Table 1.
Pratylenchus spp. recovered from yam in Ghana and Nigeria, origin, code, host, altitude and GenBank numbers.
| Country | Region* | Districtα | Code | Species | N | Longitude (°) | Latitude (°) | Altitude (m) | HostT | D2-D3 | COI |
| Ghana | Brong Ahafo | Atebubu | Atebubu PS 1 | P. brachyurus | 1 | 0.98598 | 7.75467 | 151 | D. rotundata T | ||
| Atebubu-Amantin | Ahontor 1 | P. brachyurus | 2 | 0.96798 | 7.79126 | 139 | D. rotundata | ||||
| Tintare 2 | P. brachyurus | 2 | 0.90484 | 7.72486 | 159 | D. rotundata | |||||
| Kintampo North | Bablioduo K 1 | P. brachyurus | 3 | 1.86789 | 8.0352 | 265 | D. rotundata | ||||
| Kintampo S 1 | P. zeae§ | 6 | 1.84078 | 8.14824 | 206 | D. dumetorum | MT362906, MT362907 | MT952194, MT952195 | |||
| Northern | East Gonja | Adamupe 1 | P. brachyurus | 3 | 0.51155 | 8.49292 | 176 | D. alata | MT362896 | MT949472 | |
| Bagabaga 1 | P. brachyurus | 2 | 0.61344 | 8.55865 | 157 | D. rotundata | |||||
| Kitoe 1 | P. brachyurus | 1 | 0.49596 | 8.4655 | 189 | D. rotundata | |||||
| Tolon | Kpalsogu 2 | P. brachyurus | 7 | 1.01323 | 9.39844 | 171 | D. rotundata | ||||
| Kukuo 1 | P. brachyurus | 4 | 1.02533 | 9.41156 | 171 | D. rotundata | |||||
| Kukuo 2 | P. brachyurus | 2 | 1.02556 | 9.41114 | 170 | D. rotundata | |||||
| Kukuo 3 | P. brachyurus | 2 | 1.02556 | 9.41114 | 170 | D. rotundata | |||||
| Wala 1 | P. brachyurus | 2 | 1.24929 | 9.63993 | 124 | D. rotundata | |||||
| Country | State* | LGAα | Code | Species | N | Longitude (°) | Latitude (°) | Altitude (m) | HostT | D2-D3 | COI |
| Nigeria | Abia | Umuahia | Umudike 1 | P. brachyurus | 1 | 7.53057 | 5.48212 | 108 | D. rotundata | ||
| Umudike 2 | P. brachyurus | 2 | 7.53057 | 5.48212 | 108 | D. rotundata | |||||
| Umuahia North | Umuagu 1 | P. zeae | 1 | 7.44739 | 5.61234 | 90 | D. dumetorum | ||||
| Anambra | Anambra East | Igbariam 1 | P. brachyurus | 1 | 6.96508 | 6.30112 | 69 | D. rotundata T | |||
| Benue | Otukpo | Otukpo 1 | P. hexincisus | 12 | 8.13327 | 7.19212 | 196 | D. alata T | MT362904, KY828292 | MT951588, KY828320 | |
| Ekiti | Irepodum-Ifelodum | Araromi 1 | P. brachyurus | 2 | 5.19352 | 7.67682 | 450 | D. rotundata T | |||
| Enugu | Udi | Amoka 1 | P. brachyurus | 7 | 7.39581 | 6.55556 | 388 | D. cayenensis | |||
| Imo | Owerri | Mbaise 1 | P. brachyurus | 14 | 7.03433 | 5.48433 | 233 | D. rotundata T | MT362898, MT362899, MT362900, MT362901 | MT949474, MT949475 | |
| Kogi | Idah | Ega 1 | P. brachyurus | 1 | 6.72912 | 7.10123 | 29 | D. rotundata T | |||
| Ega 2 | P. brachyurus | 3 | 6.72912 | 7.10123 | 29 | D. rotundata T | |||||
| Ega 3 | P. brachyurus | 1 | 6.72912 | 7.10123 | 29 | D. rotundata T | |||||
| Ijumu | Okejumu 1 | P. brachyurus | 5 | 5.93338 | 7.84627 | 495 | D. rotundata T | ||||
| Nasarawa | Lafia | Rimiuka 1 | P. brachyurus | 21 | 8.51598 | 8.49365 | 175 | D. rotundata | |||
| Rimiuka 2 | P. brachyurus | 6 | 8.51598 | 8.49365 | 175 | D. rotundata T | |||||
| Nasarawa Eggon | Eggon 1 | P. brachyurus | 8 | 8.5409 | 8.71445 | 271 | D. rotundata T | MT362897 |
1§ Kintampo S1: Two species were recorded from the same sample P. brachyurus (n = 3) and P. zeae (n = 6); T:Sample from yam tuber, otherwise, sample are from rhizosphere. *State (Nigeria)/Region (Ghana); α:LGA = Local Government Area (Nigeria)/District (Ghana); T:Sample from yam tuber, otherwise, sample are from rhizosphere. §:Kintampo S 1: Two species were recorded from the same sample P. brachyurus (n = 3) and P. zeae (n = 6).
Figure 1:
Proportion of Pratylenchus spp. in the yam rhizosphere from Ghana “n = 81” (A) and Nigeria “n = 114” (B), in yam tubers “n = 400” (C) and of nematode damage symptoms on yam tubers (D)
Table 2.
Measurements of thirteen Pratylenchus brachyurus populations from Ghana. All measurements are in μm and in the form: mean ± s.d. (range).
| Sample | Atebubu PS 1 | Ahontor 1 | Tintare 2 | Bablioduo K 1 | Kintampo S 1 | Kpalsogu 2 | Kukuo 1 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | 1♀* | 2♀♀ | 2♀♀ | 3♀♀ | 3♀♀ | 7♀♀♀* | 4♀♀ |
| L | 507 | 566-543 | 518-532 | 556±16.9 (538-572) | 487±44.7 (451-537) | 470±38 (390-504) | 501±13.6 (488-520) |
| a | 16.5 | 24.0-21.0 | 18.9-21.9 | 24.4±5.4 (19.6-30.2) | 18.2±0.72 (17.4-18.7) | 16.7±2.3 (14.1-21.1) | 19.9±3.3 (15.8-22.6) |
| b | 6.2 | 4.6-4.6 | 5.3-5.7 | 5.8±0.64 (5.3-6.2) | 5.2±0.9 (4.2-5.8) | 4.7±0.21 (4.5-4.8) | 5.2±1.2 (4.2-6.9) |
| b' | 4.3 | 3.8-4.1 | 4.2-4.7 | 4.1±1.0 (3.4-5.3) | 3.7±0.74 (3.1-4.5) | 3.5±0.07 (3.4-3.5) | 4.1±0.62 (3.4-4.8) |
| C | 21.6 | 17.1-17.2 | 20.6-17.6 | 24.7±4.3 (19.9-28.3) | 16.4±1.1 (15.3-17.5) | 16.7±2.0 (14.5-19.5) | 17.4±1.3 (15.7-18.7) |
| c' | 1.5 | 2.8-1.7 | 1.6-2.0 | 1.6±0 (1.6-1.6) | 1.9±0.21 (1.7-2.1) | 1.8±0.33 (1.4-2.3) | 1.8±0.27 (1.6-2.2) |
| V% | 84.8 | 86.0-83.0 | 82.0-83.0 | 85.9±0.17 (85.7-86.0) | 85.7±0.58 (85.0-86.0) | 83.5±3.3 (77.0-88.0) | 84.3±1.5 (82-85) |
| Stylet length | 19.1 | 19.6-18.8 | 18.1-18.2 | 19.2±0.2 (19.0-19.4) | 18.3±0.12 (18.2-18.4) | 17.1±0.64 (16.6-18.4) | 19.1±0.68 (18.5-20.1) |
| Stylet knob width | 5.7 | 5.2-4.1 | 5.3-5.7 | 4.4±0 (4.4-4.4) | 4.9±0.9 (4.0-5.8) | 5.2±0.7 (4.3-6.3) | 5.2±0.51 (4.6-5.8) |
| Stylet knob height | 3.8 | 3.1-3.0 | 3.9-3.3 | 2.9±0.57 (2.5-3.3) | 3.0±0.65 (2.3-3.6) | 3.6±0.54 (2.8-4.2) | 3.5±0.35 (3.1-3.8) |
| DEGO from stylet base | 3.7 | 2.8-3.3 | 2.6-3.1 | 3.6±0.51 (3.2-4.2) | 3.8±0.64 (3.1-4.2) | 2.4±0.57 (2.0-2.8) | 2.7±0.4 (2.3-3.1) |
| Anterior end to: | |||||||
| centre of metacorpus | 53.5 | 72.4-62.5 | 50.8-48.2 | 56.7±4.9 (52.4-62.1) | 52.7±4.6 (49.2-57.9) | 51.0±6.1 (42.9-61.7) | 54.9±6.4 (47.6-63.1) |
| median bulb base | 61.5 | 80.7-69.2 | 59.2-55.8 | 63.6±3.6 (61.2-67.8) | 61.4±4.4 (57.8-66.3) | 57.2±7.2 (46.3-69.2) | 61.1±6.9 (53.4-70) |
| Cardia | 81.1 | 123-117 | 97.1-93.7 | 98.4±9.1 (92.0-105) | 94.6±12.4 (83.2-108) | 103±9.4 (96.8-110) | 101±21.6 (72.6-124) |
| end of esophageal gland end | 117 | 147-134 | 125-113 | 140±28.1 (108-160) | 135±17.5 (119-154) | 139±5.1 (135-142) | 126±22.0 (103-154) |
| secretory/excretory pore | 71.3 | 111-87.5 | 71.6-79.4 | 91.7±8.2 (85.4-101) | 72.4±3.1 (70.2-74.6) | 72.1±9.0 (56.9-79.8) | 85.5±4.1 (81.6-89.8) |
| Esophagus overlap | 51.1 | 21.6-18.3 | 27.7-18.9 | 38.3±10.0 (31.2-45.3) | 37.8±6.3 (31.6-44.2) | 39.7±0.64 (39.2-40.1) | 29.6±8.3 (24.1-41.7) |
| Max. body diam. | 30.7 | 23.6-25.8 | 27.4-24.2 | 23.4±4.7 (18.9-28.3) | 26.7±1.9 (25.3-28.8) | 28.5±3.1 (23.8-34.2) | 25.7±4.4 (22.0-30.9) |
| Vulval body diam. | 24.2 | 19.0-21.4 | 22.6-20.6 | 21.7±3.8 (18.6-25.9) | 21.4±1.2 (20.2-22.5) | 22.6±2.7 (20.4-27.3) | 21.4±1.8 (19.3-23.7) |
| Anal body diam. | 15.6 | 11.8-18.8 | 16.2-14.8 | 14.6±3.0 (12.4-18.0) | 15.6±0.61 (15.1-16.3) | 15.5±2.1 (11.8-18) | 16.1±1.6 (14.5-18.1) |
| Anterior genital | 178-169 | 167- | – | 186±79.8 (126-277) | 124±11.1 (116-132) | 86.1±23.1 (71.8-121) | |
| Spermatheca-vagina | -35.7 | 43.3- | – | 63.9±28.4 (45.9-96.6) | 37.4±9.1 (30.9-43.8) | 32±11.4 (24.6-45.2) | |
| Tail length | 23.5 | 33.1-31.6 | 25.2-30.1 | 23.0±4.3 (20.2-28.0) | 29.8±4.5 (27-35) | 28.4±3.3 (24.4-32.6) | 28.9±2.4 (26-31.7) |
| Number of tail annuli | 15 | 19.0-18.0 | 15.0-19.0 | 18.5±2.1 (17-20) | 18.0±2 (16.0-20.0) | 18.0±0.82 (17.0-19.0) | 17.3±1.7 (15-19) |
| Vulva to anus distance | 49.7 | 57.0-57.5 | 64.4-58.7 | – | 42.5±6.0 (37.7-49.2) | 45.9±7.6 (39.4-58.9) | 51.1±3.3 (47.5-55.4) |
| Post-uterine sac | 33.2 | 20.1-22.6 | 24.7-24.9 | – | 22.3±4.2 (17.6-25.7) | 21.2±4.4 (16.5-25.1) | 17.1±2.8 (13.6-19.5) |
| Lateral field width | – | 11.3-11.9 | 10.7-10.3 | – | – | – | 7.4±0.51 (6.7-7.9) |
| Sample | Kukuo 2 | Kukuo 3 | Wala 1 | Bagabaga 1 | Adamupe 1 | Kitoe 1 | |
| N | 4♀♀ | 2♀♀ | 2♀♀ | 2♀♀ | 3♀♀* | 1♀* | |
| L | 541±46.1 (501-607) | 488-541 | 516-560 | 522-516 | 549±60.1 (480-590) | 549 | |
| a | 20.3±2.6 (18.7-24.2) | 20.3- | 23.5-23.7 | 18.1-19.1 | 18.9±4.6 (15.4-24.1) | 16.0 | |
| b | 5.3±0.29 (4.9-5.6) | – | 5.0-4.8 | 5.1-5.3 | 4.9±1.8 (2.9-6.3) | 5.6 | |
| b' | 3.8±0.29 (3.5-4.1) | – | 3.9-3.9 | 4.0-4.2 | 4.1±1.5 (2.5-5.4) | 4.1 | |
| c | 17.1±2.4 (14.3-20) | 16.7-19.7 | 17.3-16.4 | 18.7-20.5 | 17.0±1.7 (15.8-19.0) | 25.1 | |
| c' | 2.0±0.19 (1.7-2.1) | 1.8-1.6 | 2.5-2.3 | 1.7-1.5 | 1.9±0.36 (1.6-2.3) | 1.5 | |
| V% | 84.5±1 (83.0-85.0) | 85.0-84.0 | 85.0-83.0 | 85.0-83.0 | 85.0±1.2 (84.2-86.4) | 85.7 | |
| Stylet length | 18.7±0.21 (18.4-18.9) | 19.3-18.2 | 19.4-20.0 | 19.3-19.8 | 18.9±0.49 (18.3-19.2) | 19.8 | |
| Stylet knob width | 5.6±0.7 (5-6.6) | 4.3-5.2 | 5.2-4.3 | 6.1-6.0 | 5.6±0.25 (5.3-5.8) | 4.9 | |
| Stylet knob height | 3.6±0.22 (3.4-3.9) | 3.7-3.9 | 3.2-3.2 | 3.7-3.7 | 3.5±0.46 (3.2-4) | 3.7 | |
| DEGO from stylet base | 3.1±0.25 (2.8-3.4) | – | 4.0-3.2 | 4.3-2.9 | 2.7±0.55 (2.1-3.1) | 3.0 | |
| Anterior end to: | |||||||
| centre of metacorpus | 58.1±4.8 (53.2-62.6) | 52.1-55.7 | 62.4-61.6 | 55.6-53.0 | 62.5±0.98 (61.4-63.3) | 61.2 | |
| median bulb base | 65.9±4.8 (61.6-71.2) | 57.2-61.4 | 71.3-72.1 | 64.8-61.2 | 70.6±0.57 (70.1-71.2) | 67.3 | |
| Cardia | 102±7.0 (92.5-108) | – | 104-116 | 102-96.7 | 121±37.6 (91.3-164) | 97.6 | |
| end of esophageal gland end | 142±9.3 (129-150) | – | 133-144 | 130-122 | 144±42.5 (108-191) | 133 | |
| secretory/excretory pore | 87.6±7.5 (78.1-96.3) | – | 99.9-89.9 | 81.0-70.6 | 90.5±10.7 (79.3-101) | ||
| Esophagus overlap | 36.2±3.8 (31.1-39.5) | – | 35.9-38.4 | 39.0-29.9 | 25.3±9.4 (18.0-35.9) | 38.0 | |
| Max. body diam. | 27.1±4.9 (20.7-32.4) | 24.0- | 21.9-23.6 | 28.8-27 | 29.7±4.7 (24.5-33.5) | 34.2 | |
| Vulval body diam. | 21.9±2.6 (18.5-24.9) | 20.1-22.3 | 18.1-20.7 | 22.2-22.8 | 24.4±3.0 (21.0-26.4) | 20.6 | |
| Anal body diam. | 16.4±1.2 (14.8-17.5) | 16.2-17.6 | 12.0-15.1 | 16.6-16.8 | 17.3±1.2 (16.4-18.6) | 14.9 | |
| Anterior genital | 180±42.2 (133-234) | – | – | 219-210 | 193±90.6 (129-257) | ||
| Spermatheca-vagina | 49.4±14.3 (37.9-65.4) | – | – | 38.3-42.0 | – | ||
| Tail length | 31.9±3.1 (29.8-36.5) | 29.2-27.4 | 29.8-34 | 27.9-25.2 | 32.5±4.3 (29.6-37.4) | 21.9 | |
| Number of tail annuli | 18.5±2.4 (16.0-21.0) | 16.0-15.0 | 18.0-16.0 | 17.0-16.0 | 21.7±3.2 (18.0-24.0) | ||
| Vulva to anus distance | 52.8±6.7 (43.0-58.2) | 44.4-51.7 | 48.1-59.1 | 54.3-55.7 | 49.9±9.7 (42.8-61) | 51.5 | |
| Post-uterine sac | 21.1±1.9 (19.7-23.9) | – | 18.1-19.2 | 31.5-23.9 | 18.9±1.7 (17.2-20.5) | 49.5 | |
| Lateral field width | 10.2±0.71 (9.6-11.0) | – | – | 11.8-10.6 | 11.5±1.8 (10.2-12.7) | ||
Table 3.
Measurements of thirteen Pratylenchus brachyurus populations from Nigeria.
| Sample | Igbariam 1 | Araromi 1 | Okejumu 1 | Ega 1 | Ega 2 | Ega 3 | Rimiuka 2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | 1♀ | 2♀♀ | 5♀♀ | 1♀ | 3♀♀ | 1♀ | 6♀♀ |
| L | 461 | 563–584 | 493±55.9 (435–563) | 470 | 472±33.9 (445–510) | 536 | 545±30.2 (507–579) |
| a | 15.7 | 22.6–19.3 | 16.6±0.72 (15.7–17.4) | 16.6 | 18.0±3.1 (15.0–21.2) | 21.0 | 19.8±1.5 (18.6–22.7) |
| b | – | – | – | – | |||
| b’ | 3.8 | 3.9–3.9 | 3.7±0.59 (2.9–4.2) | 3.3 | – | 5.0 | 4.2±0.22 (3.9–4.4) |
| C | 21.8 | 20.1–17.3 | 19.8±4.7 (15.0–26.6) | 22.0 | 19.6±6.1 (14.3–26.3) | 21.7 | 24.1±5.6 (19.6–34.9) |
| c’ | 1.5 | 1.7–1.9 | 1.5±0.34 (0.93–1.8) | 1.6 | 1.9±0.47 (1.5–2.4) | 1.7 | 1.6±0.21 (1.2–1.8) |
| V% | 85.0 | 87.0–85.0 | 85.6±1.1 (84.0–87.0) | 85.0 | 84.7±0.58 (84–85) | 86.0 | 84.7±1.2 (83–86) |
| Stylet length | 17.1 | 20.4–20.4 | 18.9±0.63 (18.0–19.6) | 19.4 | 19.3±0.64 (18.6–19.7) | 19.1 | 18.6±0.44 (18.1–19.1) |
| Stylet knob width | 4.2 | 5.8–5.8 | 5.0±0.78 (3.8–5.9) | 4.7 | 4.9±0.51 (4.3–5.3) | 5.2±0.54 (4.4–5.8) | |
| Stylet knob height | 3.4 | 3.8–4.0 | 3.1±0.51 (2.5–3.7) | 2.9 | 3.1±0.0 (3.1–3.1) | 3.3±0.21 (3.1–3.6) | |
| DEGO from stylet base | 2.8–2.9 | 2.9±0.24 (2.6–3.1) | 3.3 | – | 2.7±0.99 (2–3.4) | ||
| Anterior end to: | |||||||
| centre of metacorpus | 52.4 | 61.5–64.2 | 61.9±11.1 (47.3–74.1) | 58.0 | 52.2±3.6 (48.4–55.6) | 54.6 | 58.8±7.3 (51.2–69.3) |
| median bulb base | 58.2 | 71.3–72.7 | 69.9±10.6 (56.7–81.8) | 66.8 | 59.1±3.6 (55.6–62.8) | 62.0 | 66.4±6.7 (58–75.6) |
| cardia | – | – | – | – | |||
| end of esophageal gland end | 120 | 146–151 | 135±18.4 (110–150) | 144 | – | 107 | 132±8.6 (123–143) |
| secretory/excretory pore | 63.9 | 97.0–98.1 | 89.3±12.1 (77.3–110) | 87.5 | 79.6±5.9 (75.4–83.8) | 81.3 | 90.6±10.0 (84.1–111) |
| Esophagus overlap | 21.1 | 35.5–38.6 | 36.4±4.8 (32.9–43.2) | 31.1 | – | 21.8 | 28.9±4.3 (23–32.9) |
| Max. body diam. | 29.3 | 24.9–30.2 | 28.7±1.6 (27.4–30.9) | 28.3 | 26.6±4.3 (21.7–29.6) | 25.5 | 27.7±1.5 (25.5–29.2) |
| Vulval body diam. | 21.5 | 22.1–24.1 | 23.4±1.5 (21–24.7) | 21.3 | 20.8±3.7 (16.6–23.5) | 20.6 | 22.9±1.2 (21.3–24.6) |
| Anal body diam. | 13.7 | 16.6–17.8 | 18.0±2.9 (15.6–22.8) | 13.5 | 13.6±2.5 (11.3–16.3) | 14.8 | 14.7±0.9 (13.4–15.8) |
| Anterior genital | – | – | – | – | |||
| Spermatheca-vagina | – | – | – | – | |||
| Tail length | 21.1 | 28.0–33.8 | 25.6±4.3 (21.2–32.2) | 21.3 | 25.8±7.9 (16.9–32.2) | 24.7 | 23.4±3.7 (16.1–25.9) |
| Number of tail annuli | – | – | – | – | |||
| Vulva to anus distance | 42.7 | 47.0–53.8 | 44.3±6.5 (39.2–53.5) | 49.2 | 48.8±9.8 (37.6–55.9) | 47.4 | 59.1±8.6 (49.0–72.7) |
| Post-uterine sac | 20.9–20.2 | 18.0±1.6 (16.4–19.9) | 19.9 | – | 16.6±2.8 (14.6–18.6) | ||
| Lateral field width | – | – | – | – | |||
| Sample | Eggon 1 | Umudike 1 | Umudike 2 | Amoka 1 | Rimiuka 1 | Mbaise 1 | |
| N | 4♀♀* | 4♀♀ | 1♀ | 2♀♀ | 7♀♀ | 21♀♀ | 14♀♀ |
| L | 568 ± 57 (515–648) | 578±56.1 (519–648) | 486 | 551–599 | 591±42.5 (556–679) | 509±84.1 (394–641) | 569±31.4 (510–613) |
| a | 20.7±3.8 (18.6–26.3) | 18.7±1.4 (17.4–20.6) | 15.6 | 23.4–24.0 | 21.7±2.5 (18.3–24.7) | 20.3±2.9 (16.0–24.8) | 22.6±2.8 (17.0–27.0) |
| b | – | – | 3.0 | 4.7–4.8 | 5.0±0.6 (4.3–5.8) | – | 7.5±0.93 (6.3–8.8) |
| b’ | – | 4.8±0.57 (4.1–5.5) | 2.5 | 4.4–4.3 | 4.0±0.48 (3.3–4.5) | 3.5±0.52 (2.7–4.5) | 4.4±0.59 (3.6–5.5) |
| C | 25.1±9.3 (19.5–39) | 23.6±2.2 (21.3–25.5) | 16.4 | 26.2–20.6 | 20.4±6.3 (15.8–34.1) | 18.7±3.0 (13.4–24.4) | 19.8±1.6 (17.9–23.2) |
| c’ | 1.6±0.33 (1.2–2.0) | 1.5±0.13 (1.3–1.6) | 1.8 | 1.3–1.8 | 1.9±0.21 (1.6–2.3) | 1.7±0.18 (1.5–2.1) | 2.0±0.37 (1.5–2.5) |
| V% | 85.5±0.58 (85.0–86.0) | 85.0±0.82 (84.0–86.0) | 83.6 | 86.0–84.0 | 85.6±0.53 (85.0–86.0) | 84.9±1.7 (81.0–87.0) | 84.6±1 (82–86) |
| Stylet length | 17.8±1.0 (16.3–18.4) | 18.8±0.57 (18.3–19.6) | 19.1 | 20.5–18.5 | 19.1±0.6 (18.3–20.1) | 19.4±1.0 (17.2–20.9) | 18.9±0.69 (17.8–19.8) |
| Stylet knob width | 5.3±0.49 (4.7–5.6) | 4.8±0.46 (4.1–5.1) | 5.6 | 5.1–5.5 | 5.6±0.28 (5.0–5.8) | 5.0±0.46 (4.1–6.0) | 5.1±0.52 (4.3–5.7) |
| Stylet knob height | 3.4±0.21 (3.2–3.6) | 3.6±0.18 (3.4–3.8) | 4.0 | 3.4–3.4 | 3.9±0.45 (3.2–4.5) | 3.0±0.52 (2.0–3.7) | 3.5±0.46 (2.8–4.6) |
| DEGO from stylet base | 3.6±0.49 (3.2–3.9) | 3.0±0.45 (2.6–3.6) | 2.1 | 2.4–3.3 | 3.2±0.56 (2.4–3.9) | 3.2±0.51 (2.4–4.2) | 3.0±0.47 (2.3–3.7) |
| Anterior end to: | |||||||
| centre of metacorpus | 58.0±7.1 (50.6–67.0) | 59.4±5.3 (55.7–67) | 63.3 | 58.9–61.3 | 62.9±1.5 (60.0–65.2) | 64.0±4.7 (54–72.6) | 61.7±5.1 (55.5–72.9) |
| median bulb base | 66.0±8.0 (57.4–76.5) | 67.8±5.9 (63.2–75.9) | 71.2 | 66.2–69.0 | 70.7±1.7 (68.7–73.8) | 72.4±4.2 (62.2–78.4) | 70.5±4.7 (65.1–81.3) |
| Cardia | – | – | 164 | 118–125 | 120±9.5 (104–131) | – | 78.2±9.1 (68.9–91.3) |
| end of esophageal gland end | – | 122±4.7 (117–127) | 191 | 127–139 | 149±11.4 (134–167) | 148±17.1 (113–181) | 130±15.3 (103–149) |
| secretory/excretory pore | 102±3.5 (98.8–106) | 84.4±13.7 (74.2–100) | 91.5 | 87.1–98.9 | 96.4±5.5 (89.3–102) | 96.9±10.3 (82.8–128) | 93.6±11.6 (76.5–114) |
| Esophagus overlap | 29.2±1.9 (27.8–30.5) | 27.5±2.5 (24.1–29.5) | 35.9 | 40.9–18.8 | 26.8±7.8 (17.6–39.6) | 37.9±9.5 (12.6–50.6) | 30.0±8.7 (14.6–45.9) |
| Max. body diam. | 27.8±2.5 (24.6–30.1) | 31.0±2.5 (28.3–34.2) | 31.1 | 23.5–24.9 | 27.5±2.6 (24.5–31.2) | 25.3±3.5 (21.6–33.4) | 25.7±4.3 (21.8–34.2) |
| Vulval body diam. | 23.4±1.6 (21.4–25.2) | 24.2±1.6 (22.4–26) | 25.9 | 20.2–19.4 | 23.1±2.3 (20.3–26.3) | 22.1±2.8 (17.4–28.0) | 20.7±3.5 (16.6–28.2) |
| Anal body diam. | 15.9±3.4 (11.4–18.6) | 16.7±1.2 (15.8–18.4) | 16.9 | 16.0–16.6 | 16.0±3.2 (10.0–19.5) | 16.0±1.8 (12.6–18.7) | 14.8±2.6 (11.2–19.3) |
| Anterior genital | – | – | 129 | 141–198 | 166±66.1 (84.3–243) | – | 206±43.6 (162–261) |
| Spermatheca-vagina | – | – | 24.2 | 37.5–39.4 | 37.5±16.2 (20.1–55.0) | – | 51.1±25.7 (17.1–77.6) |
| Tail length | 24.7±7.7 (13.2–29.7) | 24.5±2.2 (21.6–26.7) | 29.6 | 21.0–29.1 | 30.6±6.9 (17.7–37.4) | 27.3±2.2 (23.1–32) | 28.8±2.5 (25–32.1) |
| Number of tail annuli | – | – | 18.0 | 16.0– | 21.9±1.5 (20.0–24.0) | – | 23.8±2.2 (21–27) |
| Vulva to anus distance | 60.0±7.8 (50.3–66.9) | 57.7±8.8 (51.2–70.7) | 45.9 | 60.9–65.7 | 52.9±11.4 (42.8–73.2) | 48.5±9.1 (25.9–62.9) | 58.9±3.7 (54.2–66.7) |
| Post-uterine sac | – | 19.5±2.9 (16.2–21.5) | 19.1 | 12.3–14.2 | 19.9±3.0 (17.2–25.1) | 18.9±4.7 (14.3–34.9) | 19.8±1.8 (16.1–22.8) |
| Lateral field width | – | – | 12.7 | 8.4–7.7 | 9.4±1.6 (7–10.8) | – | 7.3±1.1 (6.1–8.1) |
Figure 2:
Pratylenchus brachyurus. Light micrographs of Female: A: Entire body; B: Esophageal region; C: Spermatheca with sperm cells; D: Posterior end of gravid female; E: Tail end; F: Lateral field at mid body; G: Vulva; H: Tail; (scale bars: B-H = 10 μm; A = 100 μm).
Figure 3:
Morphological variations in Pratylenchus brachyurus. A-F: Anterior regions (A-F); Lateral field at mid body (G-J); Tail region (K-Q); and Tail end (R-Y); (scale bars: 10 μm).
Table 4.
Measurements of a Pratylenchus hexincisus population from Nigeria.
| Sample | Otukpo 1 | |
|---|---|---|
| n | 5♀♀* | 7♀♀ |
| L | 503±99 (367–625) | 427±34.7 (382–492) |
| a | 18.4±3.1 (16.4–22) | 22.4±1.4 (20.8–24.6) |
| b | – | 6.1±0.52 (5.6–7) |
| b’ | – | 4.4±0.71 (3.8–5.6) |
| c | 15.9±3.5 (13.5–19.9) | 12.8±1.9 (10.8–15.7) |
| c’ | 2.4±0.31 (2.1–2.7) | 2.6±0.42 (2.2–3.4) |
| V% | 75.7±1.6 (74.1–78) | 74.9±1.8 (72.6–78) |
| Stylet length | 13.9±0.43 (13.6–14.5) | 14.9±1.6 (11.8–16.1) |
| Stylet knob width | 4.3±0.27 (3.9–4.5) | 2.1±0.19 (2.0–2.4) |
| Stylet knob height | 2.6±0.28 (2.3–2.9) | 2.4±0.21 (2.2–2.6) |
| DEGO from stylet base | 3.3±0.34 (2.8–3.6) | 4.4±0.87 (3.8–5.4) |
| Anterior end to: | ||
| centre of metacorpus | 50.0±4.1 (46.8–57.0) | 45.5±5.8 (36.0–50.7) |
| median bulb base | 57.4±3.6 (54.4–63.5) | 54.3±4.3 (48.5–58.8) |
| cardia | – | 70.6±7.5 (59.2–81.1) |
| end of esophageal gland end | – | 101±17.2 (74.4–124) |
| secretory/excretory pore | – | 54.7±3.9 (50.0–59.2) |
| Esophagus overlap | – | – |
| Max. body diam. | 24.3±2.2 (22.3–26.6) | 19.2±1.7 (17.4–22.4) |
| Vulval body diam. | – | 20.9±4.8 (17.4–30.3) |
| Anal body diam. | 14.6±0.51 (14–15.2) | 13.1±1.8 (11.0–15.2) |
| Anterior genital | – | 93.7±17.5 (81.3–106) |
| Spermatheca-vagina | – | – |
| Tail length | 36.1±4.1 (31.4–39.0) | 34.0±4.7 (28.8–39.7) |
| Number of tail annuli | – | 24.0±2.8 (22.0–26.0) |
| Vulva to anus distance | – | – |
| Post-uterine sac | – | – |
| Lateral field width | – | 7.0±0.28 (6.8–7.2) |
Figure 4:
Light micrographs of female Pratylenchus hexincisus. A: Anterior end; B: Entire body; C: Head; D-E: Reproductive track; F-G: Lateral field at mid body; H-I: Tail; (scale bars: A, C-I = 10 μm; B = 100 μm).
Table 5.
Measurements of two Pratylenchus zeae populations from Ghana and Nigeria.
| Sample | Umuagu 1 | Kintampo S 1 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| n | 1♀ | 2♀♀* | 4♀♀ |
| L | 382 | 381–561 | 433±36.9 (403–483) |
| a | 23.1 | 17.5–17.4 | 19.9±2.7 (17.1–23.5) |
| b | – | 4.5±0.36 (4.0–4.8) | |
| b’ | – | 4.5±1.3 (3.2–6.3) | |
| c | 28.7 | 15.6–21.7 | 17.6±2.1 (14.7–19.7) |
| c’ | 1.8 | 1.8–1.7 | 2.0±0.24 (1.6–2.1) |
| V% | 70.3 | 70.0–70.8 | 71.8±1.1 (70.7–73.2) |
| Stylet length | 15.7 | 14.6–14.7 | 15.9±0.95 (14.6–16.9) |
| Stylet knob width | 4.9–4.7 | 4.1±0.4 (3.7–4.4) | |
| Stylet knob height | 2.9–3.3 | 2.4±0.29 (2.1–2.7) | |
| DEGO from stylet base | 3.5 | – | 2.9±0.21 (2.6–3.1) |
| Anterior end to: | |||
| centre of metacorpus | 44.1 | 47.4– | 50.3±3.1 (47.3–53.7) |
| median bulb base | 55.9– | 57.6±3.3 (53.9–60.7) | |
| cardia | – | 95.7±8.3 (84.2–103) | |
| end of esophageal gland end | 116 | – | 101±24.1 (69.6–126) |
| secretory/excretory pore | 69.1 | 72.0– | 71.1±7.9 (64.8–82.6) |
| Esophagus overlap | 21.4–23.9 | 22.3±4.3 (17.1–26.5) | |
| Max. body diam. | 16.5 | 21.8–32.3 | 21.9±1.4 (20.5–23.8) |
| Vulval body diam. | 15.3 | 20.8–24.2 | 19.6±1.2 (18.3–20.7) |
| Anal body diam. | 7.2 | 13.3–15.0 | 12.9±0.89 (12.0–14.1) |
| Anterior genital | – | 159±27.5 (121–183) | |
| Spermatheca-vagina | – | 36.3±3.5 (31.6–40.2) | |
| Tail length | 13.3 | 24.5–25.9 | 24.8±3.2 (20.4–27.7) |
| Number of tail annuli | – | 19.3±1.5 (18.0–21.0) | |
| Vulva to anus distance | 110 | 93.2–149 | 94.2±7.4 (85.6–103) |
| Post-uterine sac | 25.8 | 19.6–30.4 | 21.5±5.3 (15.3–26.5) |
| Lateral field width | – | 7.9±1.2 (6.5–9.3) | |
Figure 5:
Light micrographs of female Pratylenchus zeae. A: Entire body; B: Anterior region; C: Head; D: esophageal region; E-F: Lateral field at mid body; G-H: Reproductive tract showing small round spermatheca; I-K: Tail; (scale bars: B-K, = 10 μm; A = 100 μm).
Figure 6:
Bayesian 50% majority rule consensus tree from four runs as inferred from analysis of the D2-D3 of 28 S rRNA gene sequence alignment under the GTR + I + G model. (-lnL = 11091.5259; AIC = 22563.051780; freqA = 0.1873; freqC = 0.2354; freqG = 0.3250; freqT = 0.2523; R(a) = 1.0893; R(b) = 3.9431; R(c) = 2.1703; R(d) = 0.4799; R(e) = 5.3436; R(f) = 1.0000; p-inv = 0.3210; gamma shape = 0.8480). Posterior probability values exceeding 50% are given on appropriate clades). New sequences are indicated by bold font.
Figure 7:
Bayesian 50% majority rule consensus tree from four runs as inferred from analysis of the COI mtDNA gene sequence alignment under the GTR + I + G model. (-lnL = 6250.9879; AIC = 12821.975780; freqA = 0.2952; freqC = 0.0915; freqG = 0.1808; freqT = 0.4325; R(a) = 0.1894; R(b) = 6.2295; R(c) = 1.8356; R(d) = 5.2302; R(e) = 5.3626; R(f) = 1.0000; p-inv = 0.2340; gamma shape = 0.6370). Posterior probability values exceeding 50% are given on appropriate clades). Original sequences are indicated by bold font.