Figure 1.
The PRISMA diagram describing the selection of included literature. PRISMA, Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyzes.
Figure 2.
Study design of the intervention and control groups.
Note: Vital sign; **Visual analog scale; ***Bone marrow aspiration. DBT, deep breathing technique.
Table 1.
Demographic details of the study population, n (%).
| Parameter/group | Breathing group (n = 30) | Control group (n = 28) | P |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 51.8 ± 8.6 | 49.3 ± 10.8 | 0.353 |
| Female | 23 (56.1) | 18 (43.9) | 0.301 |
| Margie, yes | 27 (52.9) | 24 (47.1) | 0.857 |
| Weight, kg (M ± SD) | 74.2 ± 10.9 | 77.1 ± 9.8 | 3.359 |
| ASA class | 0.512 | ||
| I (%) | 18 (60) | 19 (67.9) | |
| II (%) | 12 (40) | 9 (32.1) | |
| Diagnosis | 0.504 | ||
| Osteoarthritis knee | 25 (83.3) | 21 (75) | |
| Osteoarthritis hip | 5 (16.7) | 6 (21.4) | |
| AVN | 0 | 1 (3.6) |
Table 2.
Comparison anxiety and pain between study groups.
| Variable | Intervention | Placebo | Mean difference | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anxiety | 19.81 ± 0.75 | 22.45 ± 0.77 | −2.64 ± 1.08 | 0.018 |
| VAS | 1.30 ± 1.51 | 3.4 ± 2.04 | −2.34 ± 0.46 | <0.001 |
Table 3.
Comparison variables before and after intervention in different study groups.
| Groups and variable | Before | After | Mean difference | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Intervention | ||||
| SBP | 132.2 ± 22.2 | 114.3 ± 19.4 | 17.8 ± 14.02 | <0.001 |
| DBP | 85.4 ± 13.9 | 73.2 ± 11.9 | 12.17 ± 10.5 | <0.001 |
| HR | 80.6 ± 12.5 | 68.5 ± 7.9 | 12.03 ± 8.98 | <0.001 |
| O2sat | 97.03 ± 1.15 | 96.17 ± 1.78 | 0.867 ± 2.25 | 0.044 |
| Control | ||||
| SBP | 126.2 ± 17.01 | 116.3 ± 26.5 | 9.96 ± 26.16 | 0.064 |
| DBP | 81.7 ± 12.7 | 79.7 ± 11.5 | 1.96 ± 9.2 | 0.289 |
| HR | 78.7 ± 14.05 | 78.3 ± 13.1 | 0.462 ± 8.17 | 0.776 |
| O2sat | 96.92 ± 1.38 | 97.04 ± 1.31 | −0.115 ± 1.33 | 0.664 |