Changes in delinquency according to socioeconomic status among Finnish adolescents from 2000 to 2015

	Boys (n= 381,527)	Girls (n= 376,814)	p
Age (Mean (SD))	15.4 (0.7)	15.3 (0.6)	< 0.001
Delinquency			< 0.001
Yes	11.0	6.4
No	81.2	87.0
Missing	7.7	6.6
Lives with both parents			< 0.001
Yes	74.4	73.7
No	23.3	25.1
Missing	2.3	1.2
Both parents only basic education			< 0.001
Yes	5.6	5.9
No	86.8	87.5
Missing	7.6	6.6
Parental unemployment past year			< 0.001
No	70.9	69.9
One parent	23.6	25.6
Both parents	3.2	3.3
Missing	2.3	1.2

TABLE 2.

Delinquency over time among Finnish boys and girls in the 8^thand 9^thgrades of comprehensive school

	2002-2003	2004-2005	2006-2007	2008-2009	2010-2011	2012-2013	2014-2015
Boys	0.6 (0.6-0.7)	0.5 (0.5-0.5)	0.5 (0.4-0.5)	0.5 (0.5-0.6)	0.5 (0.5-0.6)	0.5 (0.5-0.6)	0.4 (0.4-0.5)
Girls	0.6 (0.5-0.6)	0.5 (0.4-0.5)	0.4 (0.4-0.4)	0.6 (0.5-0.6)	0.6 (0.6-0.7)	0.5 (0.5-0.6)	0.3 (0.3-0.4)

1 Note.OR (95% CI). Time period 2000-2001 used as a reference category

TABLE 3.

Delinquency by socioeconomic adversities among Finnish boys and girls in the 8^thand 9^thgrades of comprehensive school

	Boys	Girls
Family structure
Both parents	ref	ref
Not living with both parents	1.9 (1.9-1.9)	1.9 (1.8-1.9)
Both parents with low education
No	ref	ref
Yes	1.7 (1.6-1.8)	1.5 (1.4-1.6)
Parental unemployment
Neither parent	ref	ref
One parent	1.5 (1.5-1.5)	1.6 (1.6-1.7)
Both parents	3.9 (3.8-4.1)	3.2 (3.0-3.4)

1 Note.OR (95% CI)

TABLE 4.

Delinquency over time by cumulative socioeconomic adversity among Finnish boys and girls in the 8^thand 9^thgrades of comprehensive school

	2000-2001	2002-2003	2004-2005	2006-2007	2008-2009	2010-2011	2012-2013	2014-2015	p*
Boys
Number of sociodemographic adversities
0	9.1 (1,851/20,280)	10.4 (2,792/26,737)	8.1 (2,289/28,427)	7.3 (2,230/30,572)	9.0 (2,640/29,479)	8.7 (2,291/26,408)	7.9 (1,764/22,457)	5.7 (642/11,238)	< 0.001
1	12.2 (1,551/12,728)	14.8 (2,183/14,775)	11.0 (1,676/15,212)	10.6 (1,551/14,605)	12.3 (1,841/14,917)	12.4 (1,885/15,241)	11.3 (1,700/15,016)	9.4 (773/8,195)	< 0.001
2	18.5 (869/4,696)	19.9 (998/5,005)	15.6 (762/4,874)	17.7 (791/4,478)	18.2 (851/4,664)	18.2 (923/5,067)	17.1 (941/5,495)	12.5 (394/3,158)	< 0.001
3	26.9 (242/898)	26.7 (228/854)	26.2 (225/859)	31.0 (221/714)	30.0 (200/634)	29.6 (262/886)	26.0 (230/886)	24.0 (129/538)	< 0.001
4	46.4 (51/110)	63.1 (82/130)	58.0 (69/119)	72.7 (96/132)	74.1 (106/143)	67.6 (119/176)	64.7 (145/224)	73.1 (144/197)	< 0.001
Girls
Number of sociodemographic adversities
0	5.0 (972/19,334)	5.2 (1,291/24,946)	4.1 (1,110/26,882)	3.8 (1,121/29,410)	5.1 (1,460/28,625)	5.4 (1,375/25,437)	4.2 (913/21,970)	2.6 (290/11,269)	< 0.001
1	7.1 (907/12,767)	7.5 (1,098/14,563)	6.3 (959/15,168)	6.1 (942/15,445)	7.9 (1,249/15,846)	8.8 (1,371/15,644)	6.9 (1,051/15,316)	4.3 (366/8,577)	< 0.001
2	10.4 (542/5,188)	11.0 (591/5,360)	8.2 (465/5,662)	9.0 (456/5,062)	10.4 (529/5,085)	12.8 (741/5,785)	10.0 (615/104)	6.8 (243/3,556)	< 0.001
3	14.2 (137/968)	14.2 (136/960)	14.6 (129/885)	16.0 (120/749)	18.1 (138/764)	16.8 (181/1,078)	14.9 (159/1,068)	9.0 (59/656)	< 0.001
4	22.4 (19/85)	25.8 (24/93)	38.2 (34/89)	37.8 (37/98)	51.0 (52/102)	47.9 (78/163)	40.1 (69/172)	51.1 (47/92)	< 0.001

1 Note.% (n/N); *p-values were calculated by Mantel–Haenzelχ²test

TABLE 5.

Delinquency over time by cumulative socioeconomic adversity among Finnish boys and girls in the 8^thand 9^thgrades of comprehensive school

	2000-2001	2002-2003	2004-2005	2006-2007	2008-2009	2010-2011	2012-2013	2014-2015
Boys
Number of sociodemographic adversities
1	1.3 (1.2-1.4)	1.5 (1.4-1.6)	1.4 (1.3-1.5)	1.5 (1.4-1.6)	1.4 (1.3-1.5)	1.5 (1.4-1.6)	1.5 (1.4–1.6)	1.7 (1.5–1.9)
2	1.9 (1.8-2.1)	2.2 (2.0-2.3)	2.1 (2.0-2.3)	2.8 (2.5-3.0)	2.3 (2.1-2.5)	2.4 (2.2-2.6)	2.4 (2.2–2.7)	2.4 (2.1–2.7)
3	3.0 (2.5-3.5)	3.1 (2.7-3.7)	4.1 (3.5-4.9)	5.9 (5.0-7.0)	4.6 (3.8-5.4)	4.5 (3.9-5.3)	4.2 (3.5–4.9)	5.4 (4.3–6.7)
4	6.6 (4.3-10.0)	15.7 (10.9-22.7)	17.2 (11.8-25.0)	35.3 (23.8-52.3)	31.8 (21.5-47.1)	24.0 (17.2-33.4)	23.3 (17.4–31.0)	50.5 (35.9–71.0)
Girls
Number of sociodemographic adversities
1	1.3 (1.2-1.5)	1.5 (1.4-1.6)	1.6 (1.4-1.7)	1.6 (1.5-1.8)	1.6 (1.5-1.7)	1.7 (1.6-1.8)	1.7 (1.6–1.9)	1.7 (1.4–2.0)
2	1.9 (1.7-2.1)	2.3 (2.1-2.5)	2.1 (1.9-2.3)	2.5 (2.2-2.8)	2,2 (2.0-2.4)	2.6 (2.4-2.8)	2.6 (2.3–2.9)	2.8 (2.4–3.3)
3	2.5 (2.0-3.0)	3.0 (2.5-3.7)	4.0 (3.3-4.8)	4.8 (3.9-5.9)	4.1 (3.4-5.0)	3.6 (3.0-4.2)	4.1 (11.5–21.5)	3.8 (2.8–5.0)
4	5.3 (3.0-9.2)	6.3 (3.9-10.1)	15.0 (9.7-23.2)	16.0 (10.5-24.2)	20.3 (13.6-30.2)	15.9 (11.6-21.7)	15.7 (11.5–21.5)	40.8 (26.5–62.7)

1 Note.OR (95 % CI). Adolescents in the same time period living with both parents, with at least one parent with higher than basic education and both parents employed used as a reference category

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Articles in this issue

DOI: https://doi.org/10.21307/sjcapp-2019-008 | Journal eISSN: 2245-8875

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Language: English

Page range: 52 - 59

Published on: Aug 19, 2019

Published by: Center for Evidence-based Psychiatry

In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

Publication frequency: 1 issue per year

Keywords:

Adolescent,

delinquency,

socioeconomic factors,

surveys and questionnaires

Related subjects:

Medicine,

Basic medical science,

Basic medical science, other

© 2019 Noora Knaappila, Mauri Marttunen, Sari Fröjd, Nina Lindberg, Riittakerttu Kaltiala-Heino, published by Center for Evidence-based Psychiatry
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.

Volume 7 (2019): Issue 1 (January 2019)