%2FiIopJsff05a80qRhD29Idk2AmJYMrsQuFZtNH9330MgUjZup60HNB8%2Bvn6yNOL0VkNOvEeWXAil%2BLoF7RSNc0%2Ft1MTnu2JiToPmvy%2BQ%2Fu%2BpTJDVGTk4ILbtN1gze01%2B5bqqcs2cd4opZvOp734HnogdmdlnygVjbHvOYqP9EM2Y%2FEvVAoRG1VjsXMtH0abUTObi6ZeNbmUzpffM%2FT0go%2FtPuTaO%2BcWePEOkGHlUEeOHVRwJeje%2FNG6vrreLFz0sGbRLHV7L2NRtGOmf4KykxlXYT7SH0TJoWINgWEVgutAtXafrbiyGwRwtpE%2Fh5Gn9aKn%2FVtC2mSkDiT97aKKyWfoMMfP0DDLYUudUAyR8fvK38UepBCrE%2FIu%2BERxqoOW3Cb0SP24OW6fLOuF%2F0aBbLH08iCoTt9HHmghjorAqMX%2F9iofy70YTT8VsG70CpbW2bccZ9h0jVu6n66684qgzFzCULo56tW7PO9%2BVYgtYf0TfMdu0C81g62mU5Galn2J05cRJ1U6uX344VwXA3ow78TNh7ZnDrtyAEy%2FawObMFS7eZkpJ5JEBMOXBg7%2B2HQbCjm9Cp7pdBXUno7IM5Qf1GjLUr3%2FTItZh8UhTDuNpPm5pzrQXJQWWoYQpR9XUpz8iU%2BP9ibOg%2Fd1KvoJWDW18NXnGI8mR2zTxKnt98w172%2BzQY6sAHepdvIlar7M5H0aOaxoST%2FeUT8FNPjlP8YbgXQdd9%2B6%2F7sOJlUAhNJRugAN1WKR2cMhU2vdLb1zaa8L7EZ7l36MoJAD%2F1Oy3UTh8uzE2FFvWGTeHFn93Ua0hnfRLbOgr8cCfR3Ajjq0xG1ob0jaXP4cAfmxwnup4YHNqw7eNhIKQao7RgX6T8riBZgxm7BJuzIpwqMqE%2BmJEsV845ub3dlQyX7KqcnApPfoIXr2kp8ag%3D%3D&X-Amz-Signature=8605b3f42197f2fd7ad7e0d7958eab4a3c528a66696774367cb95c76dffa93b6&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 20.
![Istanbul Officers’ Club art works; (a) Afyon marble wall, (b) mosaic panel by Atilla Galatalı, (c) ceramic panel by Oya Koçan (d) mosaic panel by Atilla Galatalı [authors archive, 2024]](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/677fd28e082aa65dea3c718b/j_acee-2024-0017_fig_020.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKKYHRIQIM%2F20260310%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20260310T080427Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEHUaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJIMEYCIQD1EJNYn%2F%2Fcn%2BaMSIAd8bbGyJyB5rpWsGjtHCnPMxM9fQIhAOcxcEafL4ElZo0GgYz1AmDImPGN9z10abAetzoT9nI3Kr0FCD4QAhoMOTYzMTM0Mjg5OTQwIgx8JQVXEQiHwK4%2F%2BMYqmgWU1IdilL7OYGoqxagDlOYn8%2Bo9ieFeFVOoB4yp3DgmG%2FOdI0D5LpSTnmEvT9JJEn3V48oqu9AjNsKJWa0KTJEjLnlw8B7ygQpzOFR55lFxi3LijPhpveYVnkLOoKNuHDALiyIy%2FNbQHjJU0SOIYD%2B0M6fgUgtH1UU5LhIcFYM8NfceQa5BdYyY8HAECSrQHGcjTfDR%2BAuieEr7LtrH6J%2FiIopJsff05a80qRhD29Idk2AmJYMrsQuFZtNH9330MgUjZup60HNB8%2Bvn6yNOL0VkNOvEeWXAil%2BLoF7RSNc0%2Ft1MTnu2JiToPmvy%2BQ%2Fu%2BpTJDVGTk4ILbtN1gze01%2B5bqqcs2cd4opZvOp734HnogdmdlnygVjbHvOYqP9EM2Y%2FEvVAoRG1VjsXMtH0abUTObi6ZeNbmUzpffM%2FT0go%2FtPuTaO%2BcWePEOkGHlUEeOHVRwJeje%2FNG6vrreLFz0sGbRLHV7L2NRtGOmf4KykxlXYT7SH0TJoWINgWEVgutAtXafrbiyGwRwtpE%2Fh5Gn9aKn%2FVtC2mSkDiT97aKKyWfoMMfP0DDLYUudUAyR8fvK38UepBCrE%2FIu%2BERxqoOW3Cb0SP24OW6fLOuF%2F0aBbLH08iCoTt9HHmghjorAqMX%2F9iofy70YTT8VsG70CpbW2bccZ9h0jVu6n66684qgzFzCULo56tW7PO9%2BVYgtYf0TfMdu0C81g62mU5Galn2J05cRJ1U6uX344VwXA3ow78TNh7ZnDrtyAEy%2FawObMFS7eZkpJ5JEBMOXBg7%2B2HQbCjm9Cp7pdBXUno7IM5Qf1GjLUr3%2FTItZh8UhTDuNpPm5pzrQXJQWWoYQpR9XUpz8iU%2BP9ibOg%2Fd1KvoJWDW18NXnGI8mR2zTxKnt98w172%2BzQY6sAHepdvIlar7M5H0aOaxoST%2FeUT8FNPjlP8YbgXQdd9%2B6%2F7sOJlUAhNJRugAN1WKR2cMhU2vdLb1zaa8L7EZ7l36MoJAD%2F1Oy3UTh8uzE2FFvWGTeHFn93Ua0hnfRLbOgr8cCfR3Ajjq0xG1ob0jaXP4cAfmxwnup4YHNqw7eNhIKQao7RgX6T8riBZgxm7BJuzIpwqMqE%2BmJEsV845ub3dlQyX7KqcnApPfoIXr2kp8ag%3D%3D&X-Amz-Signature=f9fb6efb982713465ab463e40e4696da3ae02d4aa50630409213dc47747472c6&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Brutalist Examples in Istanbul (created by authors, 2024)
| NO | NAME | ARCHITECTS | BUILT IN | FUNCTION |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Rexx Cinema* | Maruf Önal | 1961 | Culture |
| 2 | Kınalıada Mosque | Turhan Uyaroğlu, Başar Acarlı | 1964 | Religious |
| 3 | Tarabya Mosque | Ali Barman | 1964 | Religious |
| 4 | Sudalı Villa | Muzaffer Sudalı | 1965 | Housing |
| 5 | Palet 2 Restaurant (Big Chefs) | unknown | 1960-66 | Restaurant |
| 6 | Manifaturacilar Retail Center | Doğan Tekeli, Sami Sisa, Metin Hepgüler | 1967 | Trade |
| 7 | Istanbul Reklam Building | Günay C?ilingiroğlu, Muhlis Tunca | 1969-74 | Administration |
| 8 | Istanbul Officer’s Club | Metin Hepgüler | 1974 | Hotel |
| 9 | Tercüman Newspaper Office** | Günay Çilingiroğlu, Muhlis Tunca | 1974 | Administration |
| 10 | Atatürk Library | Sedad Hakkı Eldem | 1973-75 | Culture |
| 11 | UFI Shopping Center | Doğan Tekeli, Sami Sisa, İrfan Ertem | 1975 | Trade |
| 12 | Karaköy Trade Center | Günay Çilingiroğlu, Bilge Kıray | 1978 | Trade |
| 13 | Zincirlikuyu Highways Facilities** | Mehmet Konuralp | 1973-80 | Facility |
| 14 | Apartment in Kanlica | Kaya Tecimen, Ali Çiçek | 1978-80 | Housing |
| 15 | Beyti Steakhouse | Yilmaz Sanlı | 1970-83 | Restaurant |