Figure 1:
Figure 2:
Figure 3:
Abundance (/250 cm3 of soil) of bacterivorous, fungivorous, and omnivorous nematodes on tomato affected by treatments in Trial II_
| Treatments | Bacterivores | Fungivores | Omnivores |
|---|---|---|---|
| Velum I | 68 ± 19cz | 90 ± 16b | 7 ± 7bc |
| Velum II | 110 ± 35bc | 77 ± 22b | 5 ± 5c |
| SH + Velum | 702 ± 122a | 563 ± 158a | 35 ± 27ab |
| SH + MoltX | 1162 ± 457a | 657 ± 194a | 62 ± 30a |
| Control | 163 ± 65b | 62 ± 17b | 43 ± 25a |
Abundance of bacterivorous, fungivorous, and omnivorous nematodes (/250 cm3 of soil) on tomato affected by treatments in Trial I_
| Treatments | Bacterivores | Fungivores | Omnivores |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2 months after planting | |||
| Velum I | 149 ± 54d | 253 ± 61b | 3 ± 3b |
| Velum II | 393 ± 90cd | 410 ± 80b | 7 ± 3b |
| SH + Velum | 2193 ± 769a | 900 ± 120a | 40 ± 30ab |
| SH + MoltX | 1623 ± 613ab | 1123 ± 185a | 220 ± 157a |
| Control | 587 ± 148bc | 293 ± 18b | 10 ± 6b |
| 3 months after planting | |||
| Velum I | 140 ± 36c | 103 ± 60b | 0 ± 0b |
| Velum II | 70 ± 25d | 127 ± 15b | 0 ± 0b |
| SH + Velum | 320 ± 76b | 407 ± 235a | 0 ± 0b |
| SH + MoltX | 817 ± 147a | 407 ± 235a | 57 ± 14a |
| Control | 370 ± 35b | 180 ± 104ab | 47 ± 27a |
Abundance (/250 cm3 of soil) of bacterivorous, fungivorous, and omnivorous nematodes on zucchini affected by treatments in Trial II_
| Bacterivores | Fungivores | Omnivores | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Treatments | 0 week | 8 weeks | ||
| Velum I | 40 ± 31bz | 353 ± 175a | 118 ± 41b | 0 ± 0a |
| Velum II | 50 ± 25b | 194 ± 95a | 95 ± 37b | 0 ± 0a |
| SH + Velum | 547 ± 115a | 510 ± 216a | 450 ± 96a | 8 ± 5a |
| SH + MoltX | 470 ± 118a | 547 ± 235a | 553 ± 113a | 13 ± 6a |
| Control | 53 ± 15b | 633 ± 111a | 87 ± 47b | 18 ± 13a |
Chlorophyll content, canopy width, fruit number, and Meloidogyne-induced root-gall index on zucchini and tomato affected by treatments in Trials I and II_
| Treatment | Chlorophyll content (SPAD) | Canopy width (cm) | Root weight (g) | Fruit no./plant | Root-gall index (0-10 scale) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (Trial) | I | II | I | II | I | II | I | II | I | II |
| Zucchini | ||||||||||
| Velum I | 36 ± 1bcz | 47 ± 2a | 87 ± 7b | 114 ± 5c | 89 ± 12b | 35 ± 4b | 50 ± 3bc | 7 ± 1ab | 3 ± 1a | 2 ± 0c |
| Velum II | 37 ± 1b | 46 ± 1a | 89 ± 8b | 118 ± 6bc | 102 ± 27ab | 31 ± 4b | 40 ± 5c | 5 ± 1bc | 3 ± 1a | 2 ± 1bc |
| SH + Velum | 44 ± 1a | 47 ± 1a | 117 ± 4a | 134 ± 3a | 155 ± 12a | 49 ± 4a | 72 ± 3a | 10 ± 1a | 4 ± 1a | 3 ± 1b |
| SH + MoltX | 42 ± 2a | 45 ± 1a | 109 ± 6a | 127 ± 6ab | 124 ± 19ab | 39 ± 4ab | 54 ± 5b | 6 ± 1bc | 4 ± 2a | 5 ± 2a |
| Control | 34 ± 2c | 44 ± 1a | 69 ± 10c | 98 ± 6d | 71 ± 40b | 35 ± 4b | 20 ± 11d | 3 ± 1c | 7 ± 0a | 5 ± 2a |
| Tomato | ||||||||||
| Chlorophyll content (SPAD) | Canopy width (cm) | Root weight (g) | Fruit weight g/plot | Root-gall index (0-10 scale) | ||||||
| Velum I | – | 44 ± 1a | – | – | 110 ± 10bc | 53 ± 9a | 3525 ± 717a | 123 ± 50a | 4 ± 1b | 2 ± 1c |
| Velum II | – | 43 ± 1ab | – | – | 95 ± 21c | 76 ± 17a | 1074 ± 471c | 101 ± 29a | 3 ± 1b | 4 ± 1b |
| SH + Velum | – | 45 ± 1a | – | – | 92 ± 3c | 87 ± 22a | 1995 ± 258b | 86 ± 32a | 2 ± 1b | 6 ± 1ab |
| SH + MoltX | – | 40 ± 1b | – | – | 153 ± 11ab | 64 ± 19a | 3460 ± 80a | 105 ± 45a | 6 ± 0ab | 7 ± 1a |
| Control | – | 43 ± 2ab | – | – | 164 ± 26a | 77 ± 17a | 1625 ± 604b | 112 ± 65a | 8 ± 0a | 8 ± 0a |
Abundance (/250 cm3 of soil) of bacterivorous, fungivorous, and omnivorous nematodes on zucchini affected by treatments Trial I_
| Treatments | Bacterivores | Fungivores | Omnivores |
|---|---|---|---|
| Velum I | 614 ± 178bz | 392 ± 226c | 21 ± 18a |
| Velum II | 827 ± 489b | 360 ± 208c | 30 ± 21a |
| SH + Velum | 1203 ± 217a | 722 ± 417ab | 23 ± 16a |
| SH + MoltX | 1538 ± 682a | 844 ± 488a | 40 ± 28a |
| Control | 871 ± 195ab | 416 ± 150bc | 23 ± 13a |
Abundance (/250 cm3 of soil) of bacterivorous nematodes on sweet potato affected by treatments in Trial III_
| Bacterivores | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Treatments | 0 week | 2 months | 3 months | 7 months | Fungivores | Omnivores |
| Velum I | 270 ± 91abz | 313 ± 55c | 137 ± 47bc | 43 ± 20b | 83 ± 29b | 1 ± 1c |
| Velum II | 310 ± 95ab | 690 ± 316bc | 117 ± 47c | 70 ± 12b | 113 ± 32b | 4 ± 4c |
| SH + Velum | 617 ± 292ab | 723 ± 20ab | 293 ± 48abc | 280 ± 86a | 693 ± 339a | 6 ± 3bc |
| SH + MoltX | 820 ± 354a | 1520 ± 525a | 803 ± 158a | 563 ± 206a | 460 ± 207a | 23 ± 8a |
| Control | 150 ± 111b | 1223 ± 308a | 350 ± 66ab | 390 ± 83a | 57 ± 12b | 19 ± 8ab |
Fluopyram and azadirachtin chemigation schedules for Trials I, II, and III_
| Chemigation schedule | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Trial I (2017) | Trial II (2018) | Trial III (2019) | |
| Treatments | Zucchini and tomato | Zucchini and tomato | Sweet potato |
| Velum I | At planting | At planting | At planting and 3 months post-planting |
| Velum II | At planting and 2 weeks post-planting | At 2 weeks post-planting | At 2 weeks and 3 months post-planting |
| SH + Velum | At 4 weeks post-planting | At 4 weeks post-planting | At 1 and 3 month(s) post-planting |
| SH + MoltX | At monthly interval | At monthly interval | At monthly interval |
| Control | Untreated bare ground | Untreated bare ground | Untreated bare ground |
Marketable and unmarketable sweet potato root number and weight affected by treatments in Trial III_
| Marketable | Unmarketable | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Treatment | Number | Weight (kg) | Number | Weight (kg) |
| Velum I | 2 ± 0az | 0.7 ± 0.2a | 2 ± 1a | 0.4 ± 0.1a |
| Velum II | 2 ± 0a | 0.8 ± 0.4a | 2 ± 1a | 0.3 ± 0.1a |
| SH + Velum | 3 ± 1a | 1.0 ± 0.3a | 3 ± 1a | 0.7 ± 0.2a |
| SH + MoltX | 1 ± 0b | 0.2 ± 0.1a | 2 ± 0a | 0.7 ± 0.3a |
| Control | 0 ± 0b | 0.1 ± 0.1b | 2 ± 0a | 0.5 ± 0.1a |