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Exploring Key Quality Indicators (KQIS) in Green Office Buildings Through Pareto Analysis Cover

Exploring Key Quality Indicators (KQIS) in Green Office Buildings Through Pareto Analysis

Architecture, Civil Engineering, Environment
Volume 16 (2023): Issue 2 (June 2023)
By: ,  ,   and    
Open Access
|Jul 2023
Figures & tables

Figures & Tables

Table 1.

Main characteristics of the selected 34 research articles according to their user satisfaction case studies conducted based on the real data of green office buildings [Elaborated by the authors]

SourceLocation / CountryGreen building statusNo. of buildingsMethod of case study analysis
Geng et al., 2020 [28]ChinaGBL
14 Three-Star
6 Two-Star		20User satisfaction surveys; CBE
On-site physical measurements
Kim & Kim, 2020 [29]South KoreaG-SEED&LEED1User satisfaction surveys; POE
Altomonte et al.,2019 [19]USA Canada22 LEED CI
58 LEED NC
13 LEED EB		93User satisfaction surveys; CBE
Lee et al., 2019 [6]SingaporeGM8User satisfaction surveys; CBE
On-site physical measurements
Pastore & Andersen, 2019 [7]SwitzerlandMinergie certification4User satisfaction surveys; POE
Point-in-time IEQ monitoring
Khoshbakht et al., 2018 [30]AustraliaGreen-Star5User satisfaction surveys; BUS
(Liu et al., 2018 [31]ChinaGBL/Three-Star3User satisfaction surveys
Sant’Anna et al., 2018 [32]BrazilLEED NC3User satisfaction surveys
Altomonte et al., 2017 [33]UK2 BREEAM2User satisfaction surveys; CBE
Point-in-time IEQ monitoring
Fieldson & Sodagar, 2017 [34]UKBREEAM1User satisfaction surveys; POE
Lin et al., 2016 [35]ChinaGBL10User satisfaction surveys
Sediso & Lee, 2016 [36]South KoreaKGBCC2User satisfaction surveys; CBE
Pei et al., 2015 [37]ChinaGBL
LEED NC		10User satisfaction surveys;
On-site physical measurements
Gou et al., 2014 [38]China4 LEED NC
5GBL/Three-Star		9User satisfaction surveys; BUS
Liang et al., 2014 [39]TaiwanEEWH3User satisfaction surveys; POE
On-site physical measurements
Schiavon & Altomonte, 2014 [40]USA65 LEED
79 non-LEED		144User satisfaction surveys; CBE
Altomonte & Schiavon 2013 [4]USA65 LEED
79 non-LEED		144User satisfaction surveys; CBE
Agha-Hossein et al., 2013 [41]UKBREEAM1User satisfaction surveys: POE
Gou et al., 2013 [42]China5 GBL
4 LEED NC		9User satisfaction surveys; BUS
Gou & Lau, 2013 [43]ChinaGBL1User satisfaction surveys; BUS
On-site physical measurements
Hirning et al., 2013 [44]AustraliaGreen Star3User satisfaction surveys; POE
On-site physical measurements
Menadue et al., 2013 [45]AustraliaGreen Star4User satisfaction surveys; BUS
On-site physical measurements
Newsham et al., 2013 [10]USA and Canada7 LEED
2 Green-certified		9User satisfaction surveys; POE
On-site physical measurements
Deuble & de Dear, 2012 [9]AustraliaGreen Star2User satisfaction surveys; BUS
On-site physical measurements
Frontczak et al., 2012 [13]USALEED351User satisfaction surveys; CBE
Gou et al., 2012a [18]ChinaGBL & LEED NC2User satisfaction surveys; BUS
Gou et al., 2012b [46]ChinaGBL Three-Star1User satisfaction surveys; BUS
Gou et al., 2012c [47]ChinaLEED CI2User satisfaction surveys; BUS
Armitage et al., 2011 [48]AustraliaGreen Star31User satisfaction surveys
Lee, 2011 [17]USALEED NC
LEED CI		15User satisfaction surveys; CBE
Monfared & Sharples, 2011 [49]UKBREEAM2User satisfaction surveys
Brown et al., 2010 [16]CanadaLEED NC1User satisfaction surveys; BUS
Lee & Guerin., 2010 [50]USALEED NC
LEED CI
LEED EB		5User satisfaction surveys; CBE
(Hodgson, 2008) [51]USALEED6User satisfaction surveys
On-site physical measurements

* POE: Post Occupancy Evaluation; CBE: the Occupant IEQ Survey of the Center for the Built Environment at the University of Berkeley, California; BUS: The Building Use Studies Occupant Survey and Reporting Method; BREEAM: Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Method; LEED: Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design: LEED NC: LEED for New Constructions & Major Renovations (NC); LEED EB/EBOM: LEED for Existing Buildings, Operation & Maintenance; LEED CI: LEED for Commercial Interiors; KGBCC: Korean Green Building Certification Criteria; EEWH: Ecology, Energy saving, Waste reduction, and Health; G-SEED: Korea Green Standard for Energy & Environmental Design; GM: Green Mark; GBL: Green Building Label

Figure 1.

Six main groups of 37 quality indicators (Source: Elaborated by the authors)

Table 2.

Categorization of 37 quality indicators (QIs) for green office buildings [Elaborated by the authors]

Quality IndicatorsSources
INDOOR ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY
Indoor Thermal Quality
Overall perceived thermal qualityGeng et al., 2020; Kim & Kim, 2020; Altomonte et al., 2019; Lee et al., 2019; Khoshbakht et al., 2018; Sant’Anna et al., 2018; Altomonte et al., 2017; Fieldson&Sodagar, 2017; Lin et al., 2016; Sediso&Lee, 2016; Pei et al., 2015; Gou et al., 2014; Liang et al., 2014; Schiavon&Altomonte, 2014; Altomonte&Schiavon, 2013; Gou et al., 2013; Gou&Lau, 2013; Menadue et al., 2013; Newsham et al., 2013; Deuble&de Dear, 2012; Frontczak et al., 2012; Gou et al., 2012a; Gou et al., 2012b; Gou et al., 2012c; Hodgson, 2008; Lee, 2011; Monfared&Sharples, 2011; Brown et al., 2010; Lee&Guerin., 2010.
Temperature in winterPastore&Andersen, 2019; Sant’Anna et al., 2018; Khoshbakht et al., 2018; Liu et al., 2018; Fieldson&Sodagar, 2017; Pei et al., 2015; Gou et al., 2014; Agha-Hossein et al., 2013; Gou et al., 2013; Gou&Lau, 2013; Menadue et al., 2013; Gou et al., 2012a; Gou et al., 2012b; Gou et al., 2012c; Armitage et al., 2011; Brown et al., 2010.
Temperature in summerPastore&Andersen, 2019; Sant’Anna et al., 2018; Khoshbakht et al., 2018; Liu et al., 2018; Fieldson&Sodagar, 2017; Pei et al., 2015; Gou et al., 2014; Agha-Hossein et al., 2013; Gou et al., 2013; Gou&Lau, 2013; Menadue et al., 2013; Gou et al., 2012a; Gou et al., 2012b; Gou et al., 2012c; Armitage et al., 2011; Brown et al., 2010.
Temperature in transition seasonsLiu et al., 2018; Sant’Anna et al., 2018; Fieldson&Sodagar, 2017; Pei et al., 2015.
Temperature stability in winterKhoshbakht et al., 2018; Gou & Lau, 2013; Menadue et al., 2013; Armitage et al., 2011.
Temperature stability in summerKhoshbakht et al., 2018; Gou & Lau, 2013; Menadue et al., 2013; Armitage et al., 2011.
HumidityGeng et al., 2020; Lee et al., 2019; Liu et al., 2018; Sant’Anna et al., 2018; Fieldson&Sodagar, 2017; Liang et al., 2014; Menadue et al., 2013; Armitage et al., 2011; Monfared&Sharples, 2011.
Indoor Air Quality
Overall perceived air quality(air cleanliness, freshness, dryness, odours etc.)Geng et al., 2020; Kim&Kim, 2020; Altomonte et al., 2019; Lee et al., 2019; Pastore&Andersen, 2019; Khoshbakht et al., 2018; Liu et al., 2018; Sant’Anna et al., 2018; Altomonte et al., 2017; Fieldson&Sodagar, 2017; Lin et al., 2016; Sediso&Lee, 2016; Pei et al., 2015; Liang et al., 2014; Schiavon&Altomonte, 2014; Altomonte&Schiavon 2013; Agha-Hossein et al., 2013; Menadue et al., 2013; Newsham et al., 2013; Deuble&de Dear, 2012; Frontczak et al., 2012; Armitage et al., 2011; Hodgson, 2008; Lee, 2011; Monfared&Sharples, 2011; Brown et al., 2010; Lee&Guerin, 2010.
Air quality in winterGou et al., 2014; Gou et al., 2013; Menadue et al., 2013; Gou et al., 2012a; Gou et al., 2012b; Gou et al., 2012c; Lee, 2011; Brown et al., 2010.
Air quality in summerGou et al., 2014; Gou et al., 2013; Menadue et al., 2013; Gou et al., 2012a; Gou et al., 2012b; Gou et al., 2012c; Lee, 2011; Brown et al., 2010.
Air movement/ventilationKim&Kim, 2020; Altomonte et al., 2019; Lee et al., 2019; Khoshbakht et al., 2018; Sant’Anna et al., 2018; Fieldson&Sodagar, 2017.
Indoor Lighting Quality
Overall perceived lighting qualityGeng et al., 2020; Kim & Kim, 2020; Lee et al., 2019; Pastore&Andersen, 2019; Khoshbakht et al., 2018; Altomonte et al., 2017; Lin et al., 2016; Sediso&Lee, 2016; Pei et al., 2015; Liang et al., 2014; Schiavon&Altomonte, 2014; Altomonte&Schiavon 2013; Gou et al., 2013; Hirning et al., 2013; Newsham et al., 2013; Deuble&de Dear, 2012; Frontczak et al., 2012; Gou et al., 2012b; Gou et al., 2012c; Hodgson, 2008; Monfared&Sharples, 2011; Brown et al., 2010; Lee&Guerin., 2010.
Natural lighting (daylight)Altomonte et al., 2019;Lee et al., 2019;Khoshbakht et al., 2018; Liu et al., 2018; Sant’Anna et al., 2018; Fieldson&Sodagar, 2017; Gou et al., 2014; Agha-Hossein et al., 2013; Altomonte &Schiavon 2013; Menadue et al., 2013; Gou et al., 2012a; Gou et al., 2012c; Armitage et al., 2011.
Artificial lightingAltomonte et al., 2019; Lee et al., 2019; Khoshbakht et al., 2018; Liu et al., 2018; Sant’Anna et al., 2018; Fieldson&Sodagar, 2017; Gou et al., 2014; Agha-Hossein et al., 2013; Altomonte&Schiavon 2013; Menadue et al., 2013; Gou et al., 2012a; Gou et al., 2012c; Armitage et al., 2011.
Glare from natural lightingKhoshbakht et al., 2018; Gou et al., 2014; Liang et al., 2014; Hirning et al., 2013; Menadue et al., 2013; Newsham et al., 2013; Armitage et al., 2011; Monfared&Sharples, 2011; Gou et al., 2012a; Gou et al., 2012c.
Glare from artificial lightKhoshbakht et al., 2018; Gou et al., 2014; Liang et al., 2014; Hirning et al., 2013; Menadue et al., 2013; Newsham et al., 2013; Armitage et al., 2011; Monfared&Sharples, 2011, Gou et al., 2012a; Gou et al., 2012c.
Indoor Acoustic Quality
Overall acoustic qualityLee et al., 2019; Pastore&Andersen, 2019; Liu et al., 2018; Khoshbakht et al., 2018; Sant’Anna et al., 2018; Altomonte et al., 2017; Fieldson&Sodagar, 2017; Lin et al., 2016; Sediso&Lee, 2016; Pei et al., 2015; Schiavon&Altomonte, 2014; Agha-Hossein et al., 2013; Altomonte&Schiavon 2013; Gou et al., 2013; Menadue et al., 2013; Newsham et al.,2013; Gou et al., 2012c; Frontczak et al., 2012; Armitage et al., 2011; Hodgson, 2008; Brown et al., 2010.
Noise from insideKhoshbakht et al., 2018; Gou et al., 2014; Liang et al., 2014; Gou et al., 2012a; Gou et al., 2012c; Hodgson, 2008.
Noise from colleaguesKhoshbakht et al., 2018; Gou et al., 2014; Gou et al., 2012a; Gou et al., 2012c; Hodgson, 2008.
Noise from outsideKhoshbakht et al., 2018; Gou et al., 2014; Liang et al., 2014; Gou et al., 2012a; Gou et al., 2012c; Hodgson, 2008.
Unwanted interruptionsKhoshbakht et al., 2018; Gou et al., 2014; Menadue et al., 2013; Gou et al., 2012a; Gou et al., 2012c; Hodgson, 2008.
PERSONAL CONTROL
Personal control on temperatureGeng et al., 2020; Altomonte et al., 2019; Lee et al., 2019; Pastore&Andersen, 2019;Liu et al., 2018; Pei et al., 2015; Agha-Hossein et al., 2013; Deuble&de Dear, 2012; Gou et al., 2012a; Gou et al., 2012b; Armitage et al., 2011; Monfared&Sharples, 2011, Brown et al., 2010; Lee&Guerin., 2010.
Personal control on lightingGeng et al., 2020; Lee et al., 2019; Pastore&Andersen, 2019; Agha-Hossein et al., 2013; Gou et al., 2012; Armitage et al., 2011; Monfared&Sharples, 2011; Brown et al., 2010; Lee&Guerin., 2010.
Personal control on ventilation (in terms of natural, mechanical or mixed ventilation systems)Geng et al., 2020; Kim&Kim, 2020; Lee et al., 2019; Pastore&Andersen, 2019; Deuble&de Dear, 2012; Gou et al., 2012a; Gou et al., 2012b; Armitage et al., 2011; Monfared&Sharples, 2011; Brown et al., 2010; Lee&Guerin, 2010.
Personal control on noisePastore&Andersen, 2019; Agha-Hossein et al., 2013; Gou et al., 2012; Armitage et al., 2011; Brown et al., 2010.
WORKSPACE DESIGN QUALITY
Spatial layout/Office type (Enclosed-private, enclosed-shared, cubicles, open office-no partitions)Lee et al., 2019; Liu et al., 2018; Sant’Anna et al., 2018; Altomonte et al., 2017; Lin et al., 2016; Sediso&Lee, 2016; Pei et al., 2015; Schiavon&Altomonte, 2014; Agha-Hossein et al., 2013; Monfared&Sharples, 2011; Hodgson, 2008; Brown et al., 2010.
The amount of space and area per personLiu et al., 2018; Sant’Anna et al., 2018; Altomonte et al., 2017; Lin et al., 2016; Sediso&Lee, 2016; Schiavon&Altomonte, 2014; Monfared&Sharples, 2011; Brown et al., 2010.
Ease of InteractionLiu et al., 2018; Altomonte et al., 2017; Lin et al., 2016; Schiavon&Altomonte, 2014; Agha-Hossein et al., 2013; Frontczak et al., 2012”
View to the outsidePastore&Andersen, 2019; Sant’Anna et al., 2018; Sediso&Lee, 2016; Agha-Hossein et al., 2013.
Visual privacyLee et al., 2019; Liu et al., 2018; Sant’Anna et al., 2018; Altomonte et al., 2017; Lin et al., 2016; Pei et al., 2015; Schiavon&Altomonte, 2014; Agha-Hossein et al., 2013; Altomonte&Schiavon 2013; Frontczak et al., 2012; Armitage et al., 2011; Monfared &Sharples, 2011, Brown et al., 2010.
Sound privacyLee et al., 2019; Altomonte et al., 2017; Schiavon&Altomonte, 2014; Agha-Hossein et al., 2013; Altomonte&Schiavon, 2013; Frontczak et al., 2012; Armitage et al., 2011; Hodgson, 2008; Monfared&Sharples, 2011; Brown et al., 2010.
Colours and texturesLee et al., 2019; Liu et al., 2018; Altomonte et al., 2017; Lin et al., 2016; Schiavon&Altomonte, 2014; Agha-Hossein et al., 2013; Frontczak et al., 2012; Monfared&Sharples, 2011; Brown et al., 2010.
Comfort of furnishingKhoshbakht et al., 2018; Liu et al., 2018; Sant’Anna et al., 2018; Lin et al., 2016; Sediso&Lee, 2016; Schiavon&Altomonte, 2014; Agha-Hossein et al., 2013; Frontczak et al., 2012; Hodgson, 2008; Monfared&Sharples, 2011; Brown et al., 2010.
PERCEIVED HEALTH
The perceived feeling of health and wellbeingGeng et al., 2020; Lee et al., 2019; Pastore&Andersen, 2019; Khoshbakht et al., 2018; Liu et al., 2018; Pei et al., 2015; Gou et al., 2014; Schiavon&Altomonte, 2014; Agha-Hossein et al., 2013; Gou et al., 2013; Menadue et al., 2013; Deuble&de Dear, 2012; Gou et al., 2012a; Gou et al., 2012b; Armitage et al., 2011; Lee, 2011; Brown et al., 2010; Lee&Guerin., 2010.
PERCEIVED PRODUCTIVITY
The perceived feeling of productivity (job performance)Geng et al., 2020; Lee et al., 2019; Pastore&Andersen, 2019; Khoshbakht et al., 2018; Liu et al., 2018; Pei et al., 2015; Gou et al., 2014; Schiavon&Altomonte, 2014; Agha-Hossein et al., 2013; Gou et al., 2013; Menadue et al., 2013; Deuble&de Dear, 2012; Gou et al., 2012a; Gou et al., 2012b; Armitage et al., 2011; Lee, 2011; Brown et al., 2010; Lee&Guerin., 2010.
FACILITY MANAGEMENT
Operating &MaintenanceLiu et al., 2018; Sant’Anna et al., 2018; Sediso&Lee, 2016; Pei et al., 2015; Schiavon&Altomonte, 2014; Frontczak et al., 2012; Hodgson, 2008.
Building cleanlinessAltomonte et al., 2019; Liu et al., 2018; Khoshbakht et al., 2018; Sant’Anna et al., 2018; Altomonte et al., 2017; Lin et al., 2016; Sediso&Lee, 2016; Pei et al., 2015; Schiavon& Altomonte, 2014; Altomonte&Schiavon, 2013; Frontczak et al., 2012; Hodgson, 2008.
Table 3.

The frequency distributions of 37 quality indicators (QIs) [Elaborated by the authors]

CodeMain Groups of Quality Indicators (QIs)Quality Indicators (QIs)Personal control on ventilation
QI-1INDOOR ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITYIndoor Thermal QualityOverall perceived thermal quality29
QI-2Temperature in winter16
QI-3Temperature in summer16
QI-4Temperature in transition seasons4
QI-5Temperature stability in winter4
QI-6Temperature stability in summer4
QI-7Humidity9
QI-8Indoor Air QualityOverall perceived air quality27
QI-9Air quality in winter8
QI-10Air quality in summer8
QI-11Air movement/ventilation6
QI-12Indoor Lighting QualityOverall perceived lighting quality23
QI-13Natural lighting (daylight)13
QI-14Artificial lighting13
QI-15Glare from natural lighting10
QI-16Glare from artificial light10
QI-17Indoor Acoustic QualityOverall acoustic quality21
QI-18Noise from inside6
QI-19Noise from colleagues5
QI-20Noise from outside6
QI-21Unwanted interruptions6
QI-22CONTROL PERSONALPersonal control on temperature14
QI-23Personal control on lighting9
QI-24Personal control on ventilation11
QI-25Personal control on noise5
QI-26WORKSPACE DESIGN QUALITYSpatial layout / Office type12
QI-27The amount of space and area per person8
QI-28Ease of Interaction6
QI-29View to the outside4
QI-30Visual privacy13
QI-31Sound privacy10
QI-32Colors and textures9
QI-33Comfort of furnishing11
QI-34PERCEIVED HEALTHThe perceived feeling of health and wellbeing18
QI-35PERCEIVED PRODUCTIVITYThe perceived feeling of productivity18
QI-36FACILITY MANAGEMENTOperating & Maintenance7
QI-37Building cleanliness12
∑=411
Table 4.

Pareto analysis of all 37 Quality Indicators (QIs) [Elaborated by the authors]

CodeQuality Indicators (QIs)Count of occurrences (Frequency)
(n)		Percentage of occurrences (%)Cumulative percentage of occurrences (%)
Vital few (key Quality Indicators-kQIs)QI-1Overall perceived thermal quality297.06%7.06%
QI-8Overall perceived air quality276.57%13.63%
QI-12Overall perceived lighting quality235.60%19.23%
QI-17Overall acoustic quality215.11%24.34%
QI-34The perceived feeling of health and wellbeing184.38%28.72%
QI-35The perceived feeling of productivity184.38%33.10%
QI-2Temperature in winter163.89%36.99%
QI-3Temperature in summer163.89%40.88%
QI-22Personal control on temperature143.41%44.29%
QI-13Natural lighting (daylight)133.16%47.45%
QI-14Artificial lighting133.16%50.61%
QI-30Visual privacy133.16%53.77%
QI-26Spatial layout/Office type122.92%56.69%
QI-37Building cleanliness122.92%59.61%
QI-24Personal control on ventilation112.68%62.29%
QI-33Comfort of furnishing112.68%64.97%
QI-15Glare from natural lighting102.43%67.40%
QI-16Glare from artificial light102.43%69.83%
QI-31Sound privacy102.43%72.26%
QI-7Humidity92.19%74.45%
QI-23Personal control on lighting92.19%76.64%
QI-32Colors and textures92.19%78.83%
QI-27The amount of space and area per person81.95%80.78%
Useful manyQI-9Air quality in winter81.95%82.73%
QI-10Air quality in summer81.95%84.68%
QI-36Operating & Maintenance71.70%86.38%
QI-11Air movement/ventilation61.46%87.84%
QI-18Noise from inside61.46%89.30%
QI-20Noise from outside61.46%90.76%
QI-21Unwanted interruptions61.46%92.22%
QI-28Ease of Interaction61.46%93.68%
QI-19Noise from colleagues51.22%94.90%
QI-25Personal control on noise51.22%96.12%
QI-4Temperature in transition seasons40.97%97.09%
QI-5Temperature stability in winter40.97%98.06%
QI-6Temperature stability in summer40.97%99.03%
QI-29View to the outside40.97%100%
∑=411100%
Figure 2.

Pareto chart for all 37 QIs (Vital Few: key Quality Indicators – kQIs) (Source: Elaborated by the authors)

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/acee-2023-0012 | Journal eISSN: 2720-6947 (formerly 1899-0142) | Journal ISSN: 1899-0142
Journal RSS Feed
Language: English
Page range: 15 - 27
Submitted on: Nov 17, 2022
Accepted on: Jun 20, 2023
Published on: Jul 20, 2023
Published by: Silesian University of Technology
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 4 issues per year
Keywords:
Quality,
User satisfaction,
Occupant satisfaction,
Green office buildings,
Pareto analysis,
Sustainability,
Green building industry
Related subjects:
Architecture and design,
Architecture,
Architects, buildings

© 2023 Fahriye Hilal Halicioglu, Hande Betul Demirkapi, Kubra Gurel, Nurdan Kasul, published by Silesian University of Technology
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.

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