Quantification of pH tolerance levels among entomopathogenic nematodes

Isolate	Populations
S. biddulphi*	SGI246
S. beitlechemi*	SGI197
S. khoisanae*	R334
S. tophus*	R352
S. innovationi*	SGI60
Heterorhabditis bacteriophora*	SGI151; SASRI75; SGI245
Steinernema carpocapsae^	ScItalian; ScAll; ScCxrd
S. glaseri^	Sg4-8
S. riobrave^	Sr355
S. feltiae^	SfSN
Heterorhabditis bacteriophora^	HbHb; HbVS
H. indica^	HIHOM1

Table 2.

Percentage survival of different entomopathogenic nematode populations at each of 10 pH levels post 24 hr exposure to ammonium-acetate or citrate-phosphate pH solutions.

Ammonium-acetate
pH levels	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11
S. khoisanae 334	20.75^a	87.75^a	86.50^abc	82.50^abcd	77.75^abc	69.50^bcd	59.50^bcde	33.25^cdef	0.00^b	0.00^a
S. carpocapsae (ScCxrd)	0.00^a	86.33^a	96.75^a	98.75^ab	99.00^a	100^a	95.50^a	94.75^ab	1.75^b	0.00^a
S. beitlechemi 197	19.50^a	69.00^abc	71.50^bc	72.25^bcde	65.00^cde	62.00^d	40.75^e	30.25^cdef	6.00^ab	0.00^a
S. glaseri SG4-8	0.00^a	73.00^abc	83.67^abc	84.00^abcd	68.33^cd	92.67^a	83.00^abc	35.00^cde	0.00^b	0.00^a
S. tophus 352	23.50^a	76.25^abc	81.75^abc	63.75^de	79.75^abc	85.67^abc	59.00^bcde	37.25^cd	0.00^b	0.00^a
S. carpocapsae (ScAll)	0.00^a	52.50^bc	93.25^a	98.25^ab	95.50^ab	99.50^a	99.75^a	98.25^a	12.75^a	0.00^a
S. carpocapsae (ScItalian)	0.25^a	74.25^abc	91.50^ab	100^a	94.75^a	99.00^a	99.50^a	82.25^ab	1.75^b	0.00^a
S. biddulphi 246	15.25^a	63.50^abc	69.25^c	66.25^de	64.00^cde	54.25^d	47.75^de	16.50^def	2.50^ab	0.00^a
S. innovationi 160	22.25^a	78.00^ab	79.75^abc	61.00^de	48.75^de	57.50^d	59.75^bcde	23.00^def	2.50^ab	0.00^a
S. feltiae FSN	0.00^a	51.75^bc	70.75^bc	95.25^abc	95.25^ab	99.50^a	99.75^a	61.25^bc	0.75^b	0.00^a
S. riobrave 355	8.00^a	48.00^cd	78.50^abc	94.25^abc	93.00^ab	97.50^a	80.75^abcd	75.50^ab	0.00^b	0.00^a
H. bacteriophora (HbHb)	0.00^a	9.00^e	31.25^d	66.50^de	85.25^abc	84.00^abc	86.00^ab	14.50^def	0.00^b	0.00^a
H. indica HIHOM1	0.00^a	18.50^e	19.75^de	45.50^ef	74.50^bc	96.75^a	98.75^a	10.00^def	0.00^b	0.00^a
H. bacteriophora (SASRI75)	3.75^a	4.00^e	3.75^e	24.50^f	51.25^de	55.25^d	35.75^e	0.00^f	0.00^b	0.00^a
H. bacteriophora (SGI151)	5.00^a	12.25^e	19.50^de	77.50^abcd	44.25^e	64.75^cd	49.75^cde	15.00^def	0.00^b	0.00^a
H. bacteriophora (SGI245)	1.67^a	22.67^de	33.33^d	68.33^cde	68.00^cd	65.00^cd	55.00^bcde	0.00^f	0.00^b	0.00^a
H. bacteriophora (HbVS)	0.00^a	8.50^e	31.25^d	45.75^ef	85.00^abc	90.25^ab	99.00^a	0.67^ef	0.00^b	0.00^a
LSD (0.05)	25.85	29.00	20.97	26.97	22.49	21.58	35.03	34.67	10.37	0.00
Citrate-phosphate
pH levels	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11
S. khoisanae 334	0.00^e	63.25^e	64.00^d	67.75^e	76.75^fg	78.00^f	81.50^def	81.50^cd	71.75^cde	18.75^ef
S. carpocapsae (ScCxrd)	85.75^a	93.25^ab	100^a	100^a	99.75^a	99.75^a	100^a	100^a	97.75^ab	100^a
S. beitlechemi 197	2.75^e	69.25^de	73.25^cd	75.25^de	79.50^efg	80.25^ef	86.50^bcdef	82.75^bcd	76.25^bcde	24.00^def
S. glaseri SG4-8	27.75^de	93.00^ab	97.75^ab	88.50^abcd	94.50^abc	98.00^ab	93.00^abcd	95.50^ab	78.50^abcd	7.25^f
S. tophus 352	1.25^e	82.50^abcd	83.50^abcd	87.75^abcd	90.00^abcde	91.50^abcde	95.50^ab	93.50^abc	92.50^abc	23.00^def
S. carpocapsae (ScAll)	73.00^ab	100^a	99.75^a	99.75^a	100^a	98.50^ab	100^a	99.75^a	99.50^a	100^a
S. carpocapsae (ScItalian)	69.50^ab	97.25^ab	99.25^ab	95.00^abc	100^a	99.75^a	97.00^ab	99.75^a	100^a	98.50^a
S. biddulphi 246	1.50^e	73.75^cde	71.00^cd	83.75^bcd	92.75^abcd	85.50^cdef	91.25^abcde	90.25^abc	75.75^bcde	48.75^cde
S. innovationi 160	0.00^e	73.00^cde	83.50^abcd	68.00^e	71.75^g	85.75^cdef	82.25^cdef	87.00^abc	86.25^abc	45.50^cde
S. feltiae FSN	0.00^e	85.00^abcd	95.50^ab	92.50^abc	96.25^ab	97.25^abc	99.25^ab	98.00^a	96.25^ab	88.00^ab
S. riobrave 355	33.25^cd	99.25^a	100^a	99.00^a	99.50^a	100^a	96.50^ab	99.50^a	99.75^a	60.00^bc
H. bacteriophora (HbHb)	61.00^abc	91.00^abc	96.25^ab	93.75^abc	94.75^abc	94.75^abcd	94.50^abc	93.50^abc	55.25^e	0.00^f
H. indica HIHOM1	46.50^abc	98.25^ab	97.25^ab	99.25^a	97.50^ab	99.50^a	98.00^ab	95.25^ab	71.00^cde	0.67^f
H. bacteriophora (SASRI75)	66.50^ab	80.00^bcde	78.00^bcd	83.75^bcd	87.00^bcdef	84.00^def	73.75^f	73.00^d	77.25^bcde	54.50^cd
H. bacteriophora (SGI151)	64.25^ab	85.00^abcd	88.50^abc	90.00^abcd	82.25^defg	86.75^bcdef	87.50^abcde	82.50^bcd	82.75^abcd	30.00^cdef
H. bacteriophora. (SGI245)	77.75^a	84.75^abcd	88.25^abc	81.50^cde	82.75^cdefg	81.75^ef	78.50^ef	83.25^bcd	84.75^abcd	42.50^cde
H. bacteriophora (HbVS)	34.00^cd	96.50^ab	99.50^a	98.25^ab	98.00^ab	97.50^abc	97.75^ab	98.00^a	64.00^de	1.00^f
LSD (0.05)	30.13	18.76	21.27	15.09	12.04	12.13	12.76	13.42	22.19	32.11

1 Note: For a given base, means within a column followed by different letters differed significantly at the 5% test level.

Survival of steinernematids infective juveniles in ammonium-acetate pH solutions 24 hr post incubation at 25°C. (A) *Steinernema khoisanae*, (B) *S. tophus*, (C) *S. beitlechemi*, (D) *S. glaseri*, (E) *S. carpocapsae* (ScCxrd), (F) *S. carpocapsae* (ScAll), (G) *S. carpocapsae* (ScItalian), (H) *S. biddulphi*, (I) *S. innovationi*, (J) *S. feltiae*, and (K) *S. riobrave*. Within each graph, bars (mean ± SE of individual observations) with different letters indicate significant differences at the 5% test level.

Survival of heterorhabditids infective juveniles in ammonium-acetate pH solutions 24 hr post incubation at 25°C. (A) *Heterorhabditis bacteriophora* (HbHb), (B) *H. bacteriophora* (SGI151), (C) *H. bacteriophora* (SASRI75), (D) *H. bacteriophora* (SGI245), (E) *H. bacteriophora* (HbVS), and (F) *H. indica*. Within each graph, bars (mean ± SE of individual observations) with different letters indicate significant differences at the 5% test level.

Survival of steinernematids infective juveniles in citrate-phosphate pH solutions 24 hr post incubation at 25°C. (A) *Steinernema khoisanae*, (B) *S. tophus*, (C) *S. beitlechemi*, (D) *S. glaseri*, (E) *S. carpocapsae* (ScCxrd), (F) *S. carpocapsae* (ScAll), (G) *S. carpocapsae* (ScItalian), (H) *S. biddulphi*, (I) *S. innovationi*, (J) *S. feltiae*, and (K) *S. riobrave*. Within each graph, bars (mean ± SE of individual observations) with different letters indicate significant differences at the 5% test level.

Survival of heterorhabditids infective juveniles in citrate-phosphate pH solutions post incubation at 25°C. (A) *Heterorhabditis bacteriophora* (HbHb), (B) *H. bacteriophora* (SGI151), (C) *H. bacteriophora* (SASRI75), (D) *H. bacteriophora* (SGI245), (E) *H. bacteriophora* (HbVS), and (F) *H. indica*. Within each graph, bars (mean ± SE of individual observations) with different letters indicate significant differences at the 5% test level.

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.21307/jofnem-2021-062 | Journal eISSN: 2640-396X | Journal ISSN: 0022-300X

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Language: English

Page range: 1 - 12

Published on: Jul 8, 2021

Published by: Society of Nematologists, Inc.

In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

Publication frequency: 1 issue per year

Keywords:

Ammonium-acetate,

Citrate-phosphate,

Entomopathogenic nematodes,

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© 2021 Zanele Khathwayo, Tshimangadzo Ramakuwela, Justin Hatting, David I. Shapiro-Ilan, Nicolene Cochrane, published by Society of Nematologists, Inc.
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

Volume 53 (2021): Issue 1 (January 2021)

Quantification of pH tolerance levels among entomopathogenic nematodes

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