References
- Afidchao, M.M., Musters, C.J.M., and De Snoo, G.R.. 2013. Asian corn borer (ACB) and non-ACB pests in GM corn (Zea mays L.) in the Philippines. Pest Management Science 69: 792-801.
- Altschul, S.F., Gish, W., Miller, W., Myers, E.W., and Lipman, D.J.. 1990. Basic local alignment search tool. Journal of Molecular Biology 215: 403-410.
- Barbara, K.A., and Buss, E.A.. 2005. Integration of insect parasitic nematodes (Rhabditida, Steinernematidae) with insecticides for control of pest mole crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllotalpidae: Scapteriscus spp.). Journal of Economic Entomology 98: 689-693.
- Bedding, R.A., and Akhurst, R.J.. 1975. A simple technique for the detection of insect parasitic nematodes in soil. Nematologica 21: 109-110.
- Bedding, R.A., Molyneux, A.S., and Akhurst, R.I.. 1983. Heterorhabditis spp., Neoaplectana spp., and Steinernema kraussei: Interspecific and intraspecific differences in infectivity for insects. Experimental Parasitology 55: 249-257.
- Ben-Yakir, D., Efron, D., Chen, M., and Glazer, I.. 1998. Evaluation of entomopathogenic nematodes for biocontrol of the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis, on sweet corn in Israel. Phytoparasitica 26: 101-108.
- Berry, R.E., Liu, J., and Reed, G.. 1997. Comparison of endemic and exotic entomopathogenic nematode species for control of Colorado potato beetle (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Journal of Economic Entomology 90: 1528-1533.
- Brunsdon, C., and Chen, H.. 2014. https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/GISTools/index.html.
- Bullock, R.C., Pelosi, R.R., and Killer, E.E.. 1999. Management of citrus root weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) on Florida citrus with soil-applied entomopathogenic nematodes (Nematoda: Rhabditida). The Florida Entomologist 82: 1-7.
- Burnell, A.M., and Stock, P.S.. 2000. Heterorhabditis, Steinernema and their bacterial symbionts – lethal pathogens of insects. Nematology 2: 31-42.
- Camarao, G.C.. 1976. Population dynamics of Asian corn borer, Ostrinia furnacalis (Guenee). I. Life cycle, behavior and generation cycles. The Philippine Entomologist 3: 170-200.
- Camarao, G.C.. 1983. Development of sampling plan and population table for corn borer, Ostrinia furnacalis (Guenee) (Pyralidae: Lepidoptera). The Philippine Entomologist 5: 495-518.
- Campos-Herrera, R., and Gutierrez, C.. 2014. Steinernema feltiae intraspecific variability: infection dynamics and sex-ratio. Journal of Nematology 46: 35-43.
- Castillo, J.C., Reynolds, S.E., and Eleftherianos, I.. 2011. Insect immune responses to nematode parasites. Trends in Parasitology 27: 537-547.
- Ceballo, F.A., and Morallo-Rejesus, B.. 1983. Tryptophan and lysine supplemented artificial diet for corn borer (Ostrinia furnacalis Guenee). The Philippine Entomologist 6 No. 5 and 6, pp. 531-538.
- Ebssa, L., Borgemeister, C., Berndt, O., and Poehling, H.M.. 2001. Efficacy of entomopathogenic nematodes against soil-dwelling life stages of western flower thrips, Frankiniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 78: 119-127.
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 2017. www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC.
- Gapasin, R.M., Lim, J.L., Oclarit, E.L., Ubaub, L.T., and Alde, M.C.. 2016. Occurrence and distribution of entomopathogenic nematodes in sweet potato fields in the Philippines and their implication in the biological control of sweet potato weevil. Horticulturae 3: 22, doi: 10.3390/horticulturae3010022..
- Gassmann, A.J., Petzold-Maxwell, J.L., Keweshan, R.S., and Dunbar, M.W.. 2011. Field-evolved resistance to Bt maize by western corn rootworm. PLOS ONE 6 No. 7, pp. e22629, doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0022629.
- Georgis, R., and Hom, A.. 1992. Introduction of entomopathogenic nematode products into Latin America and the Carribean. Nematropica 22: 81-98.
- Gerpacio, R.V., Labios, J.D., Labios, R.V., and Diangkinay, E.I.. 2004. Maize in the Philippines: Production Systems, Constraints, and Research Priorities, CIMMYT, Mexico, D.F., pp. 22.
- Glazer, I., and Navon, A.. 1990. Activity and persistence of entomoparasitic nematodes tested against Heliothis armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Journal of Economic Entomology 83: 1975-1800.
- Griffin, C.T., Chaerani, R., Fallon, D., Reid, A.P., and Downes, M.J.. 2000. Occurrence and distribution of the entomopathogenic nematodes Steinernema spp. and Heterorhabditis indica in Indonesia. Journal of Helminthology 74: 143-150.
- Griffin, C.T., Moore, J.F., and Downes, M.J.. 1991. Occurrence of insect-parasitic nematodes (Steinernematidae, Heterorhabditidae) in the republic of Ireland. Nematologica 37: 92-100.
- Hall, T.A.. 1999. BioEdit: a user-friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for Windows 95/98/NT. Nucleic Acids Symposium Series 41: 95-98.
- Hara, A.H., Kaya, H.K., Gaugler, R., Lebeck, L.M., and Mello, C.L.. 1993. Entomopathogenic nematodes for biological control of the leafminer, Liriomyza trifolii (Dipt.: Agromyzidae). Entomophaga 38: 359-369.
- Hominick, W.M., Reid, A.P., and Briscoe, B.R.. 1995. Prevalence and habitat specificity of steinernematid and heterorhabditid nematodes isolated during soil surveys of the UK and the Netherlands. Journal of Helminthology 69: 27-32.
- Joyce, S.A., Reid, A., Driver, F., and Curran, J.. 1994. Application of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods to identification of entomopathogenic nematodes, in A.M. Burnell, Ehlers, R.-U. and J.P. Masson, eds. COST 812 biotechnology: Genetics of entomopathogenic nematode-bacterium complexes. Proceedings of Symposium and Workshop, St. Patrick’s College, Maynooth, Co., Kildare, Ireland, Luxembourg, European Commission, DG XII, pp.178-87..
- Kalia, V., Sharma, G., Shapiro-Ilan, D.I., and Ganguly, S.. 2014. Biocontrol potential of Steinernema thermophilum and its symbiont Xenorhabdus indica against lepidopteran pests: virulence to egg and larval stages. Journal of Nematology 46: 18-26.
- Kaya, H.K., and Stock, S.P.. 1997. Techniques in insect nematology, in Lacey, L.A. (Ed.), Manual of Techniques in Insect Pathology, Academic Press, London, pp. 281-324.
- Kaya, H.K., Aguillera, M.M., Alumai, A., Choo, H.Y., De La Torre, M., Fodor, A., Ganguly, S., Hazir, S., Lakatos, T., Pye, A., Wilson, M., Yamanaka, S., Yang, H., and Ehlers, R.U.. 2006. Status of entomopathogenic nematodes and their symbiotic bacteria from selected countries or regions of the world. Biological Control 38: 134-155.
- Khatri-Chhetri, H.B., Waeyenberge, L., Manandhar, H.K., and Moens, M.. 2010. Natural occurrence and distribution of entomopathogenic nematodes (Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae) in Nepal. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 103: 74-78.
- Krautz, R., Arefin, B., and Theopold, U.. 2014. Damage signals in the insect immune response. Frontiers in Plant Science 342: 1-11.
- Laigo, F.M., and Morse, R.A.. 1968. The mite Tropulaelaps clareae in Apis dorsata colonies in the Philippines. Bee World 49: 116-118.
- Litsinger, J.A., Dela Cruz, C.G., Canapi, B.L., and Barrion, A.T.. 2007. Maize planting time and arthropod abundance in southern Mindanao, Philippines. I. Population dynamics of natural enemies. International Journal of Pest Management 54: 161-173.
- Maneesakorn, P., Grewal, P.S., and Chandrapatya, A.. 2010. Steinernema minutum sp. nov. (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae): A new entomopathogenic nematode from Thailand. International Journal of Nematology 20: 27-42.
- Minka, T.P., and Deckmyn, A.. 2017. https://cran.r-project.org/web/pacakges/maps/maps.pdf.
- Mohankumar, S., and Ramasubramanian, T.. 2014. Role of genetically modified insect-resistant crops in IPM: Agricultural, ecological and evolutionary implications, in Abrol, D.P. (Ed.), Integrated Pest Management: Current Concepts and Ecological Perspective, Academic Press, Elsevier, San Diego, CA, pp. 371-373.
- Negrisoli, A.S., Garcia, M.S., Barbosa-Negrisoli, C.R.C., Bernardi, D., and Da Silvae, A.. 2010. Efficacy of entomopathogenic nematodes (Nematoda: Rhabditida) and insecticide mixtures to control Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith, 1797) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in corn crops. Crop Protection 29: 677-683.
- Nguyen, K.B., and Byron, A.. 2003. SEM and systematic studies of Steinernema abbasi Elawad et al., 1997, and S. riobrave Cabanillas et al., 1994 (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae). Zootaxa, pp. 179, doi: 10.11646/zootaxa.179.1.1.
- Nguyen, K.B., Ambros-Ginarte, C.M., Leite, L.G., Santos, J.M., and Harakava, R.. 2009. Steinernema brazilense n. sp. (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae), a new entomopathogenic nematode from Mato Grosso, Brazil. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 103: 8-20.
- Nguyen, K.B., and Hunt, D.J.. 2007. Heterorhabditidae: Species description, in Nguyen, K.B., and Hunt, D.J. (Eds), Entomopathogenic nematodes: Systematics, phylogeny and bacterial Symbionts, Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands, pp. 611-692.
- Nguyen, K.B., Hunt, D.J., and Mracek, Z.. 2007. Steinernematidae: Species description, in Nguyen, K.B., and Hunt, D.J. (Eds), Entomopathogenic nematodes: Systematics, phylogeny and bacterial symbionts, Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands, pp. 121-609.
- Nguyen, K.B., Tesfamariam, M., Gozel, U., Gaugler, R., and Adams, B.J.. 2004. Steinernema yirgalemense n. sp. (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) from Ethiopia. Nematology. 6: 839-856.
- Nurhidayat, M.. 2003. Nurhidayat, M. 2003. Toxicity of microbial insecticides, Bacillus thuringiensis vars kurstaki. kurstaki and aizawai, to larvae of Spodoptera litura (Fabr.) at different instars and life cycle of the pest on castor plant (Ricinus communis Linn.). M.S. Thesis. University of the Philippines Los Baños, Philippines, pp. 63.
- Nyasani, J.O., Kimenju, J.W., Olubayo, F.M., Shibairo, S.I., and Mutua, G.K.. 2008. Occurrence of entomopathogenic nematodes and their potential in the management of diamondback moth in Kale. Asian Journal of Plant Science 7: 214-318.
- Phan, K.L., Subbotin, S.A., Waeyenberge, L., and Moens, M.. 2005. A new entomopathogenic nematode, Steinernema robustispiculum n. sp. (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae), from Chumomray National Park in Vietnam. Systematic Parasitology 60: 23-32.
- Phan, L.K.. 2008. Potential of entomopathogenic nematodes for controlling the Japanese pine sawyer, Monochamus alternates, in Zhao, B.G., Futai, K., Sutherland, J.R., and Takeuchi, Y. (Eds), Pine wilt disease, Springer, New York, NY, pp. 371-379.
- Ramos, V.E., and Morallo-Rejesus, B.. 1981. Effects of natural and semi-synthetic diets on the growth and development of corn earworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner). The Philippine Entomologist 4: 383-387.
- Regier, J.C., Mitter, C., Solis, M.A., Hayden, J.E., Landry, B., Nuss, M., Simonsen, T.J., Yen, S.H., Zwick, A., and Cummings, M.P.. 2012. A molecular phylogeny for the pyraloid moths (Lepidoptera: Pyraloidea) and its implications for higher-level classification. Systematic Entomology 37: 635-656.
- Rosa, J.S., Bonifassi, E., Amaral, J., Lacey, L.A., Simoes, N., and Laumond, C.. 2000. Natural occurrence of entomopathogenic nematodes (Rhabditida: Steinernema, Heterorhabditis) in the Azores. Journal of Nematology 32: 215-222.
- Shanks, C.H., and Agudelo-Silva, F.. 1990. Field pathogenicity and persistence of heterorhabditid and steinernematid nematodes (Nematoda) infecting black vine weevil larvae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in cranberry bogs. Journal of Economic Entomology 83: 107-110.
- Shapiro-Ilan, D.I., and Cottrell, T.E.. 2005. Susceptibility of lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) to entomopathogenic nematodes. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 89: 150-156.
- Shapiro-Ilan, D.I., Cottrell, T.E., Mizell, R.F. III, Horton, D.L., and Davis, J.. 2009. A novel approach to biological control with entomopathogenic nematodes: Prophylactic control of peachtree borer, Synantheson exitiosa. Biological Control 48: 259-263.
- Shapiro-Ilan, D.I., Gardner, W.A., Fuxa, J.R., Wood, B.W., Nguyen, K.B., Adams, B.J., Humber, R.A., and Hall, M.J.. 2003. Survey of entomopathogenic nematodes and fungi endemic to pecan orchards of the southeastern United States and their virulence to the pecan weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Environmental Entomology. 32: 187-195.
- Shapiro-Ilan, D.I., Hazir, S., and Glazer, I.. 2017. Basic and applied research: Entomopathogenic nematodes, in Lacey, L.A. (Ed.), Microbial Control of Insect and Mite Pests: From Theory to Practice, Academic Press, San Diego, CA, pp. 91-105.
- Smart, G.C. Jr. 1995. Entomopathogenic nematodes for the biological control of insects. Supplement to the Journal of Nematology 27 No. 4S, pp. 529-534.
- Smith-Pardo, A.H.. 2014 The old world bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuinae: Heliothinae) its biology, economic importance and its recent introduction into the western hemisphere.
- Solis, M.A.. 2007. Phylogenetic studies and modern classification of the Pyraloidea (Lepidoteptera). Revista Colombiana de Entomologia 33: 1-9.
- Spiridonov, S., Reid, A.P., Kasia, P., Subbotin, S., and Moens, M.. 2004. Phylogenetic relationships within the genus Steinernema (Nematoda: Rhabditida) as inferred from analyses of sequences of the ITSI-5.8S-ITS2 region of rDNA and morphological features. Nematology. 6: 547-566.
- Tabashnik, B.E.. 2015. ABCs of insect resistance to Bt. PLOS Genetics 11 No. 11, pp. e1005646, doi: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005646.
- Tabashnik, B.E., Brevault, T., and Carriere, Y.. 2013. Insect resistance to Bt crops: Lessons from the first billion acres. Nature Biotechnology 31: 510-521.
- Wang, H., Luan, J., Dong, H., Qian, H., and Cong, B.. 2014. Natural occurrence of entomopathogenic nematodes in Liaoning (Northeast China). Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology 17: 399-406.