Nematicidal Weeds, Solanum nigrum and Datura stramonium

	D. stramonium		S. nigrum
Immersion period	M. incognita	M. javanica	M. incognita	M. javanica
1d	968 ± 98	>8,000	409 ± 56	686 ± 98
2d	553 ± 85	581 ± 73	507 ± 72	792 ± 95
3d	427 ± 75	427 ± 23	418 ± 78	954 ± 96

[i] ¹Half maximal effective concentration EC₅₀ ± SD (μg ml⁻¹) calculated after 1, 2, and 3 days of nematode immersion in test solutions.

Table 2

Effect of Datura stramonium methanol extract on cumulative percent hatch of Meloidogyne incognita undifferentiated eggs.¹

	D. stramonium cumulative undifferentiated egg hatch
μg ml⁻¹	Day 2	Day 6	Day 10	Day 14
1,000	9 ± 1.0^a	9 ± 1.0^a	9 ± 1.5^a	9 ± 1.5^a
100	10 ± 5.0^a	10 ± 5.0^a	10 ± 5.0^a	10 ± 5.0^a
10	17 ± 6.5^a	23 ± 6.5^ab	23 ± 6.5^a	23 ± 6.5^a
1	14 ± 6.0^a	24 ± 4.5^ab	23 ± 6.5^a	23 ± 6.5^a
0	13 ± 8.0^a	35 ± 9.0^b	47 ± 9.0^b	47 ± 9.0^b

[i] ¹The cumulative percent hatch of undifferentiated eggs ± SD was calculated using the formula: ((eggs_D0 - eggs_Dx)/total) × 100. Eggs (20–30 per well) were collected and distributed in 24-well plates and were incubated at 27°C for 14 days in test solutions or plane water. Eggs were counted at 2, 6, 10, and 14 days post experiment establishment. Each percent data represent the mean ± SD from two experiments performed in time, with five replicates per treatment each. Values within each day were compared using Tuckey’s test and those followed by different letters are significantly different at (P ≤ 0.05).

Table 3

Effect of Solanum nigrum methanol extract on cumulative percent hatch of Meloidogyne incognita undifferentiated eggs.¹

	S. nigrum cumulative undifferentiated egg hatch
μg ml⁻¹	Day 2	Day 6	Day 10	Day 14
1,000	9 ± 0.5^a	8 ± 0.0^a	9 ± 6.0^a	9 ± 6.0^a
100	15 ± 2.0^a	16 ± 4.0^a	16 ± 4.0^a	16 ± 4.0^a
10	15 ± 2.0^a	22 ± 1.0^ab	27 ± 1.5^ab	27 ± 1.0^ab
1	17 ± 2.0^ab	24 ± 3.5^ab	27 ± 5.0^ab	27 ± 5.0^ab
0	25 ± 4.0^b	35 ± 9.0^b	47 ± 9.0^b	47 ± 9.0^b

[i] ¹The cumulative percent hatch of undifferentiated eggs ± SD was calculated using the formula: ((eggs_D0 - eggs_Dx)/total) × 100. Eggs (20–30 per well) were collected and distributed in 24-well plates and were incubated at 27^oC for 14 days in test solutions or plane water. Eggs were counted at 2, 6, 10, and 14 days post experiment establishment. Each percent data represent the mean ± SD from two experiments performed in time, with five replicates per treatment each. Values within each day were compared using Tuckey’s test and those followed by different letters are significantly different at (P ≤ 0.05).

Table 4

Effect of Datura stramonium methanol extract on cumulative percent release of Meloidogyne incognita J2.¹

	D. stramonium percent J2 release
μg ml⁻¹	Day 2	Day 6	Day 10	Day 14
1,000	3 ± 1.5^a	1 ± 1.0^a	1 ± 1.0^a	1 ± 1.0^a
100	6 ± 4.0^a	5 ± 3.5^a	4 ± 3.0^a	4 ± 3.0^a
10	20 ± 5.5^ab	5 ± 5.0^a	4 ±1.5^a	4 ± 1.5^a
1	31 ± 6.5^bc	5 ± 4.0^a	5 ± 3.5^a	5 ± 3.5^a
0	40 ± 5.5^c	20 ± 5.5^b	8 ± 4.5^a	5 ± 3.5^a

[i] ¹The cumulative percent release of J2 ± SD was calculated using the formula: ((J2_Dx - J2_D0)/total) × 100. Eggs (20–30 per well) were collected and distributed in 24-well plates and were incubated at 27°C for 14 days in test solutions or plane water. Released J2 were counted at 2, 6, 10, and 14 days post experiment establishment. Each percent data represent the mean ± SD from two experiments performed in time, with five replicates per treatment each. Values within each day were compared using Tuckey’s test and those followed by different letters are significantly different at (P ≤ 0.05).

Table 5

Effect of Solanum nigrum methanol extract on cumulative percent release of Meloidogyne incognita J2.¹

	S. nigrum percent J2 release
μg ml⁻¹	Day 2	Day 6	Day 10	Day 14
1,000	2 ± 2.0^a	2 ± 2.0^a	2 ± 2.0^a	2 ± 2.0^a
100	11 ± 6.0^ab	5 ± 4.5^ab	2 ± 1.5^a	2 ± 1.5^a
10	23 ± 2.0^bc	6 ± 2.0^ab	2 ± 1.0^a	2 ± 1.0^a
1	33 ± 6.5^c	10 ± 5.0^ab	11 ± 6.5^a	6 ± 3.5^a
0	40 ± 5.5^c	20 ± 5.5^b	8 ± 4.5^a	±3.5^a

[i] ¹The cumulative percent release of Meloidogyne incognita J2 ± SD was calculated using the formula: ((J2_Dx - J2_D0)/total) × 100. Eggs (20–30 per well) were collected and distributed in 24-well plates and were incubated at 27^oC for 14 days in test solutions or plane water. Released J2 were counted at 2, 6, 10, and 14 days post experiment establishment. Each percent data represent the mean ± SD from two experiments performed in time, with five replicates per treatment each. Values within each day were compared using Tuckey’s test and those followed by different letters are significantly different at (P ≤ 0.05).

Table 6

Efficacy of weed paste (decomposing tissues) on Meloidogyne incognita as calculated in pot experiments.

Females/g root			Galls/g root
EC₅₀ (mg g⁻¹)	SE	95% CI	EC₅₀(mg g⁻¹)	SE	95% CI
Datura stramonium
11.40	0.92	9.48–13.32	12.85	1.19	10.39–15.33
Solanum nigrum
1.13	0.17	0.78–1.48	1.15	0.17	0.79–1.51

[i] SE, Standard error; CI, Confidence interval.

Table 7

Small polar metabolites extracted from Datura stramonium and Solanum nigrum.

						Concentration (mg L⁻¹)
n°	RT^a	LRI^b	m/z	Quantitative masse	Cmpd	D. stramonium	S. nigrum
1	18.303	1,099	147–233–133	147	Propanedioic acid (2TMS)	ND	48.52
2	19.498	1,166	147–205–299	147	Glycerol (3TMS)	3.61	43.36
3	19.982	1,193	147–247–129	147	U1	78.45	89.87
4	20.331	1,215	147–189–292	147	Lactic acid (2TMS)	28.29	11.70
5	20.699	1,240	147–175–117	147	U2	1.68	1.13
6	21.238	1,276	138–168–227	138	U3	7.60	ND
7	21.723	1,309	147–189–233	147	U4	6.47	2.22
8	22.473	1,361	147–233–245	147	Malic acid (2TMS)	4.90	1.70
9	22.706	1,377	147–189–219	147	U5	34.81	13.35
10	22.793	1,383	217–205–147	217	Erythrose (1MEOX) (3TMS)	ND	2.81
11	23.006	1,398	254–269–180	254	U6	–	–
12	23.161	1,410	271–169–147	147	5-hydroxymethyl 2-Furoic acid (2TMS)	14.15	ND
13	23.206	1,413	117–147–217	117	U7	–	–
14	23.243	1,416	205–292–147	147	Threonic acid (4TMS)	1.52	ND
15	23.616	1,445	147–334–245	334	U8	1.09	ND
16	24.63	1,525	103–147–217	217	Xylitol (5TMS)	1.32	1.13
17	25.339	1,583	117–147–147	117	U9	–	–
18	25.518	1,598	217–319–147	217	Altrose (5TMS)	3.96	ND
19	25.7	1,614	231–147–133	231	U10	–	–
20	25.872	1,629	246–147–129	147	U11	–	–
21	26.126	1,651	217–257–379	217	U12	–	–
22	26.462	1,679	204–379–147	204	Lyxose (1MEOX) (4TMS)	t	t
23	26.878	1,716	217–307–103	217	Arabinitol (5TMS)	2.72	2.22
24	26.889	1,717	345–255–147	345	U13	–	–
25	27.08	1,735	147–217–307	217	Fructose oxime (6TMS)	99.41	60.26
26	27.363	1,761	205–319–147	319	Glucose oxime (6TMS)	161.16	ND
27	27.562	1,779	319–205–160	319	Galactose oxime (6TMS)	43.89	ND
28	27.72	1,794	319–205–147	319	Glucitol tms	ND	18.40
29	28.313	1,851	95–83–195	95	U14	–	–
30	28.427	1,862	313–129–117	313	Palmitic acid (TMS)	ND	21.06
31	29.189	1,937	217–305–318	305	Myo-inositol (6TMS)	10.10	1.43
32	29.683	1,986	319–205–72	319	U15	–	–
33	30.64	2,087	124–361–140	124	Atropine TMS	6.04	1.23
34	31.03	2,130	98–217–330	330	Methyl-5,8-epoxyretinoate	1.87	2.34
35	31.33	2,164	59–72–126	59	Oleamide	11.28	–
36	33.11	2,387	371–147–203	371	Monopalmitin (2TMS)	4.20	2.60
37	33.73	2,436	217–289–361	217	U16	–	–
38	33.89	2,447	361–217–147	361	Sucrose (8TMS)	46.74	20.16
39	34.01	2,456	217–230–147	217	Alpha.-DL-arabinofuranoside, methyl (3TMS)	6,8658	–
40	34.54	2,491	399–217–147	399	Monostearin (2TMS)	3.21	2.06

[i] ^aRetention time; ^bLinear retention index;

[ii] ND, Not detected; TMS, trimethylsilyl; U, unknown.

Table 8

Chemical composition of chloroform extraction of Datura stramonium and Solanum nigrum.

						Concentration (mg L⁻¹)
n°	RT^a	LRI^b	m/z	Quantitative masse	Cmpd	D. stramonium	S. nigrum
1	15.30	977	77–147–174	147	U1	–	–
2	15.80	993	147–117–191	147	U2	–	–
3	17.09	1,047	130–174–188	130	U3	–	–
4	17.92	1,083	117–131–147	117	U4	–	–
5	18.55	1,113	144–218–73	144	Valine TMS	28.43	ND
6	19.22	1,150	192–191–123	192	4-methylesculetin	62.86	ND
7	19.97	1,192	109–111–183	183	U5	–	–
8	23.11	1,406	263–278–175	263	U6	–	–
9	25.77	1,620	357–299–211	299	Phosphoric acid TMS	ND	13.12
10	26.47	1,681	285–117–85	285	Myristic acid TMS	ND	51.57
11	28.32	1,852	95–96–195	95	Acetic acid, 9-methyl-9-aza-bicyclo[3.3.1]non-6-en-2-yl ester	19.97	ND
12	28.44	1,864	313–117–129	313	6-oxo-3-methoxy-n-methyl-4,5,7,8-diepoxymorphine	14.93	ND
13	28.5	1,869	117–129–313	313	Palmitic acid TMS	–	1,694.97
14	28.54	1,873	195–194–81	195	U7	–	–
15	28.95	1,913	263–294–81–67	67	Linoleic acid, methyl ester	ND	7.82
16	28.98	1,917	94–124–271	124	Dehydrohyoscinamine	–	–
17	29.47	1,966	160–262–328	328	U8	–	–
18	29.98	2,017	315–337–183	315	Lauric acid propyl ester	–	–
19	30.07	2,026	337–315–262	337	Linoleic acid TMS	169.48	3,268
20	30.15	2,035	328–262–160	328	U9	–	–
21	30.29	2,050	341–117–129	341	Stearic acid TMS	ND	834.952
22	30.68	2,091	124–361–94	124	Atropine TMS	77.95	7.00
23	30.88	2,112	328–329–160	328	U10	–	–
24	31.63	2,197	343–211–147	343	Myristic acid glycerine TMS	17.732	25.34
25	31.68	2,202	138–94–154–94	138	Scopolamine	5.65	ND
26	31.72	2,208	356–262–160	356	U11	6.38	15.27
27	32.43	2,286	356–160–444	356	U12	–	–
28	32.88	2,351	218–129–313	218	2-monopalmitin TMS	13.56	544.79
29	33.24	2,406	371–239–203	371	Palmitin TMS	–	–
30	33.87	2,446	385–147–203	385	Heptadecanoic acid glycerine TMS	466.72	ND
31	34.32	2,476	341–218–147	218	2-monostearin TMS	13.95	14.71
32	34.41	2,483	397–129–147	129	1-monooleoylglycerol TMS	–	–
33	34.48	2,487	441–399–147	441	U13	–	–
34	34.63	2,498	399–147–203	399	Stearin TMS	ND	496.04

[i] ^aRetention time; ^bLinear retention index;

[ii] ND, not detected; TMS, trimethylsilyl; U, unknown.

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.21307/jofnem-2018-017 | Journal eISSN: 2640-396X | Journal ISSN: 0022-300X

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Language: English

Page range: 317 - 328

Published on: Oct 17, 2018

Published by: Society of Nematologists, Inc.

In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

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© 2018 Chrisostomos Oplos, Kodjo Eloh, Urania-Menkissoglu Spiroudi, Caboni Pierluigi, Nikoletta Ntalli, published by Society of Nematologists, Inc.
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

Volume 50 (2018): Issue 3 (January 2018)