Table 1.
Endophytic bacterial isolates from Solanum lycopersicum and Solanum pimpinellifolium.
| Source | Tissue | No. of isolates | Name of isolates |
|---|---|---|---|
| Solanum lycopersicum | leaf | 8 | BETL1, BETL2, BETL3, BETL4, BETL5, BETL6, BETL7 and BETL8 |
| S. lycopersicum | stem | 2 | BETS1 and BETS2 |
| Solanum pimpinellifolium (konbilahi) | leaf | 5 | BEKL1, BEKL2, BEKL3, BEKL4 and BEKL5 |
Figure 1:
Growth of endophytic bacteria from cut pieces of stem and leaf on NA media. Solanum lycopersicum stem Solanum lycopersicum leave Solanum pimpinellifolium leave.
Figure S1:
Scanning Electron Micrograph of isolate EBTL1 (Microbacterium arborescens).
Figure S2:
Scanning Electron Micrograph of isolate BETL2 (Bacillus marisflavi).
Figure S3:
Scanning Electron Micrograph of isolate BETL4 (Bacillus altitudinis).
Figure S4:
Scanning Electron Micrograph of isolate BETS2 (Exiguobacterium indicum).
Table 2.
Morphological and biochemical characteristics of the isolated strains of endophytic bacteria.
| Isolated strains | Colour | Grams’ staining | Shape | Motility | KOH | Citrate utilization | Gelatin hydrolysis | Catalase test | Starch hydrolysis |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BETL1 | Orange | +ve | Rod | + | -ve | +ve | +ve | +ve | -ve |
| BETL2 | Shiny yellow | +ve | Rod | + | -ve | -ve | +ve | +ve | -ve |
| BETL3 | Dark yellow | -ve | Rod | + | +ve | +ve | +ve | +ve | +ve |
| BETS1 | Yellow | -ve | Rod | + | +ve | -ve | +ve | +ve | -ve |
| BETL4 | White | +ve | Rod | + | -ve | +ve | +ve | +ve | +ve |
| BETL5 | Yellow | -ve | Diplococcus | + | +ve | -ve | +ve | +ve | -ve |
| BETL6 | Shiny yellow | +ve | Rod | + | -ve | +ve | +ve | +ve | -ve |
| BEKL1 | White | -ve | Coccus | + | +ve | +ve | +ve | +ve | -ve |
| BETS2 | Yellowish orange | +ve | Rod | + | -ve | -ve | +ve | +ve | +ve |
| BEKL2 | Cream | -ve | Rod | + | +ve | +ve | +ve | +ve | +ve |
| BETL7 | White | -ve | Coccus | + | +ve | +ve | +ve | +ve | +ve |
| BEKL3 | Yellow | -ve | Diplococcus | + | +ve | +ve | +ve | +ve | -ve |
| BEKL4 | Cream | -ve | Coccus | + | +ve | +ve | +ve | +ve | -ve |
| BETL8 | Cream | +ve | Rod | + | -ve | +ve | +ve | +ve | +ve |
| BEKL5 | Yellow | -ve | Rod | + | +ve | +ve | +ve | +ve | -ve |
Figure 2:
Phylogenetic tree showing the genetic relationship of the BETL1 isolate to other isolates by using maximum likelihood method.
Figure 3:
Phylogenetic tree showing the genetic relationship of the BETL2 isolate to other isolates by using maximum likelihood method.
Figure 4:
Phylogenetic tree showing the genetic relationship of the BETL4 isolate to other isolates by using maximum likelihood method.
Figure 5:
Phylogenetic tree showing the genetic relationship of the BETS2 isolate to other isolates by using maximum likelihood method.
Figure 6:
Phylogenetic tree showing the genetic relationship of the BETL6 isolate to other isolates by using maximum likelihood method.
Table 3.
Effect of culture filtrate of isolated bacterial endophytes on juvenile mortality of Meloidogyne incognita.
| Period of exposure (hrs) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Treatment | Culture filtrate concentration | 6 | 12 | 24 | 48 | Treatment (T) Mean | Culture filtrate concentration (C) Mean |
| BETL1 | S/10 | 58.00 (49.61) | 64.00 (53.18) | 75.33 (60.23) | 80.67 (63.96) | 79.07 (63.64)c | 47.24 (42.36) |
| S/6 | 66.67 (54.86) | 71.33 (57.67) | 78.00 (62.04) | 84.00 (66.48) | 55.78 (47.70) | ||
| S/4 | 72.00 (58.09) | 78.67 (62.51) | 80.00 (63.49) | 88.67 (70.53) | 63.09 (52.62) | ||
| S/2 | 73.33 (61.60) | 82.00 (64.96) | 84.67 (66.97) | 92.00 (73.94) | 69.79 (57.62) | ||
| S | 81.33 (64.49) | 86.67 (68.70) | 88.67 (70.53) | 95.33 (78.90) | 76.51 (63.12) | ||
| BETL2 | S/10 | 54.67 (47.68) | 66.00 (54.34) | 76.67 (61.16) | 84.67 (67.08) | 81.47 (66.74)a | |
| S/6 | 60.00 (50.79) | 72.00 (58.09) | 80.67 (64.05) | 90.00 (71.76) | |||
| S/4 | 64.00 (53.14) | 78.00 (62.04) | 85.33 (67.61) | 94.00 (76.11) | |||
| S/2 | 78.00 (62.23) | 85.33 (67.61) | 91.33 (72.95) | 100.00 (89.93) | |||
| S | 83.33 (65.99) | 89.33 (71.06) | 95.33 (78.90) | 100.00 (89.93) | |||
| BETL3 | S/10 | 8.00 (16.35) | 22.00 (27.90) | 44.00 (41.52) | 60.67 (51.19) | 49.07 (44.17)m | |
| S/6 | 10.67 (18.93) | 28.00 (31.78) | 47.33 (43.47) | 64.00 (53.14) | |||
| S/4 | 19.33 (26.04) | 38.00 (37.99) | 60.67 (51.18) | 70.67 (57.25) | |||
| S/2 | 26.00 (30.63) | 52.67 (46.53) | 67.33 (55.15) | 78.00 (62.09) | |||
| S | 50.00 (45.00) | 67.33 (55.28) | 80.67 (63.93) | 86.00 (68.11) | |||
| BETS1 | S/10 | 26.67 (31.04) | 48.67 (44.23) | 63.33 (52.75) | 76.67 (61.23) | 65.90 (55.13)jk | |
| S/6 | 31.33 (33.98) | 52.00 (46.15) | 72.00 (58.13) | 80.00 (63.49) | |||
| S/4 | 35.33 (36.45) | 62.67 (52.36) | 78.00 (62.09) | 82.67 (65.45) | |||
| S/2 | 40.00 (39.22) | 69.33 (56.41) | 80.00 (63.49) | 88.67 (70.63) | |||
| S | 67.33 (55.15) | 80.67 (63.96) | 89.33 (71.06) | 93.33 (75.23) | |||
| BETL4 | S/10 | 52.00 (46.15) | 64.00 (53.14) | 72.67 (58.50) | 82.00 (64.96) | 81.43 (66.62)ab | |
| S/6 | 61.33 (51.59) | 72.67 (58.50) | 80.00 (63.46) | 86.00 (68.11) | |||
| S/4 | 70.00 (56.85) | 79.33 (63.00) | 87.33 (69.24) | 91.33 (72.95) | |||
| S/2 | 76.67 (61.27) | 85.33 (67.51) | 93.33 (75.23) | 97.33 (82.77) | |||
| S | 86.67 (68.70) | 91.33 (72.95) | 100.00 (89.93) | 100.00 (89.93) | |||
| BETL5 | S/10 | 31.33 (34.01) | 46.00 (42.69) | 50.67 (45.38) | 67.33 (55.21) | 64.20 (53.72)l | |
| S/6 | 40.00 (39.20) | 57.33 (49.22) | 66.00 (54.42) | 70.67 (57.39) | |||
| S/4 | 46.67 (43.06) | 66.00 (54.34) | 72.67 (58.50) | 77.33 (61.60) | |||
| S/2 | 48.67 (44.23) | 72.67 (58.50) | 78.00 (62.09) | 82.00 (64.99) | |||
| S | 62.00 (51.96) | 78.00 (62.14) | 82.67 (65.45) | 88.00 (69.93) | |||
| BETL6 | S/10 | 52.00 (46.15) | 60.67.00 (51.21) | 72.67 (58.55) | 80.67 (63.96) | 78.17 (63.56)de | |
| S/6 | 60.67 (51.17) | 70.00 (56.80) | 78.00 (62.09) | 84.00 (66.48) | |||
| S/4 | 66 (54.39) | 76.67 (61.16) | 82.67 (65.45) | 89.33 (71.06) | |||
| S/2 | 72.00 (58.14) | 80.00 (63.46) | 88.00 (69.93) | 94.67 (78.21) | |||
| S | 78.67 (62.56) | 86.00 (68.11) | 90.67 (72.36) | 100.00 (89.93) | |||
| BEKL1 | S/10 | 19.33 (25.92) | 26.00 (30.54) | 65.33 (53.97) | 76.67 (61.18) | 67.20 (56.23)h | |
| S/6 | 36.00 (36.84) | 42.67 (40.78) | 74.67 (59.83) | 80.67 (63.99) | |||
| S/4 | 44.00 (41.52) | 48.67 (44.23) | 80.00 (63.53) | 84.67 (67.08) | |||
| S/2 | 65.33 (53.97) | 76.00 (60.69) | 82.67 (65.58) | 89.33 (71.06) | |||
| S | 81.33 (64.45) | 87.33 (69.24) | 88.67 (70.53) | 94.67 (79.60) | |||
| BETS2 | S/10 | 42.00 (40.39) | 66.00 (54.36) | 70.67 (57.27) | 83.33 (65.94) | 78.87 (65.15)cd | |
| S/6 | 51.33 (45.76) | 71.33 (57.68) | 80.67 (64.05) | 87.33 (69.50) | |||
| S/4 | 60.00 (50.78) | 80.67 (63.96) | 86.00 (68.11) | 90.00 (71.76) | |||
| S/2 | 70.67 (57.27) | 84.00 (66.48) | 90.67 (72.36) | 96.67 (81.88) | |||
| S | 82.67 (65.45) | 88.67 (70.53) | 94.67 (78.21) | 100.00 (89.93) | |||
| BEKL2 | S/10 | 22.67 (28.30) | 29.33 (32.77) | 44.00 (41.55) | 68.67 (55.99) | 73.33 (60.72)f | |
| S/6 | 60.00 (50.80) | 69.33 (56.45) | 79.33 (62.99) | 85.33 (67.57) | |||
| S/4 | 68.67 (55.99) | 76.00 (60.74) | 84.00 (66.48) | 89.33 (71.42) | |||
| S/2 | 72.00 (58.09) | 80.67 (63.96) | 88.67 (70.47) | 94.67 (78.21) | |||
| S | 77.33 (61.65) | 84.00 (66.48) | 92.67 (74.53) | 100.00 (89.93) | |||
| BETL7 | S/10 | 18.00 (25.01) | 30.67 (33.61) | 51.33 (45.77) | 70.67 (57.28) | 66.23 (55.37)j | |
| S/6 | 27.33 (31.47) | 41.33 (39.99) | 61.33 (51.57) | 80.67 (64.05) | |||
| S/4 | 54.00 (47.31) | 70.00 (56.85) | 76.67 (61.14) | 85.33 (67.51) | |||
| S/2 | 68.00 (55.56) | 75.33 (60.25) | 83.33 (65.94) | 91.33 (72.95) | |||
| S | 76.00 (60.69) | 81.33 (64.49) | 87.33 (69.24) | 94.66 (76.81) | |||
| BEKL3 | S/10 | 14.00 (21.89) | 33.33 (35.24) | 57.33 (49.23) | 73.33 (58.99) | 67.19 (56.08)hi | |
| S/6 | 36.00 (36.86) | 46.67 (43.08) | 71.33 (57.67) | 79.33 (63.15) | |||
| S/4 | 52.00 (46.15) | 61.33 (51.61) | 82.00 (64.99) | 86.67 (68.70) | |||
| S/2 | 66.00 (54.34) | 73.33 (58.94) | 86.00 (68.37) | 90.67 (72.36) | |||
| S | 70.67 (57.23) | 80.00 (63.46) | 89.33 (71.06) | 94.67 (78.21) | |||
| BEKL4 | S/10 | 15.33 (22.92) | 42.67 (40.78) | 64.67 (53.55) | 82.00 (64.99) | 71.33 (59.95)g | |
| S/6 | 20.67 (26.94) | 54.67 (47.68) | 78.00 (62.09) | 87.33 (69.24) | |||
| S/4 | 34.00 (35.61) | 66.67 (54.79) | 88.00 (69.93) | 92.67 (74.53) | |||
| S/2 | 66.00 (54.36) | 80.00 (63.46) | 91.33 (73.24) | 96.67 (80.67) | |||
| S | 82.67 (65.49) | 88.67 (70.53) | 94.67 (78.21) | 100.00 (89.93) | |||
| BETL8 | S/10 | 16.00 (23.51) | 22.00 (27.90) | 28.00 (31.91) | 36.00 (36.86) | 37.07 (37.25)o | |
| S/6 | 21.33 (27.46) | 26.00 (30.63) | 32.67 (34.84) | 42.67 (40.78) | |||
| S/4 | 27.33 (31.49) | 31.33 (34.03) | 38.00 (38.04) | 49.33 (44.62) | |||
| S/2 | 32.67 (34.84) | 36.67 (37.26) | 46.67 (43.08) | 54.00 (47.31) | |||
| S | 40.00 (39.22) | 46.00 (42.70) | 52.67 (46.53) | 62.00 (52.01) | |||
| BEKL5 | S/10 | 20.67 (27.03) | 25.33 (30.19) | 30.67 (33.61) | 35.33 (36.46) | 39.20 (38.61)n | |
| S/6 | 26.67 (31.07) | 30.67 (33.61) | 36.00 (36.84) | 40.00 (39.22) | |||
| S/4 | 30.00 (33.19) | 35.33 (36.46) | 42.67 (40.77) | 46.67 (43.08) | |||
| S/2 | 35.33 (36.46) | 42.00 (40.39) | 48.67 (44.23) | 52.67 (46.53) | |||
| S | 41.33 (40.01) | 49.33 (44.62) | 55.33 (48.07) | 59.33 (50.39) | |||
| Distilled Water (SDW) | S | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | (0.00) | |
| S | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||
| S | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||
| S | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||
| S | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||
| Period of Exposure(t) Mean | 46.93 (42.16) | 58.28 (49.34) | 68.51 (56.29) | 76.23 (62.95) | |||
1 Note: CV = 5.50, CD(P = 0.05): Treatment (T): 0.80; Concentration (C): 0.45; Period of exposure (t): 0.40; T × C: 1.79; T×t: 1.61; C×t: 0.89; T × C×t: 3.59. Figures in the parentheses are Arc-Sine transformed values. Mean followed by the same letter in the superscript(s) are not significantly different.
Figure 7:
Effect of culture filtrates of isolated bacterial endophytes on juvenile mortality of Meloidogyne incognita at 10% (S/10) concentration at different exposure time.