Description of a new dagger nematode, Xiphinema barooghii n. sp. (Nematoda: Longidoridae) and additional data on the three known species of the genus from northwest of Iran

Description of a new dagger nematode, Xiphinema barooghii n. sp. (Nematoda: Longidoridae) and additional data on the three known species of the genus from northwest of Iran

Journal of Nematology

Volume 51 (2019): Issue 1 (January 2019)

By:

Nasir Vazifeh, Gholamreza Niknam, Habibeh Jabbari and Arezoo Naghavi

Open Access

|Apr 2019

Figures & Tables

Xiphinema barooghii n. sp. (A) Amphidial pouch; (B) Entire body; (C) Neck region; (D) Female tail; (E) Anterior end; (F) Posterior genital branch; (G–J) Tail of juveniles from J1–J4, respectively.

Xiphinema barooghii n. sp. Female (A, B) anterior end; (C, G) uterine differentiation spines; (D) entire body; (E) reproductive system; (F) vagina; (H) tail; (I) caudal pores in lateral optical view; (J) amphidial pouch; (K) pharyngeal expansion. (Scale bars: A–K = 10 μm, D = 70 μm).

Juvenile stages of Xiphinema barooghii n. sp. Anterior region and tail shape of (A, B) first; (C, D) second; (E, F) third and (G, H) fourth juvenile stages, respectively (Scale bars = 10 μm).

Xiphinema barooghii n. sp. Graph of correlation of functional and replacement odontostyle to body length in all developmental stages from Jl to mature females.

Bayesian tree inferred under the GTR + I + G model from 28S rDNA D2–D3 expansion domains of X. barooghii n. sp. and X. index (−lnL = 9,085.8555; AIC = 18,191.7109; freqA = 0.2402; freqC = 0.2341; freqG = 0.2885; freqT = 0.2373; R(a) = 1.0503; R(b) = 2.8325; R(c) = 2.6784; R(d) = 0.5047; R(e) = 4.0878; R(f) = 1.0000). Posterior probabilities are given for appropriate clades. Newly obtained sequences are indicated by bold letters.

(A–E) Xiphinema index Thorne and Allen, 1950, (A) Anterior end; (B) Tubular part of uterus; (C) Vagina; (D) Pars dilatata oviductus; (E) Tail, (F–H) X. pachtaicum (Thlaganov, 1938) Kirjanova, 1951, (F) Anterior end; (G) Anterior genital branch; (H) Tail, (I–N) X. vuittenezi Luc, Lima, Weischer and Flegg, 1964, (I) Anterior end; (J, L) Uterine differentiation spines; (K) Vagina; (M, N) Tail. (Scale bars = 10 Μm).

Morphometrics of the Iranian populations of Xiphinema species_ All measurements are in μm (except L in mm), and in the form: mean ± s_d_ (range)_

	*X. index*	*X. pachtaicum*	*X. vuittenezi*
Characters	Female	Female	Female
n	5	5	6
L	2.98 ± 0.18 (2.68–3.13)	2.04 ± 0.08 (1.95–2.17)	3.51 ± 0.16 (3.25–3.76)
a	55.0 ± 4.2 (50.0–60.0)	61.0 ± 8.7 (52.0–74.0)	69.0 ± 5.0 (63.0–78.0)
b	6.7 ± 0.3 (6.3–7.3)	6.7 ± 0.6 (6.3–7.8)	7.6 ± 0.1 (7.3–7.9)
c	76.0 ± 2.4 (74.0–80.0)	69.0 ± 3.6 (64.0–73.0)	89.0 ± 3.6 (77.0–95.0)
c′	1.04 ± 0.05 (1.00–1.10)	1.50 ± 0.10 (1.40–1.70)	1.10 ± 0.08 (1.00–1.20)
V	37.0 ± 0.7 (36.0–38.0)	54.0 ± 1.2 (53.0–56.0)	49.0 ± 0.4 (47.0–50.0)
Lip region diam.	13.0 ± 0.8 (12.0–14.0)	9.4 ± 0.5 (9.0–10.0)	13.0 ± 0.7 (12.0–14.0)
Odontostyle length	121.0 ± 2.7 (118.0–125.0)	83.0 ± 2.6 (81.0–87.0)	122.0 ± 3.7 (118.0–128.0)
Odontophore length	70.0 ± 1.7 (69.0–73.0)	50.0 ± 3.3 (44.0–54.0)	68.0 ± 4.1 (51.0–75.0)
Spear length	192.0 ± 2.7 (189.0–195.0)	133.0 ± 2.7 (130.0–137.0)	191.0 ± 6.8 (175.0–200.0)
Oral aperture to guide ring	114.0 ± 4.3 (106.0–119.0)	70.0 ± 3.6 (68.0–77.0)	108.0 ± 4.3 (100.0–113.0)
Pharynx length	437 ± 11 (421–450)	303 ± 20 (250–328)	457 ± 11 (443–475)
Pharyngeal bulb length	99.0 ± 6.4 (87.0–110.0)	77.0 ± 4.6 (72.0–84.0)	114 ± 10 (100–131)
Body diam. at phar. base	47.0 ± 3.4 (43.0–52.0)	29.0 ± 2.2 (26.0–32.0)	41.0 ± 2.7 (37.0–45.0)
mid-body	54.0 ± 3.8 (45.0–59.0)	33.0 ± 2.4 (28.0–37.0)	49.0 ± 5.3 (41.0–56.0)
anus	35.0 ± 3.5 (31.0–40.0)	19.0 ± 1.4 (17.0–21.0)	35.0 ± 2.1 (32.0–38.0)
G1	13.2 ± 0.4 (13.0–14.0)	12.0 ± 1.2 (11.0–14.0)	12.6 ± 0.3 (12–13)
G2	12.0 ± 1.3 (11.0–14.0)	12.0 ± 1.9 (10.0–14.0)	12.0 ± 0.8 (11.0–13.0)
Prerectum length	320 ± 46 (250–381)	168 ± 17 (134–187)	496 ± 58 (431–575)
Rectum length	30.0 ± 1.9 (27.0–32.0)	24.0 ± 3.5 (23.0–28.0)	31.0 ± 1.2 (29.0–33.0)
Tail length	39.0 ± 0.9 (36.0–41.0)	29.0 ± 1.1 (28.0–31.0)	39.0 ± 1.4 (38.0–41.0)
Hyaline part of tail	17.0 ± 1.4 (15.0–19.0)	10.0 ± 0.8 (9.0–11.0)	14.0 ± 1.8 (12.0–16.0)

Xiphinema species, locality, associated host and sequences used in this study_

Species	Locality	Host-plant	Accession number
X. abrantinum	–	–	AY601625
X. adenohystherum	Bollullos par del Condado, Huelva province, Spain	Vitis vinifera L.	GU725075
X. adenohystherum	Arévalo de la Sierra, Soria province, Spain	Holly tree	KC567164
X. andalusiense	Belmez, Cordoba province, Spain	Wild olive	KX244884
X. baetica	Manzanilla, Huelva province, Spain	Grapevine	KC567167
X. bakeri	–	–	AY601623
X. barense	Apulian region, Torre pozzella, Brindisi province, southern Italy	Wild olive (Olea europaea sylvestris L.)	KM199690
X. barense	Apulian region, Torre Pozzella, Brindisi Province, southern Italy	Wild olive (Olea europaea sylvestris L.)	KM199691
X. barense	Apulian region, Torre Pozzella, Brindisi Province, southern Italy	Wild olive (Olea europaea sylvestris L.)	KM199692
X. barooghii n. sp.	Roodghat area, Sufiyan, East-Azarbaijan province, northwest of Iran	Common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)	MH884067
X. basiri	–	–	AY601630
X. belmontense	Merza, Coruña province, Spain	Pedunculate oak	KC567172
X. brasiliense	Shenzhen, China	–	KP793050
X. brasiliense	–	–	AY601616
X. castilloi	Sefid Rud River near Rasht, Gilan province, Iran	Ash tree	KF446655
X. cadavalense	Espiel ,Cordoba province, Spain	Cultivated olive	KX244900
X. celtiense	Peñafor, Sevilla province, Spain	Wild olive	KX244889
X. chambersi	Florida, USA	–	DQ299512
X. chambersi	–	–	AY601617
X. citricolum	Florida, USA	–	DQ285668
X. cohni	El Puerto de Santa María, Cádiz province, Spain	Stone pine	KC567173
X. conurum	Uleila del Campo, Almeria province, Spain	cultivated olive	KX244902
X. cretense	Hersonisos, Heraklion province, Crete, Greece	Olive (Olea europaea L. subsp. europaea)	KJ802878
X. costaricense	Pacayitas, La Suiza de Turrialba, Cartago, Costa Rica	Sugarcane	KX931059
X. coxi	Hinojos, Huelva province, Spain	Carob tree	KC567175
X. dentatum	Czech Republic	Carpinus betulus and Acer platanoides	EU781538
X. diversicaudatum	–	–	EF538755
X. diversicaudatum	Marchegg, Austria	–	JQ780366
X. elongatum	China	–	EF140790
X. floridae	Florida, USA	–	DQ299507
X. gersoni	Almonte, Huelva province, Spain	Eucalyptus	KC567180
X. georgianum	Florida, USA	–	DQ299497
X. globosum	Valdeinfierno in the Los Alcornocales Regional Park, Alcalá de los Gazules, Cádiz province, southern Spain	Black alder, Alnus glutinosa L. Gaertn., and river bank grapevine, Vitis riparia	GU549474
X. granatum	Saveh, Markazi province, Iran	Pomegranate trees (Punica granatum L.)	JQ240273
X. hangzhouense	Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China	Magnolia grandiflora L.	MF538772
X. herakliense	Vathy Rema, Heraklion province, Crete, Greece	Olive tree (Olea europaea subsp. sylvestris)	KM586345
X. herakliense	Vathy Rema, Heraklion province, Crete, Greece	Olive tree (Olea europaea subsp. sylvestris)	KM586346
X. herakliense	Agiofarago, south west Heraklion province, Crete, Greece	Olive	KM586347
X. herakliense	Agiofarago, south west Heraklion province, Crete, Greece	Olive	KM586348
X. herakliense	Agiofarago, south west Heraklion province, Crete, Greece	Olive	KM586349
X. herakliense	Agiofarago, south west Heraklion province, Crete, Greece	Olive	KM586350
X. herakliense	Hersonisos, northeast Heraklion province, Crete, Greece	Olive (Olea europaea subsp. europaea L.)	KM586351
X. herakliense	Hersonisos, northeast Heraklion province, Crete, Greece	Olive (Olea europaea subsp. europaea L.)	KM586352
X. hispanum	Andujar, Jaen province, Spain	Cistus albidus L.	GU725074
X. hispidum	Bollullos par del Condado, Huelva province, Spain	Grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.)	HM921346
X. hunaniense	Shenzhen, China	–	KP793046
X. hunaniense	Shenzhen, China	–	KP793048
X. index	Córdoba province, Spain	Grapevine	HM921398
X. index	Kentri, Greece	Olive	KJ802882
X. index	Córdoba province, Spain	Grapevine	HM921399
X. index	Córdoba province, Spain	Grapevine	HM921400
X. index	Córdoba province, Spain	Grapevine	HM921401
X. index	Cádiz province, Spain	Grapevine	HM921402
X. index	Roodghat area, Sufiyan, East-Azarbaijan province, northwest of Iran	Apple (Malus domestica L.) variety Red delicious	MH879782
X. ingens	Chogha Kaboud village, Harsin, Kermanshah province, Iran	Astragalus sp.	KJ956388
X. insigne	–	–	AY601619
X. israeliae	Roufas, Greece	Olive	KJ802883
X. israeliae	Agiofarago, Greece	Wild olive	KJ802884
X. italiae	Cabra, Córdoba province, Spain	Grapevine	KC567182
X. italiae			AY601613
X. iznajarense	Iznaajar, Cordoba province, Spain	Cultivated olive	KX244892
X. japonicum	Japan	Podocarpus macrophyllus L.	KY131240
X. laevistriatum	Florida, USA	–	DQ299505
X. lambertii	India	–	HM163211
X. lupini	Bollullos par del Condado, Huelva province, Spain	Grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.)	HM921352
X. lupini	Hinojos, Huelva province, Spain	Grapevine	KC567183
X. macroacanthum	Southern Italy	Olive orchards	HF546080
X. macrodora	La Granjuela, Córdoba province, Spain	Cultivated olive	KU171040
X. mengibarense	Mengibar, Jaen province, Spain	Cultivated olive	KX244894
X. meridianum	Sbitla, Kasserine, Tunisia	Cultivated olive	KX062679
X. naturale	Florida, USA	–	DQ299515
X. nuragicum	Marchena, Seville province, Spain	Olea europaea sp. europaea L.	GU725071
X. nuragicum	Puente Genil, Cordoba province, Spain	Vitis vinifera L.	GU725067
X. oleae	Tarifa, Cádiz province, Spain	Wild olive	KU171037
X. poasense	Toro Amarillo, Valverde Vega, San Carlos Alajuela, Costa Rica	Eucalyptus, cypress and fountain grass	MF461347
X. pseudocoxi	Alcaracejos, Cordoba province, Spain	Wild olive	KX244915
X. pyrenaicum	Cahors, Midi-Pyrenees province, France	Vitis vinifera L.	GU725073
X. rivesi	Bollullos par del Condado, Huelva province, Spain	Grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.)	HM921358
X. robbinsi	Sbitla, Kasserine, Tunisia	Cultivated olive	KX062683
X. robbinsi	Abida, Kairouan, Tunisia	Cultivated olive	KX062685
X. santos	–	–	AY601587
X. savanicola	–	–	AY601620
X. setariae	–	–	AY601621
X. sphaerocephalum	Coto Rios, Jaen province, Spain	Quercus faginea L.	GU725076
X. tarjanense			DQ299511
X. tica	Chirraca, San Ignacio de Acosta, San José, Costa Rica	Grapevine	KY623485
X. turcicum	Sanlúcar de Barrameda, Cádiz province, Spain	Grapevine	KC567185
X. turdetanensis	Sanlúcar de Barrameda, Cádiz province, Spain	Stone pine	KC567186
X. vuittenezi	Czech Republic	–	EF614266
X. vuittenezi	–	–	AY601614
X. vulgare	Florida, USA	–	DQ299514
X. zagrosense	Madavan village, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad province, Iran	Grasses	JN153101

Specific α-numeric code of each Xiphinema spp_ belonging to X_ non-americanum morphospecies Group 6 according to Loof and Luc (1990) _

Xiphinema spp.	A	B	C	D	E	F	G	H	I	J	K	L	References
spinuterus	4	3	1	1	4	3	3	2	12	–	–	2	1
mluci	4	3	2	123	45	(3)45	23	2	34	2	–	1	1
xenovariabile	4	3	23	34	56	23	1	2	3(4)	2	–	2	1
diannae	4	3	3	4	45	3	12	2	23	3	–	2	1
coomansi	4	3	3	45	456	3	2	2	3	3	–	2	1
lacrimaspinae	4	3	4	4	4	3	2	2	3	34	2	1	1
barbercheckae	4	3	4	5	56	3	2	2	23	3	–	1	1
mammatum	4	3	5a	4	4	3	2	2	3	5	2	2	1
aequum	4	3	5a	5	5	45	3	2	3	5	2	2	1
aceri	4	3	6a	56	5	4	23	3	3	6	–	1	1
robbinsi	4	3	5a	65	56	3(4)	2	2	3(4)	5a	2	2	2
iranicum	4	3	5a, b	6	6	4	3(4)	2	3	5	4	1	3
nuragicum	4	3	7	6	56	345	3	2	3	7	2	1	4
pyrenaicum	4	3	6	6	56	345	3	2	3	6	2	1	4
adenohystherum	4	3	7	6	56	45	3	2	3	7	–	1	4
sphaerocephalum	4	3	5	6	56	34	3	2	3	5	2	1	4
mazandaranense	4	3	7b	6	456	45	2	2	23	7b	2	1	5
zagrosense	4	3	6	6	456	45	34	2	3	5	2	1	6
vuittenezi	4	3	5(7b)	56	56	34	23	2	3	45	2	1	7
barooghii n. sp.	4	3	5a	6	5	4	3	2	3	4	2	1	8

Morphometrics of Xiphinema barooghii n_ sp_ All measurements are in μm (except L in mm), and in the form: mean ± s_d_ (range)_

					Female
Characters	J1	J2	J3	J4	Holotype	Paratypes
n	3	1	5	5	–	8
L	1.15 ± 0.01 (1.14–1.16)	1.73	2.19 ± 0.12 (2.01–2.31)	3.07 ± 0.17 (2.87–3.34)	4.10	4.02 ± 0.21 (3.67–4.25)
a	44.0 ± 2.3 (41.0–47.0)	41	55.0 ± 3.9 (51.0–62.0)	58.0 ± 5.0 (51.0–64.0)	55	59.0 ± 2.4 (53.0–63.0)
b	3.7 ± 0.1 (3.6–3.8)	5.1	5.1 ± 0.3 (4.7–5.6)	6.5 ± 0.6 (5.9–7.5)	8.2	7.7 ± 0.3 (7.0–8.5)
c	18.0 ± 0.7 (17.0–19.0)	29	44.0 ± 2.0 (42.0–47.0)	66.0 ± 6.1 (60.0–76.0)	132	117 ± 10 (103–133)
c′	3.2 ± 0.1 (3.1–3.3)	2.3	1.62 ± 0.04 (1.60–1.70)	1.1 ± 0.1 (1.0–1.3)	0.7	0.80 ± 0.05 (0.70–0.90)
V	–	–	–	–	47	47.0 ± 0.9 (46.0–48.0)
Lip region diam.	10.5 ± 0.3 (10.0–11.0)	10.6	12.2 ± 0.2 (12.0–13.0)	14.0 ± 1.1 (13.0–16.0)	15	14.6 ± 0.3 (14.0–15.0)
Odontostyle length	58.5 ± 0.2 (58.0–59.0)	70	95.0 ± 2.8 (93.0–100.0)	113.0 ± 3.3 (109.0–117.0)	139	136.0 ± 2.7 (132.0–139.0)
Odontophore length	45.0 ± 1.4 (44.0–47.0)	54	63.0 ± 3.0 (60.0–67.0)	76.0 ± 6.3 (70.0–87.0)	82	82.0 ± 3.2 (75.0–85.0)
Spear length	104.0 ± 0.4 (103.0–105.0)	124	158.0 ± 4.8 (150.0–167.0)	189.0 ± 5.7 (181.0–196.0)	221	220.0 ± 3.3 (215.0–225.0)
Replacement odontostyle	72.0 ± 1.6 (71.0–74.0)	93	115.0 ± 2.9 (110.0–119.0)	137.0 ± 1.7 (135.0–139.0)	–	–
Oral aperture to guide ring	51.0 ± 0.5 (50.0–52.0)	65	82.0 ± 3.1 (76.0–86.0)	101.0 ± 2.4 (98.0–104.0)	129	124.0 ± 5.3 (117.0–132.0)
Pharynx length	311.0 ± 3.4 (307.0–315.0)	337	423 ± 27 (396–476)	447 ± 31 (416–484)	500	520 ± 19 (493–553)
Pharyngeal bulb length	88.0 ± 0.7 (87.0–89.0)	88	112.0 ± 8.6 (103.0–125.0)	122.0 ± 2.5 (118.0–125.0)	144	141.0 ± 9.3 (128.0–153.0)
Body diam. at phar. base	24.0 ± 1.6 (23.0–26.0)	37	36.0 ± 3.6 (33.0–41.0)	45.0 ± 4.1 (41.0–51.0)	65	57.0 ± 7.5 (52.0–69.0)
mid-body	24.0 ± 2.1 (24.0–28.0)	42	40.0 ± 3.4 (34.0–44.0)	52.0 ± 5.0 (46.0–59.0)	74	67.0 ± 6.7 (60.0–79.0)
anus	18.0 ± 0.4 (17.0–19.0)	26	30.0 ± 0.8 (29.0–31.0)	40.0 ± 2.7 (36.0–43.0)	41	42.0 ± 1.8 (40.0–44.0)
G1	–	–	–	–	13	12.3 ± 0.4 (12.0–13.0)
G2	–	–	–	–	13	11.0 ± 1.3 (9.0–13.0)
Prerectum length	265 ± 16 (246–284)	305	412 ± 28 (319–444)	572 ± 40 (525–625)	603	595 ± 74 (503–700)
Rectum length	14.0 ± 0.6 (13.0–15.0)	19	26.0 ± 1.4 (22.0–28.0)	33.0 ± 1.5 (31.0–35.0)	49	43.0 ± 5.4 (35.0–51.0)
Tail length	61.0 ± 1.3 (59.0–63.0)	60	49.0 ± 1.1 (48.0–51.0)	46.0 ± 1.5 (44.0–48.0)	30	33.0 ± 2.6 (30.0–38.0)
Hyaline part of tail	8.4 ± 0.3 (8.0–10.0)	13	13.0 ± 1.3 (12.0–15.0)	14.2 ± 0.5 (13.0–15.0)	13	13.0 ± 0.8 (11.0–16.0)

DOI: https://doi.org/10.21307/jofnem-2019-007 | Journal eISSN: 2640-396X | Journal ISSN: 0022-300X

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Language: English

Page range: 1 - 17

Submitted on: Feb 17, 2019

Published on: Apr 16, 2019

Published by: Society of Nematologists, Inc.

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© 2019 Nasir Vazifeh, Gholamreza Niknam, Habibeh Jabbari, Arezoo Naghavi, published by Society of Nematologists, Inc.
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

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Description of a new dagger nematode, Xiphinema barooghii n. sp. (Nematoda: Longidoridae) and additional data on the three known species of the genus from northwest of Iran

Figures & Tables

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

Figure 5

Figure 6

Morphometrics of the Iranian populations of Xiphinema species_ All measurements are in μm (except L in mm), and in the form: mean ± s_d_ (range)_

Xiphinema species, locality, associated host and sequences used in this study_

Specific α-numeric code of each Xiphinema spp_ belonging to X_ non-americanum morphospecies Group 6 according to Loof and Luc (1990) _

Morphometrics of Xiphinema barooghii n_ sp_ All measurements are in μm (except L in mm), and in the form: mean ± s_d_ (range)_

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