Figure 1:
Map of Fiji Islands.
Figure 2:
Map of Viti Levu showing sites where entomopathogenic nematodes were found.
Figure 3:
Maximum parsimony tree inferred from sequence of ITS rDNA regions in 17 known Heterorhabditis species and native isolates of Heterorhabditis spp., with C. elegans as out group. Numbers at the nodes represent bootstrap values.
Table 2.
Comparative table of morphometric of hermaphroditic females, females, males and infective juvenile of the native isolates RATA, SSSX and DUNF from Viti Levu and hermaphroditic females, females, males and infective juvenile of H. indica (in μm, mean ± SD, and range in parenthesis).
Table 3.
Occurrence of entomopathogenic nematodes in different province and habitat types.
| Categories | Total samples | Positive samples | Recovery frequency (%) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Province | |||
| Ba | 154 | 7 | 4.5 |
| Nadroga-Navosa | 99 | 18 | 18.2 |
| Naitisiri | 43 | 1 | 2.3 |
| Namosi | 19 | 0 | 0 |
| Ra | 65 | 8 | 12.3 |
| Rewa | 33 | 0 | 0 |
| Serua | 27 | 1 | 3.7 |
| Tailevu | 38 | 0 | 0 |
| Habitat type | |||
| Coastline/Dunes | 40 | 10 | 25 |
| Farm | 71 | 2 | 2.81 |
| Forest | 125 | 2 | 1.6 |
| Gardens/Park | 10 | 0 | 0 |
| Grassland | 136 | 7 | 5.14 |
| Riverside | 79 | 12 | 15.1 |
| Roadside verge | 17 | 2 | 11.7 |
Table 4.
Occurrence of H. indica in Viti Levu with different soil physical & chemical parameters.
| Categories | Total samples | Positive samples | Recovery frequency (%) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sand content (%) | |||
| <30 | 142 | 0 | 0 |
| 30-45 | 132 | 1 | 0.75 |
| 45-60 | 87 | 5 | 5.7 |
| 60-75 | 67 | 15 | 22.3 |
| 75-90 | 41 | 8 | 19.5 |
| >90 | 9 | 6 | 66.6 |
| Silt content (%) | |||
| <20 | 177 | 26 | 14.6 |
| 20-30 | 150 | 7 | 4.6 |
| 30-40 | 92 | 0 | 0 |
| 40-50 | 43 | 2 | 4.6 |
| 50-60 | 12 | 0 | 0 |
| >60 | 4 | 0 | 0 |
| Clay content (%) | |||
| <20 | 126 | 31 | 24.6 |
| 20-30 | 114 | 4 | 3.5 |
| 30-40 | 137 | 0 | 0 |
| 40-50 | 60 | 0 | 0 |
| 50-60 | 29 | 0 | 0 |
| 60-70 | 11 | 0 | 0 |
| >70 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Soil texture | |||
| Clay | 96 | 0 | 0 |
| Clay loam | 124 | 0 | 0 |
| Fine sand | 12 | 7 | 58.3 |
| Loam | 27 | 1 | 3.7 |
| Loamy fine sand | 25 | 6 | 24 |
| Sandy clay | 9 | 0 | 0 |
| Sandy clay loam | 83 | 5 | 6 |
| Sandy loam | 69 | 16 | 23.2 |
| Silt loam | 10 | 0 | 0 |
| Silty clay | 12 | 0 | 0 |
| Silty clay loam | 11 | 0 | 0 |
| Soil pH | |||
| 4.0-4.5 | 7 | 0 | 0 |
| 4.5-5.0 | 22 | 0 | 0 |
| 5.0-5.5 | 58 | 1 | 1.74 |
| 5.5-6.0 | 104 | 5 | 4.8 |
| 6.0-6.5 | 153 | 19 | 12.4 |
| 6.5-7.0 | 89 | 9 | 10.11 |
| 7.0-7.5 | 37 | 1 | 2.7 |
| >7.5 | 8 | 0 | 0 |
| Soil organic content | |||
| <3% | 236 | 22 | 9.3 |
| 3-5% | 156 | 7 | 4.4 |
| 5-7% | 73 | 2 | 2.7 |
| 7-9% | 9 | 2 | 22.2 |
| >9% | 4 | 2 | 50 |
| Soil moisture | |||
| 3-6% | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| 6-9% | 11 | 0 | 0 |
| 9-12% | 189 | 15 | 7.9 |
| 12-15% | 154 | 10 | 6.4 |
| 15-18% | 76 | 5 | 6.5 |
| 18-21% | 36 | 3 | 8.3 |
| >21% | 11 | 2 | 18.1 |
| Soil temperature | |||
| <26°C | 68 | 3 | 4.41 |
| 26-27°C | 78 | 4 | 5.12 |
| 27-28°C | 78 | 5 | 6.41 |
| 28-29°C | 80 | 7 | 8.7 |
| 29-30°C | 66 | 5 | 7.5 |
| 30-31°C | 62 | 11 | 17.7 |
| >31°C | 46 | 0 | 0 |
Table 5.
Distribution of H. indica in Viti Levu at different environmental variables.
| Categories | Total samples | Positive samples | Recovery frequency (%)a |
|---|---|---|---|
| Climatic zone | |||
| Leeward | 255 | 26 | 10.1 |
| Windward | 223 | 9 | 4.0 |
| Mean annual rainfall (mm) | |||
| <2,300 | 218 | 24 | 11 |
| 2,300-2,900 | 99 | 9 | 9 |
| 2,900-3,500 | 91 | 1 | 1 |
| 3,500-4,100 | 52 | 1 | 1.9 |
| >4,100 | 18 | 0 | 0 |
| Av annual max air temp (°C) | |||
| <28.0 | 18 | 0 | 0 |
| 28.0-28.5 | 70 | 1 | 1.4 |
| 28.5-29.0 | 73 | 1 | 1.3 |
| 29.0-29.5 | 175 | 27 | 15.4 |
| 29.5-30.0 | 49 | 4 | 8.1 |
| 30.0-30.5 | 72 | 2 | 2.7 |
| >30.5 | 21 | 0 | 0 |
| Av annual min air temp (°C) | |||
| <19 | 18 | 0 | 0 |
| 19-20 | 73 | 1 | 1.3 |
| 20-21 | 148 | 20 | 13.5 |
| 21-22 | 80 | 1 | 1.25 |
| >22 | 159 | 13 | 8.1 |
