Induction of defence-related proteins by selected plant growth regulators and biocontrol agents against guava root knot nematode, Meloidogyne enterolobii

Ashokkumar, N.; Poornima, K.; Kalaiarasan, P.; Jeyakumar, P.; Uma, D.; Kavino, M.; Dharani, S.; Kothai, S.

doi:10.21307/jofnem-2021-081

Figures & Tables

Influence of different plant growth regulators in guava infected by M. enterolobii at 45, 75, and 105 days after planting. A. Plant height, B. Root length, C. Fresh root biomass, D. Dry root biomass, E. Chlorophyll index, F. Photosynthetic rate, G. Transpiration rate, H. Stomatal conductance, I. Chlorophyll fluorescence, J. Peroxidase, K. Polyphenol oxidase, L. Phenylalanine ammonia lyase, M. Total phenols, N. Acid phosphatase.

T4 – Salicylic acid (100 ppm) + Jasmonic acid (100 ppm) + Indole 3-Butyric Acid (1,000 ppm) vs T10 – Untreated control.

Field observations on application of different biocontrol agents.

Effect of plant growth regulators in guava (Lucknow-49) infested with root knot nematode, M_ enterolobii in soil and root_

					Nematode population in 5g of root
	Nematode population in 200cc of soil (days)				No of egg masses (days)			No of females (days)			No of eggs/egg masses (days)
Treatments	0	45	75	105	45	75	105	45	75	105	45	75	105
T₁ – SA 100ppm	169.33^bc	167.66^cd (0.99)	166.00^cd (0.99)	164.66^c (0.81)	24.67^c	23.33^d (5.42)	22.00^d (5.70)	26.67^bc	24.66^bc (7.53)	24.00^bc (2.68)	212.33^bc	219.66^b (‒3.45)	206.33^a (6.07)
T₂ – JA 100ppm	176.00^abc	174.66^abcd (0.76)	173.33^bcd (0.76)	172.00^bc (0.77)	24.67^c	23.66^d (4.08)	22.33^d (5.62	28.67^cd	25.00^c (12.79)	24.33^bc (2.68)	198.66^a	204.33^ab (‒2.85)	218.66^f (‒7.01)
T₃ – IBA 1000ppm	181.33^a	178.66^abc (1.47)	176.00^abc (1.49)	173.33^abc (1.52)	23.33^bc	21.66^cd (7.17)	19.66^c (9.23)	26.33^bc	23.66^bc (10.15)	22.66^b (4.23)	209.66^abc	212.33^ab (‒1.27)	217.33^ef (‒2.35)
T₄ – SA100ppm +JA 100ppm + IBA 1000ppm	184.33^a	180.33^ab (2.17)	175.66^abc (2.59)	171.00^bc (2.65)	20.00^a	17.66^a (11.70)	14.66^a (16.99)	22.00^a	19.66^a (10.64)	16.66^a (15.26)	214.33^c	208.00^ab (2.95)	206.66^a (0.64)
T₅ – SA 100ppm+JA 100ppm	177.00^abc	175.33^abcd (0.94)	173.66^abcd (0.95)	172.33^bc (0.77)	24.67^c	23.33^d (5.42)	21.66^d (7.16)	26.67^bc	24.66^bc (7.53)	24.33^bc (1.34)	200.33^ab	203.66^ab (‒1.66)	209.66^bc (‒2.95)
T₆ – JA100ppm + IBA1000ppm	181.33^c	164.33^d (1.79)	161.33^d (1.83)	158.00^c (2.06)	23.00^b	21.00^bc (8.70)	18.66^c (11.14)	26.00^b	23.66^bc (9.00)	22.66^b (4.23)	219.66^c	218.66^b (0.46)	219.33^f (‒0.31)
T₇ – SA100ppm + IBA1000ppm	167.33^abc	170.33^bcd (1.92)	167.00^cd (1.96)	163.33^c (2.20	21.33^a	19.00^ab (10.94)	16.33^b (14.05)	23.33^a	20.33^a (12.87)	18.33^a (9.84)	215.33^c	204.33^ab (5.11)	209.66^bc (‒2.61)
T₈ – Mepiquat chloride 500 ppm	179.00^ab	182.66^a (‒2.04)	186.00^a (‒1.83	189.33^a (‒1.79)	26.33^d	27.33^e (‒3.78)	28.66^e (‒4.87)	29.33^de	28.66^d (2.30)	30.66^d (‒6.98)	207.33^abc	200.33^a (3.38)	208.33^ab (‒3.99)
T₉ – Chlormequat chloride 500 ppm	174.66^abc	179.33^abc (‒2.67)	183.66^ab (‒2.41)	187.66^ab (‒2.18)	27.33^d	28.33^e (‒3.65)	29.00^ef (‒2.36)	31.33^e	30.00^de (4.26)	32.00^d (‒6.67)	219.66^c	217.66^b (0.91)	219.66^f (‒0.92)
T₁₀ – Untreated control	176.66^abc	181.66^ab (‒2.83)	186.00^a (‒2.39)	190.00^a (‒2.15)	27.67^d	29.00^e (‒4.82)	30.33^f (‒4.59)	29.67^e	31.33^e (‒5.61)	32.33^d (‒3.19)	218.66^c	219.66^b (‒0.46)	212.33^d (3.34)

Effect of biocontrol agents in guava (Lucknow-49) infested with root knot nematode, M_ enterolobii in root_

	Nematode population in roots (5g)
	No of egg masses (days)					No of females (days)					No of eggs/egg masses (days)
Treatments	00	30	90	150	210	00	30	90	150	210	00	30	90	150	210
Experiment-1
P. fluorescens (Pf1)	17.32^b	13.45^a (22.34)	11.89^c (31.35)	09.83^c (43.24)	07.39^b (57.33)	30.48^a	22.23^b (27.07)	19.23^c (36.91)	16.52^c (45.80)	13.66^b (55.18)	149.98^a	145.65^a (2.89)	141.42^a (5.71)	138.43^b (7.70)	135.32^b (9.77)
B.subtilis(Bs1)	19.54^d	15.68^d (19.75)	12.32^cd (36.95)	10.42^c (46.67)	09.26^c (52.61)	29.19^a	25.12^c (13.94)	22.74^d (22.10)	20.34^d (30.32)	17.51^c (40.01)	172.38^d	160.54^c (6.87)	154.57^bc (10.33)	151.63^c (12.04)	148.07^c (14.10)
T. viride (Tv1)	16.38^a	14.56^b (11.11)	12.63^d (22.89)	10.35^c (36.81)	09.34^c (42.98)	34.52^c	30.09^d (12.83)	25.82^e (25.20)	21.84^e (36.73)	18.48^d (46.47)	163.34^bc	160.94^c (1.47)	157.32^c (3.69)	154.81^c (5.22)	152.29^c (6.77)
P. chlamydosporia (TNAUPc001)	18.37^c	14.84^bc (19.22)	10.95^b (40.39)	04.64^a (74.74)	02.86^a (84.43)	34.87^c	21.32^ab (38.86)	14.09^b (59.59)	07.56^a (78.32)	03.98^a (88.59)	163.87^bc	152.42^b (6.99)	140.75^a (14.11)	129.43^a (21.02)	115.35^a (29.61)
P. lilacinum (TNAUPl001)	19.65^d	15.26^cd (22.34)	10.12^a (48.50)	05.64^b (71.30)	02.85^a (85.50)	32.35^b	20.54^a (36.51)	12.45^a (61.51)	09.39^b (70.97)	04.54^a (85.97)	159.56^b	151.5^ab 8(5.00)	145.39^ab (8.88)	136.24^ab (14.62)	129.48^b (18.85)
G. mosseae	20.46^e	18.23^e (10.90)	16.43^e (19.70)	14.65^d (28.40)	12.62^d (38.32)	37.98^d	32.94^e (13.27)	30.64^f (19.33)	26.98^f (28.96)	23.76^e (37.44)	167.67^cd	162.32^c (3.19)	158.24^cd (5.62)	155.85^c (7.05)	153.68^c (8.34)
Untreated control	16.94^ab	19.56^f (13.39)	21.65^f (21.76)	22.32^e (24.10)	23.48^e (27.85)	29.26^a	30.29^d (3.40)	32.38^g (9.64)	35.63^g (17.88)	36.42^f (19.66)	158.23^b	164.09^c (3.57)	167.83^d (5.72)	171.34^d (7.65)	175.53^d (9.86)
Experiment-2
P. fluorescens (Pf1)	21.24^bc	16.20^b (23.73)	12.57^b (40.82)	08.90^b (58.10)	06.41^b (69.82)	30.38^ab	22.08^ab (27.32)	19.81^b (34.79)	14.61^c (51.91)	10.64^c (64.98)	163.42^ab	155.45^ab (4.88)	151.73^b (7.15)	144.24^b (11.74)	135.54^b (17.06)
B.subtilis(Bs1)	22.89^e	18.34^c (19.88)	15.78^d (31.06)	12.06^c (47.31)	07.59^c (66.84)	36.87^d	28.46^d (22.81)	20.24^bc (45.10)	16.35^d (55.66)	11.73^d (68.19)	172.76^c	163.31^cd (5.47)	152.85^b (11.52)	139.68^b (19.15)	132.36^b (23.39)
T. viride (Tv1)	20.45^a	17.81^c (12.91)	13.69^c (33.06)	11.51^c (43.72)	08.34^d (59.22)	30.37^ab	24.34^c (19.86)	20.92^c (31.12)	16.09^d (47.02)	12.44^e (59.04)	165.62^bc	161.45^bc (2.52)	156.43^b (5.55)	150.53^c (9.11)	147.62^c (10.87)
P. chlamydosporia (TNAUPc001)	21.68^cd	14.50^a (33.12)	10.80^a (50.18)	05.84^a (73.06)	02.57^a (88.15)	29.35^a	20.78^a (29.20)	14.28^a (51.35)	09.52^a (67.56)	04.94^a (83.17)	157.47^a	149.39^a (5.13)	138.65^a (11.95)	129.04^a (18.05)	123.50^a (21.57)
P. lilacinum (TNAUPl001)	22.24^d	16.20^b (27.16)	13.57^c (38.98)	08.90^b (59.98)	03.41^c (84.66)	31.38^bc	23.08^bc (26.45)	19.81^b (36.87)	10.61^b (66.19)	08.64^b (72.47)	167.42^bc	162.45^cd (2.97)	154.73^b (7.58)	142.24^b (15.04)	131.54^b (21.43)
G. mosseae	20.89^ab	19.34^d (7.42)	16.78^e (19.67)	13.06^d (37.48)	11.59^e (44.52)	31.87c	28.46^d (10.70)	25.24^d (20.80)	22.35^e (29.87)	19.73^f (38.09)	170.78^bc	168.78^de (1.17)	165.85^c (2.89)	161.68^d (5.33)	155.36^d (9.03)
Untreated control	23.72^f	26.43^e (10.25)	29.26^f (18.93)	32.02^e (25.92)	34.56^f (31.37)	35.46^d	37.82^e (6.24)	40.24^e (11.88)	43.52^f (18.52)	45.68^g (22.37)	171.76^c	172.31^e (0.32)	176.54^d (2.71)	178.34^e (3.69)	179.54^e (4.33)

j_jofnem-2021-081_tab_002

Variety	:	Luknow-49
Design	:	Randomized block design
Treatments	:	Seven
Replications	:	Ten
Spacing	:	3.0 m × 3.0 m

Effect of biocontrol agents on Plant growth parameters of guava cv_ Lucknow-49 challenged with root knot nematode, M_ enterolobii_

	Yield parameters
	At vegetative stage			At fruiting stage
Treatments	Tree height (m)	Girth of stem (cm)	Leaf area (cm²)	Tree height (m)	Girth of stem (cm)	Leaf area (cm²)	No. of fruits/tree (nos)	Fruit length (cm)	Shoots diameter (cm)	Average fruit weight (g)	Fruit yield/tree (kg tree^‒1)	Fruit yield t/ha
Experiment-1
P. fluorescens (Pf1)	1.36^b	12.29^b	74.12^b	1.74^b	12.41^b	74.24^b	40.00^b	7.41^b	8.22^bc	278.12^b	11.12^c	10.91^c
B. subtilis(Bs1)	1.34^bc	12.00^b	72.67^bc	1.72^b	12.14^b	72.77^b	39.60^b	7.30^bc	8.09^cd	264.00^bc	10.45^d	10.25^d
T. viride (Tv1)	1.29^cd	11.42^c	70.00^c	1.68^bc	11.56^c	70.11^bc	38.40^bc	7.11^bc	7.93^d	259.00^c	9.95^e	9.76^e
P. chlamydosporia (TNAUPc001)	1.80^a	16.00^a	82.10^a	2.14^a	16.19^a	82.24^a	45.20^a	8.68^a	8.59^a	336.20^a	15.20^a	14.91^a
P. lilacinum (TNAUPl001	1.78^a	15.91^a	79.27^a	2.11^a	16.04^a	79.39^a	43.60^a	8.61^a	8.47^ab	321.10^a	14.00^b	13.73^b
G. mosseae	1.24^de	11.26^cd	66.21^d	1.59^c	11.40^cd	66.32^cd	37.10^c	6.89^c	7.62^e	231.00^d	8.57^f	8.41^f
Untreated control	1.19^e	10.84^d	64.00^d	1.43^d	11.00^d	64.10^d	34.10^d	6.20^d	7.36^e	165.00^e	5.63g	5.52^g
Experiment-2
P. fluorescens (Pf1)	1.44^b	12.38^b	75.31^b	1.89^c	12.45^b	75.54^b	37.16^c	7.36^b	8.44^ab	261.06^b	9.70^c	9.52^c
B. subtilis(Bs1)	1.39^bc	12.17^bc	74.70^b	1.83^c	12.24^bc	75.09^b	34.37^d	7.31^bc	8.35^b	239.14^c	8.22^d	8.06^d
T. viride (Tv1)	1.32^cd	11.61^cd	68.84^c	1.71^d	11.67^cd	70.05^c	32.04^e	7.08^c	8.31^bc	259.00^b	8.30^d	8.14^d
P. chlamydosporia (TNAUPc001)	1.86^a	16.18^a	82.07^a	2.49^a	16.29^a	82.25^a	43.02^a	8.43^a	8.69^a	310.40^a	13.35^a	13.10^a
P. lilacinum (TNAUPl001	1.81^a	16.02^a	80.89^a	2.28^b	16.17^a	81.16^a	41.01^b	8.39^a	8.63^a	304.20^a	12.48^b	12.24^b
G. mosseae	1.28^de	11.39^d	63.13^d	1.60^e	11.44^d	65.17^d	30.03^f	6.72^d	8.29^c	220.03^d	6.61^e	6.48^e
Untreated control	1.21^e	11.02^d	62.18^d	1.42^f	11.09^d	63.09^d	26.11^g	6.04^e	8.23^d	149.01^e	3.89^f	3.82^f

j_jofnem-2021-081_tab_001

Plant height	–	The plant height of guava plants was measured from the ground level to the tip of the most stretched leaf in each replication. The mean values were expressed in cm
Root length	–	The plant was uprooted along with its roots causing lower damage and its length was measured and expressed in cm
Fresh root biomass	–	The roots of guava plants at 45, 75, 105 DAP were uprooted, washed and cleaned to remove the adhering water and soil particles and fresh root weight and was measured and expressed as g plant^-1
Dry root biomass	–	The roots of guava plants at 45, 75, 105 DAP were uprooted, cleaned and air dried initially followed by oven drying at 65 ± 5^oC till a constant weight was attained and root weight was measured and expressed as g/plant
Chlorophyll index	–	SPAD meter
Photosynthetic rate	–	Portable photosynthesis system (LI-6400XT, Licor Inc, Nebraska, USA)
Transpiration rate	–	Portable photosynthesis system (LI-6400XT, Licor Inc, Nebraska, USA)
Stomatal conductance	–	Portable photosynthesis system (LI-6400XT, Licor Inc, Nebraska, USA)
Chlorophyll fluorescence	–	Chlorophyll fluorescence meter (Opti-sciences OS5p)
Total phenols	–	Malick and Singh (1980)
Peroxidase		Rad et al. (2007)
Polyphenol oxidase		Mayer et al. (1966)
Acid phosphatase		Dickerson et al. (1984)
Phenylalanine ammonia lyase		Dickerson et al. (1984)

Effect of biocontrol agents in guava (Lucknow-49) infested with root knot nematode, M_ enterolobii in soil_

	Nematode population in 200cc of soil
Treatments	Initial population	30 days	60 days	90 days	120 days	150 days	180 days	210 days
Experiment-1
P. fluorescens (Pf1)	189.32^b	180.46^b (4.68)	171.24^a (9.55)	162.87^c (13.97)	151.58^a (19.93)	140.32^b (25.88)	131.25^b (30.67)	123.87^c (34.57)
B.subtilis(Bs1)	196.45^bc	190.09bc (3.24)	183.26^b (6.71)	172.59^b (12.15)	163.34^b (16.85)	154.16^d (21.53)	140.42^c (28.52)	131.52^d (33.05)
T. viride (Tv1)	177.78^a	169.21^a (4.82)	160.53^a (9.70)	155.65^cd (12.45)	151.68^a (14.68)	145.67^c (18.06)	137.67^bc (22.56)	122.74^c (30.96)
P. chlamydosporia (TNAUPc001)	247.54^d	210.78^d (14.85)	188.39^bc (23.90)	174.87^e (29.36)	153.65^a (37.93)	132.82^a (46.34)	101.34^a (59.06)	86.87^a (64.91)
P. lilacinum (TNAUPl001	255.25^d	224.45^e (12.07)	190.23^bc (25.47)	188.54^d (26.14)	169.19^bc (33.72)	153.46^d (39.88)	129.87^b (49.12)	94.48^b (62.99)
G. mosseae	201.23^c	193.84^c (3.67)	188.41^bc (6.37)	179.98^f (10.56)	174.34^c (13.36)	168.28^e (16.37)	163.56^d (18.72)	159.29^e (20.84)
Untreated control	196.32^bc	197.87^c (0.78)	198.65^c (1.17)	199.83^a (1.76)	204.25^d (3.88)	207.58^f (5.42)	210.71^e (6.83)	229.45^f (14.44)
Experiment-2
P. fluorescens (Pf1)	285.36^b	262.87^b (7.88)	248.54^c (12.90)	220.83^c (22.61)	199.18^b (30.20)	172.37^b (39.60)	158.43^c (44.48)	141.84^c (50.29)
B.subtilis(Bs1)	278.48^ab	257.64^b (7.48)	249.25^c (10.50)	224.84^c (19.26)	201.13^b (27.78)	184.23^b (33.84)	165.87^d (40.44)	150.62^c (45.91)
T. viride (Tv1)	300.97^c	289.13c (3.93)	270.24^d (10.21)	258.45^d (14.13)	237.78^c (21.00)	219.55^c (27.05)	196.60^e (34.68)	173.75^d (42.27)
P. chlamydosporia (TNAUPc001)	269.35^a	230.92^a (14.27)	200.45^a (25.58)	180.06^a (33.15)	157.36^a (41.58)	132.48^a (50.81)	98.09^a (63.58)	64.28^a (76.14)
P. lilacinum (TNAUPl001)	280.42^ab	259.58^b (7.43)	215.26^b (23.24)	194.64^b (30.59)	165.92^a (40.83)	140.47^a (49.91)	112.64^b (59.83)	79.85^b (71.52)
G. mosseae	300.97^d	289.13^d (3.93)	270.24^e (10.21)	258.45^d (14.13)	237.78^c (21.00)	219.55^c (27.05)	196.60^f (34.68)	173.75^e (42.27)
Untreated control	278.97^ab	285.52^c (2.29)	290.48^e (3.96)	296.31^e (5.85)	298.52^d (6.55)	301.26^d (07.40)	305.95^g (8.82)	308.72^f (9.64)

j_jofnem-2021-081_tab_003

		Field trial-I	Field trial-II
Date of planting	:	20.12.2017	12.08.2017
Date of treatment imposed	:	03.01.2018	03.04.2018
Date of harvest	:	04.02.2019	09.01.2019
Soil type	:	Red loamy	Sandy loam

Induction of defence-related proteins by selected plant growth regulators and biocontrol agents against guava root knot nematode, Meloidogyne enterolobii

Figures & Tables

Figure 1:

Plate 1:

Plate 2:

Effect of plant growth regulators in guava (Lucknow-49) infested with root knot nematode, M_ enterolobii in soil and root_

Effect of biocontrol agents in guava (Lucknow-49) infested with root knot nematode, M_ enterolobii in root_

j_jofnem-2021-081_tab_002

Effect of biocontrol agents on Plant growth parameters of guava cv_ Lucknow-49 challenged with root knot nematode, M_ enterolobii_

j_jofnem-2021-081_tab_001

Effect of biocontrol agents in guava (Lucknow-49) infested with root knot nematode, M_ enterolobii in soil_

j_jofnem-2021-081_tab_003

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