Exploring Key Quality Indicators (KQIS) in Green Office Buildings Through Pareto Analysis

Halicioglu, Fahriye Hilal; Demirkapi, Hande Betul; Gurel, Kubra; Kasul, Nurdan

doi:10.2478/acee-2023-0012

Figures & Tables

Six main groups of 37 quality indicators (Source: Elaborated by the authors)

Pareto chart for all 37 QIs (Vital Few: key Quality Indicators – kQIs) (Source: Elaborated by the authors)

Categorization of 37 quality indicators (QIs) for green office buildings [Elaborated by the authors]

Quality Indicators	Sources
INDOOR ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY
Indoor Thermal Quality
Overall perceived thermal quality	Geng et al., 2020; Kim & Kim, 2020; Altomonte et al., 2019; Lee et al., 2019; Khoshbakht et al., 2018; Sant’Anna et al., 2018; Altomonte et al., 2017; Fieldson&Sodagar, 2017; Lin et al., 2016; Sediso&Lee, 2016; Pei et al., 2015; Gou et al., 2014; Liang et al., 2014; Schiavon&Altomonte, 2014; Altomonte&Schiavon, 2013; Gou et al., 2013; Gou&Lau, 2013; Menadue et al., 2013; Newsham et al., 2013; Deuble&de Dear, 2012; Frontczak et al., 2012; Gou et al., 2012a; Gou et al., 2012b; Gou et al., 2012c; Hodgson, 2008; Lee, 2011; Monfared&Sharples, 2011; Brown et al., 2010; Lee&Guerin., 2010.
Temperature in winter	Pastore&Andersen, 2019; Sant’Anna et al., 2018; Khoshbakht et al., 2018; Liu et al., 2018; Fieldson&Sodagar, 2017; Pei et al., 2015; Gou et al., 2014; Agha-Hossein et al., 2013; Gou et al., 2013; Gou&Lau, 2013; Menadue et al., 2013; Gou et al., 2012a; Gou et al., 2012b; Gou et al., 2012c; Armitage et al., 2011; Brown et al., 2010.
Temperature in summer	Pastore&Andersen, 2019; Sant’Anna et al., 2018; Khoshbakht et al., 2018; Liu et al., 2018; Fieldson&Sodagar, 2017; Pei et al., 2015; Gou et al., 2014; Agha-Hossein et al., 2013; Gou et al., 2013; Gou&Lau, 2013; Menadue et al., 2013; Gou et al., 2012a; Gou et al., 2012b; Gou et al., 2012c; Armitage et al., 2011; Brown et al., 2010.
Temperature in transition seasons	Liu et al., 2018; Sant’Anna et al., 2018; Fieldson&Sodagar, 2017; Pei et al., 2015.
Temperature stability in winter	Khoshbakht et al., 2018; Gou & Lau, 2013; Menadue et al., 2013; Armitage et al., 2011.
Temperature stability in summer	Khoshbakht et al., 2018; Gou & Lau, 2013; Menadue et al., 2013; Armitage et al., 2011.
Humidity	Geng et al., 2020; Lee et al., 2019; Liu et al., 2018; Sant’Anna et al., 2018; Fieldson&Sodagar, 2017; Liang et al., 2014; Menadue et al., 2013; Armitage et al., 2011; Monfared&Sharples, 2011.
Indoor Air Quality
Overall perceived air quality(air cleanliness, freshness, dryness, odours etc.)	Geng et al., 2020; Kim&Kim, 2020; Altomonte et al., 2019; Lee et al., 2019; Pastore&Andersen, 2019; Khoshbakht et al., 2018; Liu et al., 2018; Sant’Anna et al., 2018; Altomonte et al., 2017; Fieldson&Sodagar, 2017; Lin et al., 2016; Sediso&Lee, 2016; Pei et al., 2015; Liang et al., 2014; Schiavon&Altomonte, 2014; Altomonte&Schiavon 2013; Agha-Hossein et al., 2013; Menadue et al., 2013; Newsham et al., 2013; Deuble&de Dear, 2012; Frontczak et al., 2012; Armitage et al., 2011; Hodgson, 2008; Lee, 2011; Monfared&Sharples, 2011; Brown et al., 2010; Lee&Guerin, 2010.
Air quality in winter	Gou et al., 2014; Gou et al., 2013; Menadue et al., 2013; Gou et al., 2012a; Gou et al., 2012b; Gou et al., 2012c; Lee, 2011; Brown et al., 2010.
Air quality in summer	Gou et al., 2014; Gou et al., 2013; Menadue et al., 2013; Gou et al., 2012a; Gou et al., 2012b; Gou et al., 2012c; Lee, 2011; Brown et al., 2010.
Air movement/ventilation	Kim&Kim, 2020; Altomonte et al., 2019; Lee et al., 2019; Khoshbakht et al., 2018; Sant’Anna et al., 2018; Fieldson&Sodagar, 2017.
Indoor Lighting Quality
Overall perceived lighting quality	Geng et al., 2020; Kim & Kim, 2020; Lee et al., 2019; Pastore&Andersen, 2019; Khoshbakht et al., 2018; Altomonte et al., 2017; Lin et al., 2016; Sediso&Lee, 2016; Pei et al., 2015; Liang et al., 2014; Schiavon&Altomonte, 2014; Altomonte&Schiavon 2013; Gou et al., 2013; Hirning et al., 2013; Newsham et al., 2013; Deuble&de Dear, 2012; Frontczak et al., 2012; Gou et al., 2012b; Gou et al., 2012c; Hodgson, 2008; Monfared&Sharples, 2011; Brown et al., 2010; Lee&Guerin., 2010.
Natural lighting (daylight)	Altomonte et al., 2019;Lee et al., 2019;Khoshbakht et al., 2018; Liu et al., 2018; Sant’Anna et al., 2018; Fieldson&Sodagar, 2017; Gou et al., 2014; Agha-Hossein et al., 2013; Altomonte &Schiavon 2013; Menadue et al., 2013; Gou et al., 2012a; Gou et al., 2012c; Armitage et al., 2011.
Artificial lighting	Altomonte et al., 2019; Lee et al., 2019; Khoshbakht et al., 2018; Liu et al., 2018; Sant’Anna et al., 2018; Fieldson&Sodagar, 2017; Gou et al., 2014; Agha-Hossein et al., 2013; Altomonte&Schiavon 2013; Menadue et al., 2013; Gou et al., 2012a; Gou et al., 2012c; Armitage et al., 2011.
Glare from natural lighting	Khoshbakht et al., 2018; Gou et al., 2014; Liang et al., 2014; Hirning et al., 2013; Menadue et al., 2013; Newsham et al., 2013; Armitage et al., 2011; Monfared&Sharples, 2011; Gou et al., 2012a; Gou et al., 2012c.
Glare from artificial light	Khoshbakht et al., 2018; Gou et al., 2014; Liang et al., 2014; Hirning et al., 2013; Menadue et al., 2013; Newsham et al., 2013; Armitage et al., 2011; Monfared&Sharples, 2011, Gou et al., 2012a; Gou et al., 2012c.
Indoor Acoustic Quality
Overall acoustic quality	Lee et al., 2019; Pastore&Andersen, 2019; Liu et al., 2018; Khoshbakht et al., 2018; Sant’Anna et al., 2018; Altomonte et al., 2017; Fieldson&Sodagar, 2017; Lin et al., 2016; Sediso&Lee, 2016; Pei et al., 2015; Schiavon&Altomonte, 2014; Agha-Hossein et al., 2013; Altomonte&Schiavon 2013; Gou et al., 2013; Menadue et al., 2013; Newsham et al.,2013; Gou et al., 2012c; Frontczak et al., 2012; Armitage et al., 2011; Hodgson, 2008; Brown et al., 2010.
Noise from inside	Khoshbakht et al., 2018; Gou et al., 2014; Liang et al., 2014; Gou et al., 2012a; Gou et al., 2012c; Hodgson, 2008.
Noise from colleagues	Khoshbakht et al., 2018; Gou et al., 2014; Gou et al., 2012a; Gou et al., 2012c; Hodgson, 2008.
Noise from outside	Khoshbakht et al., 2018; Gou et al., 2014; Liang et al., 2014; Gou et al., 2012a; Gou et al., 2012c; Hodgson, 2008.
Unwanted interruptions	Khoshbakht et al., 2018; Gou et al., 2014; Menadue et al., 2013; Gou et al., 2012a; Gou et al., 2012c; Hodgson, 2008.
PERSONAL CONTROL
Personal control on temperature	Geng et al., 2020; Altomonte et al., 2019; Lee et al., 2019; Pastore&Andersen, 2019;Liu et al., 2018; Pei et al., 2015; Agha-Hossein et al., 2013; Deuble&de Dear, 2012; Gou et al., 2012a; Gou et al., 2012b; Armitage et al., 2011; Monfared&Sharples, 2011, Brown et al., 2010; Lee&Guerin., 2010.
Personal control on lighting	Geng et al., 2020; Lee et al., 2019; Pastore&Andersen, 2019; Agha-Hossein et al., 2013; Gou et al., 2012; Armitage et al., 2011; Monfared&Sharples, 2011; Brown et al., 2010; Lee&Guerin., 2010.
Personal control on ventilation (in terms of natural, mechanical or mixed ventilation systems)	Geng et al., 2020; Kim&Kim, 2020; Lee et al., 2019; Pastore&Andersen, 2019; Deuble&de Dear, 2012; Gou et al., 2012a; Gou et al., 2012b; Armitage et al., 2011; Monfared&Sharples, 2011; Brown et al., 2010; Lee&Guerin, 2010.
Personal control on noise	Pastore&Andersen, 2019; Agha-Hossein et al., 2013; Gou et al., 2012; Armitage et al., 2011; Brown et al., 2010.
WORKSPACE DESIGN QUALITY
Spatial layout/Office type (Enclosed-private, enclosed-shared, cubicles, open office-no partitions)	Lee et al., 2019; Liu et al., 2018; Sant’Anna et al., 2018; Altomonte et al., 2017; Lin et al., 2016; Sediso&Lee, 2016; Pei et al., 2015; Schiavon&Altomonte, 2014; Agha-Hossein et al., 2013; Monfared&Sharples, 2011; Hodgson, 2008; Brown et al., 2010.
The amount of space and area per person	Liu et al., 2018; Sant’Anna et al., 2018; Altomonte et al., 2017; Lin et al., 2016; Sediso&Lee, 2016; Schiavon&Altomonte, 2014; Monfared&Sharples, 2011; Brown et al., 2010.
Ease of Interaction	Liu et al., 2018; Altomonte et al., 2017; Lin et al., 2016; Schiavon&Altomonte, 2014; Agha-Hossein et al., 2013; Frontczak et al., 2012”
View to the outside	Pastore&Andersen, 2019; Sant’Anna et al., 2018; Sediso&Lee, 2016; Agha-Hossein et al., 2013.
Visual privacy	Lee et al., 2019; Liu et al., 2018; Sant’Anna et al., 2018; Altomonte et al., 2017; Lin et al., 2016; Pei et al., 2015; Schiavon&Altomonte, 2014; Agha-Hossein et al., 2013; Altomonte&Schiavon 2013; Frontczak et al., 2012; Armitage et al., 2011; Monfared &Sharples, 2011, Brown et al., 2010.
Sound privacy	Lee et al., 2019; Altomonte et al., 2017; Schiavon&Altomonte, 2014; Agha-Hossein et al., 2013; Altomonte&Schiavon, 2013; Frontczak et al., 2012; Armitage et al., 2011; Hodgson, 2008; Monfared&Sharples, 2011; Brown et al., 2010.
Colours and textures	Lee et al., 2019; Liu et al., 2018; Altomonte et al., 2017; Lin et al., 2016; Schiavon&Altomonte, 2014; Agha-Hossein et al., 2013; Frontczak et al., 2012; Monfared&Sharples, 2011; Brown et al., 2010.
Comfort of furnishing	Khoshbakht et al., 2018; Liu et al., 2018; Sant’Anna et al., 2018; Lin et al., 2016; Sediso&Lee, 2016; Schiavon&Altomonte, 2014; Agha-Hossein et al., 2013; Frontczak et al., 2012; Hodgson, 2008; Monfared&Sharples, 2011; Brown et al., 2010.
PERCEIVED HEALTH
The perceived feeling of health and wellbeing	Geng et al., 2020; Lee et al., 2019; Pastore&Andersen, 2019; Khoshbakht et al., 2018; Liu et al., 2018; Pei et al., 2015; Gou et al., 2014; Schiavon&Altomonte, 2014; Agha-Hossein et al., 2013; Gou et al., 2013; Menadue et al., 2013; Deuble&de Dear, 2012; Gou et al., 2012a; Gou et al., 2012b; Armitage et al., 2011; Lee, 2011; Brown et al., 2010; Lee&Guerin., 2010.
PERCEIVED PRODUCTIVITY
The perceived feeling of productivity (job performance)	Geng et al., 2020; Lee et al., 2019; Pastore&Andersen, 2019; Khoshbakht et al., 2018; Liu et al., 2018; Pei et al., 2015; Gou et al., 2014; Schiavon&Altomonte, 2014; Agha-Hossein et al., 2013; Gou et al., 2013; Menadue et al., 2013; Deuble&de Dear, 2012; Gou et al., 2012a; Gou et al., 2012b; Armitage et al., 2011; Lee, 2011; Brown et al., 2010; Lee&Guerin., 2010.
FACILITY MANAGEMENT
Operating &Maintenance	Liu et al., 2018; Sant’Anna et al., 2018; Sediso&Lee, 2016; Pei et al., 2015; Schiavon&Altomonte, 2014; Frontczak et al., 2012; Hodgson, 2008.
Building cleanliness	Altomonte et al., 2019; Liu et al., 2018; Khoshbakht et al., 2018; Sant’Anna et al., 2018; Altomonte et al., 2017; Lin et al., 2016; Sediso&Lee, 2016; Pei et al., 2015; Schiavon& Altomonte, 2014; Altomonte&Schiavon, 2013; Frontczak et al., 2012; Hodgson, 2008.

The frequency distributions of 37 quality indicators (QIs) [Elaborated by the authors]

Code	Main Groups of Quality Indicators (QIs)		Quality Indicators (QIs)	Personal control on ventilation
QI-1	INDOOR ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY	Indoor Thermal Quality	Overall perceived thermal quality	29
QI-2			Temperature in winter	16
QI-3			Temperature in summer	16
QI-4			Temperature in transition seasons	4
QI-5			Temperature stability in winter	4
QI-6			Temperature stability in summer	4
QI-7			Humidity	9
QI-8		Indoor Air Quality	Overall perceived air quality	27
QI-9			Air quality in winter	8
QI-10			Air quality in summer	8
QI-11			Air movement/ventilation	6
QI-12		Indoor Lighting Quality	Overall perceived lighting quality	23
QI-13			Natural lighting (daylight)	13
QI-14			Artificial lighting	13
QI-15			Glare from natural lighting	10
QI-16			Glare from artificial light	10
QI-17		Indoor Acoustic Quality	Overall acoustic quality	21
QI-18			Noise from inside	6
QI-19			Noise from colleagues	5
QI-20			Noise from outside	6
QI-21			Unwanted interruptions	6
QI-22	CONTROL PERSONAL		Personal control on temperature	14
QI-23			Personal control on lighting	9
QI-24			Personal control on ventilation	11
QI-25			Personal control on noise	5
QI-26	WORKSPACE DESIGN QUALITY		Spatial layout / Office type	12
QI-27			The amount of space and area per person	8
QI-28			Ease of Interaction	6
QI-29			View to the outside	4
QI-30			Visual privacy	13
QI-31			Sound privacy	10
QI-32			Colors and textures	9
QI-33			Comfort of furnishing	11
QI-34	PERCEIVED HEALTH		The perceived feeling of health and wellbeing	18
QI-35	PERCEIVED PRODUCTIVITY		The perceived feeling of productivity	18
QI-36	FACILITY MANAGEMENT		Operating & Maintenance	7
QI-37	FACILITY MANAGEMENT		Building cleanliness	12
			∑=	411

Main characteristics of the selected 34 research articles according to their user satisfaction case studies conducted based on the real data of green office buildings [Elaborated by the authors]

Source	Location / Country	Green building status	No. of buildings	Method of case study analysis
Geng et al., 2020 [28]	China	GBL14 Three-Star6 Two-Star	20	User satisfaction surveys; CBEOn-site physical measurements
Kim & Kim, 2020 [29]	South Korea	G-SEED&LEED	1	User satisfaction surveys; POE
Altomonte et al.,2019 [19]	USA Canada	22 LEED CI58 LEED NC13 LEED EB	93	User satisfaction surveys; CBE
Lee et al., 2019 [6]	Singapore	GM	8	User satisfaction surveys; CBEOn-site physical measurements
Pastore & Andersen, 2019 [7]	Switzerland	Minergie certification	4	User satisfaction surveys; POEPoint-in-time IEQ monitoring
Khoshbakht et al., 2018 [30]	Australia	Green-Star	5	User satisfaction surveys; BUS
(Liu et al., 2018 [31]	China	GBL/Three-Star	3	User satisfaction surveys
Sant’Anna et al., 2018 [32]	Brazil	LEED NC	3	User satisfaction surveys
Altomonte et al., 2017 [33]	UK	2 BREEAM	2	User satisfaction surveys; CBEPoint-in-time IEQ monitoring
Fieldson & Sodagar, 2017 [34]	UK	BREEAM	1	User satisfaction surveys; POE
Lin et al., 2016 [35]	China	GBL	10	User satisfaction surveys
Sediso & Lee, 2016 [36]	South Korea	KGBCC	2	User satisfaction surveys; CBE
Pei et al., 2015 [37]	China	GBLLEED NC	10	User satisfaction surveys;On-site physical measurements
Gou et al., 2014 [38]	China	4 LEED NC5GBL/Three-Star	9	User satisfaction surveys; BUS
Liang et al., 2014 [39]	Taiwan	EEWH	3	User satisfaction surveys; POEOn-site physical measurements
Schiavon & Altomonte, 2014 [40]	USA	65 LEED79 non-LEED	144	User satisfaction surveys; CBE
Altomonte & Schiavon 2013 [4]	USA	65 LEED79 non-LEED	144	User satisfaction surveys; CBE
Agha-Hossein et al., 2013 [41]	UK	BREEAM	1	User satisfaction surveys: POE
Gou et al., 2013 [42]	China	5 GBL4 LEED NC	9	User satisfaction surveys; BUS
Gou & Lau, 2013 [43]	China	GBL	1	User satisfaction surveys; BUSOn-site physical measurements
Hirning et al., 2013 [44]	Australia	Green Star	3	User satisfaction surveys; POEOn-site physical measurements
Menadue et al., 2013 [45]	Australia	Green Star	4	User satisfaction surveys; BUSOn-site physical measurements
Newsham et al., 2013 [10]	USA and Canada	7 LEED2 Green-certified	9	User satisfaction surveys; POEOn-site physical measurements
Deuble & de Dear, 2012 [9]	Australia	Green Star	2	User satisfaction surveys; BUSOn-site physical measurements
Frontczak et al., 2012 [13]	USA	LEED	351	User satisfaction surveys; CBE
Gou et al., 2012a [18]	China	GBL & LEED NC	2	User satisfaction surveys; BUS
Gou et al., 2012b [46]	China	GBL Three-Star	1	User satisfaction surveys; BUS
Gou et al., 2012c [47]	China	LEED CI	2	User satisfaction surveys; BUS
Armitage et al., 2011 [48]	Australia	Green Star	31	User satisfaction surveys
Lee, 2011 [17]	USA	LEED NCLEED CI	15	User satisfaction surveys; CBE
Monfared & Sharples, 2011 [49]	UK	BREEAM	2	User satisfaction surveys
Brown et al., 2010 [16]	Canada	LEED NC	1	User satisfaction surveys; BUS
Lee & Guerin., 2010 [50]	USA	LEED NCLEED CILEED EB	5	User satisfaction surveys; CBE
(Hodgson, 2008) [51]	USA	LEED	6	User satisfaction surveysOn-site physical measurements

Pareto analysis of all 37 Quality Indicators (QIs) [Elaborated by the authors]

	Code	Quality Indicators (QIs)	Count of occurrences (Frequency)(n)	Percentage of occurrences (%)	Cumulative percentage of occurrences (%)
Vital few (key Quality Indicators-kQIs)	QI-1	Overall perceived thermal quality	29	7.06%	7.06%
	QI-8	Overall perceived air quality	27	6.57%	13.63%
	QI-12	Overall perceived lighting quality	23	5.60%	19.23%
	QI-17	Overall acoustic quality	21	5.11%	24.34%
	QI-34	The perceived feeling of health and wellbeing	18	4.38%	28.72%
	QI-35	The perceived feeling of productivity	18	4.38%	33.10%
	QI-2	Temperature in winter	16	3.89%	36.99%
	QI-3	Temperature in summer	16	3.89%	40.88%
	QI-22	Personal control on temperature	14	3.41%	44.29%
	QI-13	Natural lighting (daylight)	13	3.16%	47.45%
	QI-14	Artificial lighting	13	3.16%	50.61%
	QI-30	Visual privacy	13	3.16%	53.77%
	QI-26	Spatial layout/Office type	12	2.92%	56.69%
	QI-37	Building cleanliness	12	2.92%	59.61%
	QI-24	Personal control on ventilation	11	2.68%	62.29%
	QI-33	Comfort of furnishing	11	2.68%	64.97%
	QI-15	Glare from natural lighting	10	2.43%	67.40%
	QI-16	Glare from artificial light	10	2.43%	69.83%
	QI-31	Sound privacy	10	2.43%	72.26%
	QI-7	Humidity	9	2.19%	74.45%
	QI-23	Personal control on lighting	9	2.19%	76.64%
	QI-32	Colors and textures	9	2.19%	78.83%
	QI-27	The amount of space and area per person	8	1.95%	80.78%
Useful many	QI-9	Air quality in winter	8	1.95%	82.73%
	QI-10	Air quality in summer	8	1.95%	84.68%
	QI-36	Operating & Maintenance	7	1.70%	86.38%
	QI-11	Air movement/ventilation	6	1.46%	87.84%
	QI-18	Noise from inside	6	1.46%	89.30%
	QI-20	Noise from outside	6	1.46%	90.76%
	QI-21	Unwanted interruptions	6	1.46%	92.22%
	QI-28	Ease of Interaction	6	1.46%	93.68%
	QI-19	Noise from colleagues	5	1.22%	94.90%
	QI-25	Personal control on noise	5	1.22%	96.12%
	QI-4	Temperature in transition seasons	4	0.97%	97.09%
	QI-5	Temperature stability in winter	4	0.97%	98.06%
	QI-6	Temperature stability in summer	4	0.97%	99.03%
	QI-29	View to the outside	4	0.97%	100%
		∑=	411	100%

Exploring Key Quality Indicators (KQIS) in Green Office Buildings Through Pareto Analysis

Figures & Tables

Figure 1.

Figure 2.

Categorization of 37 quality indicators (QIs) for green office buildings [Elaborated by the authors]

The frequency distributions of 37 quality indicators (QIs) [Elaborated by the authors]

Main characteristics of the selected 34 research articles according to their user satisfaction case studies conducted based on the real data of green office buildings [Elaborated by the authors]

Pareto analysis of all 37 Quality Indicators (QIs) [Elaborated by the authors]

Paradigm

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