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Molecular identification of Bursaphelenchus cocophilus associated to oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) crops in Tibu (North Santander, Colombia)

Journal of Nematology
Volume 52 (2020): Issue 1 (January 2020)
By:
Open Access
|Nov 2020

Figures & Tables

Figure 1:

Foliar symptoms caused by Bursaphelenchus cocophilus, causal agent of red ring disease on oil palm. A: General aspect of diseased oil palm and some chlorosis on upper leaves. B: Thin leaflets and leaf chlorosis of the upper third. C: Shortening of young leaves. D-F: Progressive collapse of chlorotic leaves and leaf rotting.
Foliar symptoms caused by Bursaphelenchus cocophilus, causal agent of red ring disease on oil palm. A: General aspect of diseased oil palm and some chlorosis on upper leaves. B: Thin leaflets and leaf chlorosis of the upper third. C: Shortening of young leaves. D-F: Progressive collapse of chlorotic leaves and leaf rotting.

Figure 2:

Symptoms caused by Bursaphelenchus cocophilus, the red ring nematode, in oil palm production in Colombia. A: Final piece of stem tissue from symptomatic and advance zone of the lesion. B: Small necrotic dots that form a discontinuous ring. C, D: Continuous necrotic area forming a ring of reddish brown color. E-G: Symptoms at the base of petioles of leaves.
Symptoms caused by Bursaphelenchus cocophilus, the red ring nematode, in oil palm production in Colombia. A: Final piece of stem tissue from symptomatic and advance zone of the lesion. B: Small necrotic dots that form a discontinuous ring. C, D: Continuous necrotic area forming a ring of reddish brown color. E-G: Symptoms at the base of petioles of leaves.

Figure 3:

Microphotographs Bursaphelenchus cocophilus. A, B: Previous segment observed estomatostilet and male tail detail. Scale bar = 20 µm. C: Long slim male of Bursaphelenchus cocophilus. Scale bar = 100 µm.
Microphotographs Bursaphelenchus cocophilus. A, B: Previous segment observed estomatostilet and male tail detail. Scale bar = 20 µm. C: Long slim male of Bursaphelenchus cocophilus. Scale bar = 100 µm.

Figure 4:

Phylogenetic tree obtained by the statistical method of maximum likelihood based on the general time reversible (GTR) model of the consensus sequences of the D2-D3 partial segment of some species of the genus Bursaphelechus. The sequences of this work are indicated in bold. The numbers on the nodes indicate bootstrap values >70%. The species Aphelenchoides besseyi (AY508109.1) is included as outgroup.
Phylogenetic tree obtained by the statistical method of maximum likelihood based on the general time reversible (GTR) model of the consensus sequences of the D2-D3 partial segment of some species of the genus Bursaphelechus. The sequences of this work are indicated in bold. The numbers on the nodes indicate bootstrap values >70%. The species Aphelenchoides besseyi (AY508109.1) is included as outgroup.

Population of Bursaphelenchus cocophilus according to sampling and extraction method_

Extraction method (Decantation)Sampling method
With facial paperWithout facial paperPalms knocked downPalms standing (Drill)
Maximum Population1,295720X
Maximum population25 X
Absolute density150150X
Absolute density0.864 X
Absolute frequency58.871.4X
Absolute frequency42.985.7 X

Average number of nematodes (Bursaphelenchus cocophilus) in five grams of fresh tissue from different plant organs according to extraction and sampling method_

Extraction method (Decantation)Sampling method
Tissue classWith facial paperWithout facial paperPalms knocked downPalms standing (Drill)
Peduncle108X
Petiolar Base16501X
Spear leaf base50X
Inflorescences110–X
Stem46951X
Stem1 4 X

Morphometric data of males of a B_ cocophilus population characterized in the present study and others of reference populations

Locality/PublicationTibu-North Santander, Colombia oil palm (Present study) n=12Brazil Coconut Red Ring Disease After (Lordello and Zamith, 1954) n=5Trinidad coconut Red Ring Disease (Basil, 1960) n=10Venezuela oil palm Red Ring Disease (Gerber et al., 1989) n=10Venezuela oil palm Little leaf (Gerber et al., 1989) n=10
Body length964.67±70.07 (807.09-1062.67)820-14201020 (840-1160)1017±77 (841-1111)866±71 (789-965)
a 83.89±10.68 (69.53-99.78)92-143120 (100-179)129.7±13.3 (113.8-150.0)99.3±11.8 (78.9-116.1)
c 29.33±1.72 (27.02-32.25)22-4728 (24-35)26.1±2.2 (22.5-29.2)22.4±2.8 (18.8-26.5)
c′ 3.70±0.31 (3.19-4.31)––5.6±0.5 (4.8-6.4)5.4±0.8 (4.7-6.8)
T 96.58±0.20 (96.30-96.90)––––
Max. Body diam.11.62±1.34 (9.97-14.22)––8±1.0 (7.0-9.0)9.0±1.0 (7.0-10.0)
Stylet10.90±0.88 (9.07-12.12)10.7-13.812-1311±1.0 (11-12)12.0±1.0 (11.0-12.0)
Lip region width4.61±0.52 (3.81-5.22)–5.5––
Lip region height3.13±0.43 (2.43-365)–3.0––
Median bulb length12.16±0.79 (10.75-13.04)––––
Median bulb diam.5.99±0.84 (4.66-7.64)––––
Tail length32.83±2.35 (28.94-37.90)––39.0±4.0 (32.0-46.0)39.0±4.0 (33.0-46.0)
Cloacal or anal body diam.8.90±0.71 (7.75-10.16)––7.0±1.0 (5.0-8.0)7.0±1.0 (6.0-9.0)
Spicule length15.21±1.41 (13.29-17.32)––12.0±1.0 (11.0-13.0)11±1.0 (10.0-13.0)

Information of partial sequences D2-D3 of ribosomal DNA downloaded from GenBank and obtained in the present study for Bursaphelenchus_

IsolateSpecies nameLocationPlant-hostInsect hostGenBank accession numberReference or source
1 B. cocophilus Tibu, Norte de Santander, Colombia Elaeis guineensis R. palmarum MN612640Present study
2 B. cocophilus Tibu, Norte de Santander, Colombia Elaeis guineensis R. palmarum MN612641Present study
3 B. cocophilus Tibu, Norte de Santander, Colombia Elaeis guineensis R. palmarum MN612642Present study
4 B. cocophilus Tibu, Norte de Santander, Colombia Elaeis guineensis R. palmarum MN612643Present study
136 B. abruptus USANone Anthophora abrupta AY508073 Ye et al. (2007)
137 B. abietinus Austria Pityokteines vorontzowi Abies alba AY508074 Ye et al. (2007)
170 B. anatolius Turkey Halictus sp.NoneAY508093 Ye et al. (2007)
S12 B. cocophilus Brazil Cocos nucifera R. palmarum KT156772 Silva et al. (2016)
NT25 B. cocophilus Colombia Cocos nucifera R. palmarum KT156775 Silva et al. (2016)
NT26 B. cocophilus Colombia Cocos nucifera R. palmarum KT156776 Silva et al. (2016)
153 B. fungivorus GermanyGreenhouse soilUnknownAY508082 Ye et al. (2007)
154 B. hellenicus Greece Tomicus piniperda Pinus brutia AY508083 Ye et al. (2007)
168 B. mucronatus Germany Picea abies Monochamus galloprovincialis AY508091 Ye et al. (2007)
173 B. poligraphi Germany Picea abies Polygraphus poligraphus AY508096 Ye et al. (2007)
171 B. platzeri USANone Carpohilus humeralis AY508094 Ye et al. (2007)
174 B. seani USANone Anthophora bomboides AY508097 Ye et al. (2007)
176 B. seani USANone Anthophora bomboides AY508099 Ye et al. (2007)
180 B. sexdentati Italy Pinus pinaster UnknowAY508103 Ye et al. (2007)
1057 J B. taphrorychi Poland Fagus sylvatica Taphrorychus bicolor MF422699 Tomalak et al. (2017)
98 Aphelenchoides besseyi USA Fragaria ananassa –AY508109 Ye et al. (2007)
DOI: https://doi.org/10.21307/jofnem-2020-117 | Journal eISSN: 2640-396X | Journal ISSN: 0022-300X
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Language: English
Page range: 1 - 12
Published on: Nov 30, 2020
Published by: Society of Nematologists, Inc.
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 1 times per year
Keywords:
Diagnostic,
Molecular biology,
Phylogenetic analysis
Related subjects:
Life sciences,
Life sciences, other

© 2020 Greicy Andrea Sarria, Donald Riascos-Ortiz, Hector Camilo Medina, Yuri Mestizo, Gerardo Lizarazo, Francia Varón De Agudelo, published by Society of Nematologists, Inc.
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

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