| A | Expertise of structures requiring repairs | A1) interview with the user,A2) examination of documentation,A3) determination of the scope of inventory and research,A4) static and strength analysis,A5) selection of strengthening areas | A1 – keeping notes, interview reportA2 – review of existing documents, if available electronic filesA3 – dimensional and material inventory to the extent necessaryA4 – static and strength analysis of the structure to the extent necessary, taking into account its current technical conditionA5 – analysis of the results of the strength analyses | A2 – copier, camera, in case of electronic documentation computer with appropriate software (e.g. pdf reader)A3 – measures, laser rangefinders, geodesy, space scanners, NDT testing of concrete, core probes, pull-out, chemical testing of concrete (chlorides, sulphates, nitrates, nitrites)A4, A5 – computer with installed software for static and strength analyses | A2 – ability to read construction documentationA3 – ability to use measuring devices, knowledge on NDT testing of concreteA4, A5 – ability to use computer software for static and strength analyses, chartered structural engineer |
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| Interview with the user, examination of documentation, determination of the scope of inventory and research, static and strength analysis, selection of strengthening areas |
| B | Design of FRP reinforcements | B1 - static analysis,B2 - selection of the reinforcement system,B3 - design, drawing | B1 – static and strength analysis of the structure including FRP reinforcement /strengthening system,B2 – matching the FRP strengthening system to the type of structure,B3 – preparation of technical drawings | B1 – computer with installed software for static analysesB2 – computer with installed software delivered by manufacturers of FRP systems,B3 – computer with installed CAD software | B1 – ability to use computer software for static analyses,B2 – knowledge about FRP strengthening technologies and their limitations,B3 – ability to use CAD software |
| Static analysis, design, drawing | Selection of the reinforcement system |
| C | Repair of structural damage | C1 – securing the construction site,C2 – supervision of preparatory works,C3 – ensuring safety conditions,C4 – supervision of works | C1 – securing the construction site, preparatory works, scaffolding,C2 – supervision of following works: cleaning the application site, impregnation, levelling the surfaceC3 – supervision over compliance with safety requirementsC4 – supervision of assembly performed in accordance with the technology of the manufacturer of the FRP reinforcement system, protection during the setting of the adhesive | C1 – assembly of scaffoldingC2 – power tools, hand tools, sand-blasting, water blasting, abrasion, grinding shotcreting, mixersC4 – controlling technological regime (humidity and temperature measures), scales, mixers, strengthening press | C1 – license for scaffoldingsC2 –specifications delivered by the manufacturer of FRP systemC3 – chartered engineerC4 – specifications delivered by the manufacturer of FRP system |
| Supervision of preparatory works, supervision of works conditions, | Securing the construction site, ensuring safety, |
| D | Adaptation of the used facilities to new conditions of use | D1 – examination of documentation,D2 – static and strength analysis,D3 – selection of strengthening areas | D1 – review of existing documents, if available electronic filesD2 – static and strength analysis of the structure adapted to the specifics and requirements (e.g. conservation of monuments) | D1 – copier, camera, in case of electronic documentation computer with appropriate softwareD2, D3 – computer with installed appropriate software | D1 – historical knowledge on construction facilitiesD2 – ability to use computer software for static and strength analyses, chartered structural engineerD3 – knowledge about FRP strengthening technologies and their limitations |
| Static and strength analysis | Examination of documentation, selection of strengthening areas |
| A | Production of composite reinforcement | A1 – knowledge of composite quality assessment criteria,A2 – use of pultrusion devices,A3 – bending of composite rebar,A4 – quality assessment | A1 – the use of international standards to assess the quality of FRP products (type of fibre, resin, tensile strength, young modulus, chemical stability – best are American and Canadian regulations)A2 – pultrusion of glass fibre rebarsA3 – Teflon mouldsA4 – testing the mechanical properties and chemical resistance of composites | A1 – laboratory tests - bar weighing, strength tests, chemical durabilityA2 – manufacturing of FRP profiles in the pultrusion process, used automated production line, curing oven furnace, cooling devicesA3 – curing oven furnace, cooling devicesA4 – laboratory press, electronic scale | A1 – in Poland, there are no clear criteria to assess the quality of a composite barA2 – ability to handling and service of pultrusion devices, knowledge about dosing of fibre rowing according to required rebar diameter, choice of appropriate hardening and cooling temperature and technologyA3 – knowledge about choice of appropriate hardening and cooling temperature and technologyA4 – knowledge in the scope of technical approvals of the products (diameter, grammage, rib spacing and height) |
| Use of pultrusion devices, bending of composite rebar, quality assessment | Knowledge of composite quality assessment criteria |
| B | The use of composites for concrete reinforcement (Combridge, Floors, Tram base, wall cladding) | B1 – optimisation of design solutions,B2 – numerical modelling,B3 – strength analysis,B4 – preparation of optional design,B5 – on-site training | B1–B3 – numerical modelling based of FEMB4 – preparation of structural drawingsB5 – training on how to cut, how to unwind, what are the safety rules | B1–B3 – computer with installed software for structural FEM analysesB4 – computer with installed CAD softwareB5 – on-site employee training | B4 – Chartered engineer certified in the area of structural designingB5 – Representative of the manufacturer |
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| Optimization of design solutions, numerical modelling, strength analysis, preparation of optional design, on-site training |
| C | Applications in geosynthetics (geosynthetics, embankment reinforcement, diaphragm walls) | C1 – optimization of design solutions,C2 – strength analysis,C3 – on-site training,C4 – monitoring (optical fibres) | C1 – Foundations for tram tracks without sand bedding, strengthening of embankments over pilesC3 – Training on how to cut, how to unwind, what are the safety rulesC4 – Fiber Bragg grating sensors embedded in the composite rebar | C1–C2 – computer with installed software for structural FEM analyses and CAD softwareC3 – on-site employee trainingC4 – Fiber Bragg grating sensors embedded in the composite rebar, optical interrogator | C2 – Chartered engineer certified in the area of structural designingC3 – Representative of the manufacturerC4 – Ability to use optical Fiber Bragg measurement systems |
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| Optimization of design solutions, strength analysis, on-site training, monitoring (optical fibres) |
| A | Development of production technology | A1 – organizing of production process taking into account the specificity of the FRP material,A2 – mould making,A3 – strength and quality tests | A1 – power tools, hand tools, vacuum, scissors, brush, roller, fabric dispenserA2 – shaping three-dimensional moulds (in practice, in Poland, moulds are usually ordered from specialized manufacturers)A3 – testing material properties, quality check | A1 – adjusting the production process to material properties (types and characteristics of resins, fibre processing, types of fabrics, shape)A2 – modelling method, CNC machines (mills, lathers, cutters)A3 – laboratory press | A1 – experience in the production of composites - may be related to other industries, e.g. the yachting manufactureA2 – ability to use CNC machinesA3- knowledge of material properties of FRP composites |
| Production process, mould making | Organizing of production process taking into account the specificity of the FRP material, strength and quality tests |
| B | Design and prototyping | B1 – research on material properties,B2 – modes of destruction,B3 – FEM modelling, | B1 – testing material properties,B2, B3 – numerical calculations, use of advanced material models (orthogonal, non-linear) | B1 – laboratory press (universal testing instrumentation)B2, B3 – computer with installed FEM software (mechanical analyses) | B1 – knowledge about composites and their properties (orthogonal), failure characteristicB2 – it is important to know the design processB3 – ability to use FEM software, ability to interpret the results (currently there is no standardization regarding the shape of the elements, no specialized software) |
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| Research on material properties, modes of destruction, FEM modelling |
| C | Supervision of the execution | C1 – training the contractor,C2 – control of compliance with the design,C3 – extending the technical knowledge | C1 – on-site training – including material properties, procedure (e.g. you cannot drill)C2 – on-site quality control, acceptance of replacement materialsC3 – cooperation with designers, contractors, presentation of research results and the latest knowledge, the specificity of technical knowledge in the field of frp composites |
| C1 – knowledge about the properties of FRP composites and the procedureC2 – manufacturer recommendations, reading the projectC3 – knowledge about the properties of FRP composites, manufacturer requirements |
| Control of compliance with the design | Training the contractor, extending the technical knowledge |
| A | Strengthening of bridges, strengthening of concrete structures | A1 – testing the properties of the substrate,A2 – selecting the appropriate adhesive,A3 – preparing the substrate and strengthening elements,A4 – selecting the proportions (mixing),A5 – hardening the resin (crosslinking time),A6 – maintaining cleanliness | A1 – visual inspection, NDT testing of concrete substrate, hammer, grinderA2 – determining the properties of the substrate and matching the appropriate adhesiveA3 – bush hammering, sand blasting, grinding, brushingA4, A5 – scales, mixers, important protection against skin contact with the resinA6 – securing the place of application (covers) | A1 – pull-outA3 – mechanical cleaning, chemical cleaningA4, A5 – mixing ingredients in the right proportions | A1 – knowledge of material properties and construction testingA2 – recommendations of adhesive manufacturers, generally competence of designerA3 – recommendations of the manufacturers of FRP systemsA4, A5 – instructions of the manufacturers of FRP systems | Maintaining cleanliness | Preparing the substrate and strengthening elements, selecting the proportions (mixing), hardening the resin (crosslinking time), | Testing the properties of the substrate, selecting the appropriate adhesive |
| B | Strengthening of masonry structures | B1 – ensuring diffusivity (determination of thermal and humidity conditions),B2 – selecting the appropriate adhesive,B3 – preparing the substrate and strengthening elements,B4 – specificity for the substrate and the adhesive | B1, B2 – strengthening based on mineral adhesives (FRCM), analysis of diffusivity conditionsB3 – grinding, brushingB4 – hand tools, power tools | B1 – determination of heat and humidity conditions (of particular importance for vaults)B2 – matching the type of adhesive to the substrateB3 – mechanical cleaning, chemical cleaningB4 – grovving the masonry joints | B1 – enclosing moisture in the vault may worsen its technical conditionB2 – use of FRCM systems, competence of designerB3 – recommendations of the manufacturers of strengthening systems |
| preparing the substrate and strengthening elements, specificity for the substrate and the adhesive | ensuring diffusivity (determination of thermal and humidity conditions), selecting the appropriate adhesive |
| C | Strengthening of timber structures | C1 – selecting the appropriate adhesive,C2 – preparing the substrate and strengthening elements,C3 – specificity for the substrate and the adhesiveC4 – fire resistance | C1 – determining the properties of the substrate and matching the appropriate adhesiveC2 – grinding, removing free partsC4 – external covering, power tools | C2 – mechanical cleaning, chemical cleaningC4 – NSM strengthening systems (Near Surface Mounted) | C1 – recommendations of adhesive manufacturers – adhesive viscosity, generally competence of designerC2, C3 – recommendations of the manufacturers of FRP systems, adhesive matched to the mechanical properties of the timberC4 – recommendation of the producer of FRP system |
| Preparing the substrate and strengthening elements, specificity for the substrate and the adhesive | Selecting the appropriate adhesive, fire resistance |