Figure 1.
Figure 2.
Figure 3.
Overview of plant vs animal foods for management of CKD-related complications
| CKD-related complications | Animal foods | Plant foods |
|---|---|---|
| Metabolic acidosis | Worsen | Improve |
| (high non-volatile acid load) | (high contents of citrate and malate) | |
| Hyperphosphatemia | Worsen | Improve |
| (high phosphate bioavailability) | (low phosphate bioavailability) | |
| Uremic toxins | Likely worsen | Likely improve |
| (harbors proteolytic bacteria) | (harbors saccharolytic bacteria) | |
| Inflammation | Likely worsen | Likely improve |
| (low antioxidants and no fiber) | (high antioxidants and fiber) | |
| Hypertension | - | Improve |
| (high potassium and nitrate content) | ||
| Hyperkalemia | Less likely to cause hyperkalemia | Less likely to cause hyperkalemia |
| (usually low K+ contents if unprocessed foods) | (high K+ contents but increase bowel movement and K+ excretion) |
PDCAAS/DIAAS for animal- vs plant-based isolated protein and food
| Food | PDCAAS | DIAAS | Limiting amino acids |
|---|---|---|---|
| Animal-based protein | |||
| Milk protein concentrate | 1.00 | 1.18 | Met + Cys |
| Whole milk | 1.00 | 1.14 | Met + Cys |
| Egg (hard boiled) | 1.00 | 1.13 | His |
| Chicken breast | 1.00 | 1.08 | Trp |
| Ground Beef (cooked) | 0.92 | 0.99 | Leu |
| Plant-based protein | |||
| Soy protein isolate | 0.98 | 0.90 | Met + Cys |
| Pea protein isolate | 0.89 | 0.82 | Met + Cys |
| Cooked rice | 0.62 | 0.59 | Lys |
| Tofu | 0.70 | 0.97 | Met + Cys |