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The impact of chemical nematicides on entomopathogenic nematode survival and infectivity

Journal of Nematology
Volume 53 (2021): Issue 1 (January 2021)
By:
Open Access
|Jun 2021

Figures & Tables

Figure 1:

Experimental design using 7.5 cm glass slides to investigate the response of Heterorhabditis bacteriophora infective juveniles to different concentrations of nematicidal compounds and non-odor control after 3, 6 and 24 h.
Experimental design using 7.5 cm glass slides to investigate the response of Heterorhabditis bacteriophora infective juveniles to different concentrations of nematicidal compounds and non-odor control after 3, 6 and 24 h.

Figure 2:

Comparison of the survival rates (mean ± SE) of different nematode species (Steinernema carpocapsae, Heterorhabditis bacteriophora, and Meloidogyne incognita) after 24-hour exposure to the recommended field rate of the nematicides in 24-well plates. Different letters above bars indicate statistical significance (Tukey’s test P ≤ 0.05).
Comparison of the survival rates (mean ± SE) of different nematode species (Steinernema carpocapsae, Heterorhabditis bacteriophora, and Meloidogyne incognita) after 24-hour exposure to the recommended field rate of the nematicides in 24-well plates. Different letters above bars indicate statistical significance (Tukey’s test P ≤ 0.05).

Figure 3:

Survival rates (mean ± SE) of Heterorhabditis bacteriophora infective juveniles (IJ) after 24- and 48-h exposure to each nematicide in wells of 24-well plates. Different letters above bars indicate statistical significance (Tukey’s test P ≤ 0.05). The percentages refer to the rate of the nematicide solutions; that is, 100% is the recommended field rate (see Table 1) and the descending percentages refer to the dilution of the field rate so that 3.13% is the lowest dilution of the nematicide tested.
Survival rates (mean ± SE) of Heterorhabditis bacteriophora infective juveniles (IJ) after 24- and 48-h exposure to each nematicide in wells of 24-well plates. Different letters above bars indicate statistical significance (Tukey’s test P ≤ 0.05). The percentages refer to the rate of the nematicide solutions; that is, 100% is the recommended field rate (see Table 1) and the descending percentages refer to the dilution of the field rate so that 3.13% is the lowest dilution of the nematicide tested.

Figure 4:

Survival rates (mean ± SE) of Steinernema carpocapsae infective juveniles (IJ) after 24- and 48-hour exposure to each nematicide in wells of 24-well plates. Different letters above bars indicate statistical significance (Tukey’s test P ≤ 0.05). The percentages refer to the rate of the nematicide solutions; that is, 100% is the recommended field rate (see Table 1) and the descending percentages refer to the dilution of the field rate so that 3.13% is the lowest dilution of the nematicide tested.
Survival rates (mean ± SE) of Steinernema carpocapsae infective juveniles (IJ) after 24- and 48-hour exposure to each nematicide in wells of 24-well plates. Different letters above bars indicate statistical significance (Tukey’s test P ≤ 0.05). The percentages refer to the rate of the nematicide solutions; that is, 100% is the recommended field rate (see Table 1) and the descending percentages refer to the dilution of the field rate so that 3.13% is the lowest dilution of the nematicide tested.

Figure 5:

Mortality of Galleria mellonella (mean ± SE) after exposure to nematicide-treated Heterorhabditis bacteriophora and Steinernema carpocapsae infective juveniles.
Mortality of Galleria mellonella (mean ± SE) after exposure to nematicide-treated Heterorhabditis bacteriophora and Steinernema carpocapsae infective juveniles.

Figure 6:

Percentage (± SE) number of Steinernema carpocapsae and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora infective juveniles (IJ) invading the insect host (Galleria mellonella) after 24-hour exposure to nematicides. Different letters above bars indicate statistical significance (Tukey’s test P ≤ 0.05).
Percentage (± SE) number of Steinernema carpocapsae and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora infective juveniles (IJ) invading the insect host (Galleria mellonella) after 24-hour exposure to nematicides. Different letters above bars indicate statistical significance (Tukey’s test P ≤ 0.05).

Figure 7:

Mean (± SE) number of Steinernema carpocapsae and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora infective juveniles (IJs) emerging from the insect host (Galleria mellonella) after 24-hour exposure to nematicides. Different letters above bars indicate statistical significance (Tukey’s test P ≤ 0.05).
Mean (± SE) number of Steinernema carpocapsae and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora infective juveniles (IJs) emerging from the insect host (Galleria mellonella) after 24-hour exposure to nematicides. Different letters above bars indicate statistical significance (Tukey’s test P ≤ 0.05).

Figure 8:

Mortality of Galleria mellonella (A) and the number of Steinernema carpocapsae infective juveniles (IJs) penetrating the insect host (B) after exposure to nematicides at different time periods.
Mortality of Galleria mellonella (A) and the number of Steinernema carpocapsae infective juveniles (IJs) penetrating the insect host (B) after exposure to nematicides at different time periods.

Figure 9:

Mortality of Galleria mellonella (A) and the number of Heterorhabditis bacteriophora infective juveniles (IJs) penetrating the insect host (B) after exposure to nematicides at different time periods.
Mortality of Galleria mellonella (A) and the number of Heterorhabditis bacteriophora infective juveniles (IJs) penetrating the insect host (B) after exposure to nematicides at different time periods.

Figure 10:

Response of Heterorhabditis bacteriophora to different concentrations of nematicidal compounds and non-treated control (distilled water) after 3, 6 and 24 h. A CI score close to −1 shows a high aversion, 0 shows neutrality, and + 1 shows a strong attraction.
Response of Heterorhabditis bacteriophora to different concentrations of nematicidal compounds and non-treated control (distilled water) after 3, 6 and 24 h. A CI score close to −1 shows a high aversion, 0 shows neutrality, and + 1 shows a strong attraction.

Nematicide products used in this study_

Active ingredientConcentration (g/L)Commercial nameManufacturerRecommended field rate (ml/l)Pesticide classFormulation
Fluopyram400Velum Prime® SC400Bayer CropScience, Germany0.6Succinate dehydrogenase inhibitorSC
Fosthiazate150Versus® 150ECHektas©, Turkey10OrganophosphateEC
Metam potassium510Rotabent®Hektas©, Turkey1000Dithiocarbamate SaltSL
Fenamiphos400Nemacur® 400ECHektas©, Turkey75OrganophosphateEC
DOI: https://doi.org/10.21307/jofnem-2021-049 | Journal eISSN: 2640-396X | Journal ISSN: 0022-300X
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Language: English
Page range: 1 - 17
Published on: Jun 2, 2021
Published by: Society of Nematologists, Inc.
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 1 times per year
Keywords:
Chemotaxis,
Entomopathogenic Nematode,
Fluopyram,
Fosthiazate,
Metam Potassium,
Plant-parasitic nematodes
Related subjects:
Life sciences,
Life sciences, other

© 2021 Mustapha Touray, Harun Cimen, Sebnem H. Gulsen, Derya Ulug, Dolunay Erdogus, David Shapiro-Ilan, Selcuk Hazir, published by Society of Nematologists, Inc.
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

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