Figure 1.
Figure 2.
Figure 3.
Population size of selected towns in the study area, MRWA coefficients and calculated AMMW_ The table breaks down the city pairs compared in terms of population
| Year | Population | WAMR | AMMW | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Poland | 2021 | 38080411 | 360 | 1,371E+10 |
| 2020 | 38265013 | 360 | 1,378E+10 | |
| 2019 | 38382576 | 360 | 1,382E+10 | |
| Subcarpathi an Province | 2021 | 2110694 | 250 | 5,277E+08 |
| 2020 | 2121229 | 250 | 5,303E+08 | |
| 2019 | 2127164 | 250 | 5,318E+08 | |
| Rzeszów | 2021 | 198609 | 426 | 8,461E+07 |
| 2020 | 196638 | 426 | 8,377E+07 | |
| 2019 | 196208 | 426 | 8,358E+07 | |
| Przemyśl | 2021 | 58721 | 330 | 1,938E+07 |
| 2020 | 59779 | 330 | 1,973E+07 | |
| 2019 | 60689 | 330 | 2,003E+07 | |
| Mielec | 2021 | 59509 | 365 | 2,172E+07 |
| 2020 | 60075 | 365 | 2,193E+07 | |
| 2019 | 60323 | 365 | 2,202E+07 | |
| Sanok | 2021 | 36462 | 323 | 1,178E+07 |
| 2020 | 36999 | 323 | 1,195E+07 | |
| 2019 | 37359 | 323 | 1,207E+07 | |
| Dębica | 2021 | 44692 | 330 | 1,475E+07 |
| 2020 | 45189 | 330 | 1,491E+07 | |
| 2019 | 45504 | 330 | 1,502E+07 | |
| Radomyśl Wielki | 2021 | 3252 | 333 | 1,083E+06 |
| 2020 | 3225 | 333 | 1,074E+06 | |
| 2019 | 3226 | 333 | 1,074E+06 | |
| Pruchnik | 2021 | 3729 | 232 | 8,651E+05 |
| 2020 | 3740 | 232 | 8,677E+05 | |
| 2019 | 3745 | 232 | 8,688E+05 |
Impact of development on the mass of municipal waste produced; WAVR – waste accumulation volume rate; WAMR – waste accumulation mass rate [20]
| Type of development | WAVR (l/M/d) | WAMR (kg/M/d) |
|---|---|---|
| Large cities (more than 100,000 inhabitants) | 4.94-6.85 | 0.6-1.1 |
| High-rise urban development (housing estates) | 2.52 | 0.44 |
| Dense inner-city neighbourhoods | 3.62 | 0.92 |
| Single-family housing in rural areas | 3.97 | 1.01 |
Logistics of biowaste collection according to type of development [42]
| Type of development | Population density (M/km2) | Level of participation | Collection logistics |
|---|---|---|---|
| City centre and highly urbanised areas | >1750 | very low | very difficult |
| Urbanised areas outside the inner city, multifamily development | 750-1750 | low | difficult |
| Suburbs or small towns, single-family housing | 150-750 | high | easy |
| Non-urbanised areas (rural) | <150 | medium | difficult |
Opportunities and challenges of biowaste management
| Categories | Technological options | Opportunities | Challenges |
|---|---|---|---|
| Bio-based materials (e.g. functional foods, supplements, enzymes, colourants, bioplastics) | Supercritical technology Membrane separation Green chemistry Solvent extraction Enzyme extraction Electro-based extraction (e.g. ultrasounds, microwaves) | Supply: large-scale, concentrated Low-cost supply of biowaste feedstock [49, 51, 52, 53] | Technology: Low technological value readiness level (TRL), mainly at lab-scale [54, 55, 56] entails high R&D cost [56] and high investment uncertainty [57]. |
| Waste-to-Energy (biogas, biodiesels, biochar, liquid, gas, fuels, heat and electricity) | Pyrolysis Gasification Fermentation combined heat and power | Technology: energy conversion technology has a high TRL [59] Logistics: the introduction of innovative biowaste transport, i.e. smart recycle bin [60], under-the-sink biowaste disposal connecting to the sewer system [61], pipeline transmission [62] | Technology: further R&D into optimal feedstock and optimal process. Design and conditions are needed to cope with the low-yield issue, and maximise the output of targeted products; [63, 64] |
| Compost | Composting Vermicomposting | Logistics: a growing interest in decentralised composting (e.g. Community, home composting), Market: the demand for fertilisers always exceeds supply [66]; consumer preferences towards foods produced from the upcycled and eco-friendly materials improve the intrinsic value of digestate; used as recycled fertilis-ers/compost [67] | Technology: this technology has a small production scale compared to fossil-based fertiliser production [66] encounters difficulty in planning and use, causes unfavourable odour for the neighbourhood [68]; there is limited information knowledge about vermicomposting [69]. Logistics: high collection and handling costs [70] |