Bionematicides as an alternative to methyl bromide fumigation

		Yield (kg/tree)
Year	Treatment	Combined		Paradox		Own-rooted
2002	UC	23.4		26.3		20.5
	DT	24.0		25.2		22.8
	NQ	28.8		32.4		25.0
2003	UC	32.0		37.4		26.5
	DT	36.9		40.8		32.9
	NQ	42.1	0.0027^{^a}	47.0	0.0338	37.1	0.0383
2004	UC	22.8		25.45		20.2
	DT	27.1		31.1		23.0
	NQ	26.5		33.1		20.0
2005	UC	33.0		33.8		32.2
	DT	39.3		43.4	0.0325	35.3
	NQ	38.3		49.2	0.0008	27.4
2006	UC	33.0		37.7		28.3
	DT	42.3	0.0068	49.1	0.0114	35.5
	NQ	42.6	0.0041	51.2	0.0031	33.9
2007	UC	27.0		31.2		22.8
	DT	39.4	0.0004	37.4		41.4	0.0005
	NQ	35.8	0.0080	41.1	0.0279	30.6
Yield difference (kg/tree) between UC in 2002, and UC, DT, and NQ in 2007
	UC	3.6		4.9		2.3
	DT	16.0	0.0001	11.1	0.0142	20.9	0.0001
	NQ	12.5	0.0003	14.9	0.0013	10.1	0.0494

1 Notes: Data are means of 5 replicates.

2a Figures indicate the probability of that treatment being different from the UC.

Table 2.

Trunk cross-sectional area for Sutter County trial.

		Trunk cross-sectional area (cm)
Year	Treatment	Combined		Paradox		Own-rooted
2002	UC	354		221		488
	DT	352		279		425
	NQ	386		324	0.0396	448
2003	UC	422		292		552
	DT	396		363	0.0396	428	0.0003
	NQ	483	0.0064^{^a}	449	0.0001	516
2004	UC	448		324		572
	DT	468		400	0.0302	535
	NQ	526	0.0009	509	0.0001	542
2005	UC	460		354		567
	DT	476		425	0.0420	526
	NQ	535	0.0012	542	0.0001	528
2006	UC	503		386		620
	DT	555	0.0428	487	0.0044	623
	NQ	605	0.0001	613	0.0001	597
2007	UC	533		421		647
	DT	571		525	0.0037	619
	NQ	648	0.0001	677	0.0001	620

1 Notes: Data are means of 5 replicates.

2a Figures indicate the probability of that treatment being different from the UC.

Table 3.

Tree rating ranging from 0 (dead) to 5 (most vigorous) for Sutter County trial^{^a}.

Year	Treatment	___Paradox____		_Ownroot___
2005	UC	3.6		3.0
	DT	3.8		3.6
	NQ	4.4	0.02^{^b}	3.8	0.04
2006	UC	3.9		3.5
	DT	4.6	0.04	4.2
	NQ	4.6		4.1

1 Notes: Data are means of 5 replicates.

2a Rating Scale: 0=Dead, 1= Very low vigor, dieback, 2=Early yellowing, 3=No new shoot growth, 4=Some new shoot growth, 5=Most vigorous.

3b Figures indicate the probability of that treatment being different from the UC.

Table 4.

Effect of treatments on densities of nematodes per 1,000 cm³ soil in Sutter County Trial.

Sample		______Paradox_____			___________Own-rooted____
Date	Treatment	Lesion	Ring		Lesion		Ring
October 2003	UC	3,030	0		4,380		10
	DT	3,200	0		5,740		100
	NQ	3,820	0		4,410		0
April 2004	UC	1,440	40		2,560		110
	DT	1,330	540		2,020		3,270	0.004
	NQ	1,320	300		1,870		0
October 2004	UC	1,130	20		1,230		450
	DT	2,250	30		2,470		3,830	0.002
	NQ	1,210	420		1,580		0
April 2005	UC	870	40		610		300
	DT	1,410	0		580		2,480	0.040
	NQ	2,290	260		1,350		10
October 2005	UC	1,470	10		1,890		1,380
	DT	2,060	30		2,580		2,340
	NQ	2,850	540		4,970	0.006	30
April 2006	UC	1,380	1,610		1,640		590
	DT	2,650	980		1,300		2,560
	NQ	1,310	2,020		1,680		830
October 2006	UC	470	280		740		470
	DT	320	1,340	0.050^{^a}	960		290
	NQ	620	1,030		2,080		660

1 Notes: Data are means of 5 replicates.

2a Figures indicate the probability of that treatment being different from the UC.

Table 5.

Circumference of trees in San Joaquin County trial.

Treatment	Initial trunk	Percent increase from initial circumference
(L/ha)	Circumference (cm)	October 2005		April 2006		October 2006
UC	68.3	7.1		7.2		10.6
DT 56	66.5	7.0		7.7		10.6
DT 28	61.4	7.2		8.0		10.9
DT 14	67.1	5.3		5.7		7.9
DT 56 + NQ 37.4	71.2	8.4		8.9		11.7
DT 56 + NQ 23.4	69.7	9.2		9.9		12.8
DT 28 + NQ 37.4	61.5	11.4	0.0269^{^a}	12.9	0.0052	16.3	0.0091
DT 28 + NQ 23.4	68.2	8.5		9.5		12.8
DT 14 + NQ 37.4	69.0	7.3		8.1		11.1
DT 14 + NQ 23.4	71.7	7.1		5.9		10.0
NQ 56	70.9	12.1	0.0105	12.8	0.0062	15.8	0.0176
NQ 37.4	64.0	7.6		8.6		11.3
NQ 23.4	72.3	6.9		7.7		10.4
NQ 12	61.6	7.2		8.1		10.8

1 Notes: Data are means of 6 replicates.

2a Figures indicate the probability of that treatment being different from the UC.

Table 6.

Effect of treatments on densities of lesion nematodes per 1,000 cm³ soil in San Joaquin County trial.

Treatment	Date sampled
(L/ha)	April 2005	October 2005		April 2006
UC	2,783	4,208		2,950
DT 56	6,708	4,167		2,375
DT 28	4,825	8,075		6,075
DT 14	4,458	4,883		3,875
DT 56 + NQ 37.4	4,233	7,417		1,967
DT 56 + NQ 23.4	3,708	6,625		2,350
DT 28 + NQ 37.4	8,733	4,583		1,525
DT 28 + NQ 23.4	3,492	5,325		1,575	0.0500
DT 14 + NQ 37.4	5,625	8,050		2,200
DT 14 + NQ 23.4	8,405	2,333	0.0005^{^a}	3,150
NQ 56	4,667	4,850		4,475
NQ 37.4	2,817	6,600		2,650
NQ 23.4	3,875	5,433		1,633
NQ 12	2,517	3,175		1,583

1 Notes: Data are means of 6 replicates.

2a Figures indicate the probability of that treatment being different from the UC.

Table 7.

Effects on lesion nematode per gram of roots in San Joaquin County trial.

Treatment	Date sampled
(L/ha)	April 2005	October 2005		April 2006
UC	8		9		0
DT 56	142		9		2
DT 28	121		18		4
DT 14	203	0.02^{^a}	109		4
DT 56 + NQ 37.4	11		12		5
DT 56 + NQ 23.4	18		15		2
DT 28 + NQ 37.4	8		81		1
DT 28 + NQ 23.4	45		4		0
DT 14 + NQ 37.4	36		74		1
DT 14 + NQ 23.4	1		22		2
NQ 56	45		94		13
NQ 37.4	130	0.05	13		16
NQ 23.4	165		25		5
NQ 12	11		229	0.01	1

1 Notes: Data are means of 6 replicates.

2a Figures indicate the probability of that treatment being different from the UC.

Table 8

Effect of treatments on densities of nematodes per 1,000 cm³ soil in San Joaquin County trial.

Treatment	Ring nematode
(L/ha)	April 2005	October 2005		April 2006
UC	975	317		1,575
DT 56	1,133	7,300		2,150
DT 28	1,500	950		525
DT 14	83	1,117		900
DT 56 + NQ 37.4	583	450		2,000
DT 56 + NQ 23.4	3,283	2,500		350	0.03
DT 28 + NQ 37.4	83	300		0	0.003
DT 28 + NQ 23.4	900	1,650		1,600
DT 14 + NQ 37.4	575	1,183		825
DT 14 + NQ 23.4	63	0	0.01^{^a}	0	0.003
NQ 56	0	0	0.01	200	0.003
NQ 37.4	150	800		1,275
NQ 23.4	750	4,883		475	0.03
NQ 12	2,900	950		1,575

1 Notes: Data are means of 6 replicates.

2a Figures indicate the probability of that treatment being different from the UC.

References

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Articles in this issue

DOI: https://doi.org/10.21307/jofnem-2021-044 | Journal eISSN: 2640-396X | Journal ISSN: 0022-300X

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Language: English

Page range: 1 - 10

Published on: Apr 12, 2021

Published by: Society of Nematologists, Inc.

In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

Publication frequency: 1 issue per year

Keywords:

Biological Control,

DiTera,

Management,

Mesocriconema Xenoplax ,

Myrothecium Verrucaria ,

Nema-Q,

Nematode,

Pratylenchus Vulnus ,

Related subjects:

© 2021 B. B. Westerdahl, J. Hasey, J. Grant, L. W. Beem, published by Society of Nematologists, Inc.
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

Volume 53 (2021): Issue 1 (January 2021)