Annual and Perennial Alleyway Cover Crops Vary in Their Effects on Pratylenchus penetrans in Pacific Northwest Red Raspberry (Rubus idaeus)

Crop type, species name, and cultivar for alleyway cover crops included in the Washington raspberry (Rubus idaeus) field study and Pratylenchus penetrans greenhouse host assays.

Crop	Cultivar
Hard, red winter wheat (Triticum aestivum)^a	Norwest 553
Soft, white winter wheat (T. aestivum)^a	Rosalyn
Winter-hardy oat (Avena sativa)^b	Nora
Winter-hardy oat (A. sativa)^b	TAM 606
Intermediate and tetraploid perennial ryegrass mix (Lolium hybridum, Lolium perenne)^c	51.25% Tetralite, 48.24% Kentaur
Perennial ryegrass mix (L. perenne)^c	43.93% Esquire, 31.44% TopHat 2, 22.49% Tetragreen
Triticale (Triticosecale sp.)^d	Trical 103BB
Triticale (Triticosecale sp.)^d	TriMark 099
Cereal rye (Secale cereale)^c	Common

1a Sourced from WSU Northwest Research and Extension Center Plant Breeding Program, Mount Vernon, WA.

2b Sourced from Justin Seed Co., Justin, TX.

3c Sourced from Bailey Seed Co., Salem, OR.

4d Sourced from ProGene Plant Research, Othello, OR.

TABLE 2.

Pratylenchus penetrans population densities over a 2-yr period from cover crops roots in alleyways adjacent to raised beds of raspberry (Rubus idaeus) in Lynden, WA.

P. penetrans/g of cover crop root
Treatment^a	Spring 2015		Fall 2015		Spring 2016		Fall 2016
Till (industry standard)	-		-		-		-
Mow	-		-		-		-
Cereal rye	292 ± 280^b		325 ± 286		220 ± 383		830 ± 554
Oat ‘Nora’	31 ± 31		253 ± 202		325 ± 251		378 ± 246
Oat ‘TAM 606’	187 ± 187		503 ± 498		84 ± 131		439 ± 263
Triticale ‘Trical 103BB’	68 ± 49		447 ± 443		12 ± 20		340 ± 335
Triticale ‘TriMark 099’	39 ± 39		39 ± 22		352 ± 632		77 ± 53
Wheat ‘Norwest 553’	297 ± 256		336 ± 329		371 ± 434		282 ± 195
Wheat ‘Rosalyn’	14 ± 14	B^c	81 ± 38	A	94 ± 54		228 ± 90
Grass mix 1 (perennial)	0	B	5 ± 3	B	44 ± 43	A	8 ± 5	B
Grass mix 2 (annual)	88 ± 81		1 ± 1		341 ± 666		52 ± 50
Overall mean^d	108		221		205		293

1a Treatment abbreviations: Till = control bare cultivated soil, Mow = control weedy mow, Grass mix 1 = intermediate and tetraploid perennial ryegrass mix, Grass mix 2 = perennial ryegrass mix.

2b Values are the mean of 4 replications ± SE.

3c Values followed by the same uppercase letter in the same row are not significantly different from one another at P ≤ 0.05. Annual treatment means were compared within year; perennial treatment means were compared across all four sampling dates.

4d The overall mean is an average of all the P penetrans population densities in all cover crops in each season.

TABLE 3.

Pratylenchus penetrans population densities over a 2-yr period from raspberry (Rubus idaeus) roots adjacent to alleyways with annual and perennial cover crops in Lynden, WA.

P. penetrans/g of raspberry root
Treatment^a	Spring 2015		Fall 2015		Spring 2016		Fall 2016
Till (industry standard)	4,847 ± 1,639^b		5,536 ± 1,185		3,286 ± 424		2,391 ± 566
Mow	2,319 ± 1,254	B^c	6,120 ± 986	A	2,277 ± 397	B	1,861 ± 178	B
Cereal rye	3,915 ± 1,257	AB	5,616 ± 744	A	1,799 ± 431	B	1,976 ± 432	B
Oat ‘Nora’	2,372 ± 571		3,255 ± 1,850		2,211 ± 701		2,931 ± 689
Oat ‘Tam 606’	3,020 ± 863	B	5,750 ± 870	A	2,546 ± 521	B	4,462 ± 603	AB
Triticale ‘Trical 103BB’	2,294 ± 780	AB	4,175 ± 862	A	4,037 ± 742	A	1,331 ± 568	B
Triticale ‘TriMark 099’	5,005 ± 765		4,309 ± 1,137		2,703 ± 1,004		3,084 ± 595
Wheat ‘Norwest 553’	2,884 ± 555		4,879 ± 1,796		1,677 ± 580		2,516 ± 817
Wheat ‘Rosalyn’	2,596 ± 354	AB	4,320 ± 703	A	1,081 ± 217	B	2,919 ± 1,009	AB
Grass mix 1 (perennial)	5,112 ± 853	A	5,205 ± 1,126	A	2,192 ± 334	B	3,857 ± 846	AB
Grass mix 2 (annual)	3,176 ± 1,180		5,192 ± 1,796		4,298 ± 384		3,166 ± 1,658
Overall mean^d	3,432	B	4,941	A	2,555	C	2,796	BC

1a Treatment abbreviations: Till = control bare cultivated soil, Mow = control weedy mow, Grass mix 1 = intermediate and tetraploid perennial ryegrass mix, Grass mix 2 = perennial ryegrass mix.

2b Values are the mean of 4 replications ± SE.

3c Values followed by the same uppercase letter in the same row are not significantly different from one another at P ≤ 0.05.

4d Overall mean is the average of all the P. penetrans population densities in cover crop roots within each season.

TABLE 4.

Host status of cover crops for Pratylenchus penetrans in greenhouse host assays conducted in Mount Vernon, WA.

Host assay 1							Host assay 2
Treatment	P. penetrans/g of root		Root weight (g)		RF^a		P. penetrans/g of root		Root weight (g)		RF
Cereal rye	743 ± 196	bc^b	1.26 ± 0.09	ab	2.04	ab	1,070 ± 359	ab	2.00 ± 0.11	a	2.59	a
Oat ‘Nora’	1,936 ± 678	ab	0.51 ± 0.12	cd	1.99	ab	2,392 ± 184	ab	0.75 ± 0.06	efg	2.30	ab
Oat ‘TAM 606’	3,226 ± 1,093	ab	0.36 ± 0.10	d	1.37	bc	3,393 ± 991	a	0.75 ± 0.12	def	2.39	a
Triticale ‘Trical 103BB’	1,424 ± 702	bc	1.27 ± 0.36	ab	1.70	ab	718 ± 168	b	0.95 ± 0.08	cde	0.79	c
Triticale ‘TriMark 099’	276 ± 50	c	1.47 ± 0.07	a	0.66	b	1,113 ± 339	ab	1.86 ± 0.21	ab	2.07	ab
Wheat ‘Norwest 553’	656 ± 231	bc	0.78 ± 0.17	bcd	0.70	b	417 ± 236	b	1.29 ± 0.25	bcde	0.46	c
Wheat ‘Rosalyn’	1,338 ± 491	bc	0.62 ± 0.12	bcd	1.10	ab	874 ± 340	b	1.37 ± 0.23	abcd	1.02	c
Mustard ‘Pacific Gold’	5,212 ± 768	a	0.20 ± 0.01	d	2.84	a	1,705 ± 841	ab	0.30 ± 0.04	gf	1.03	c
Mustard ‘Ida Gold’	2,832 ± 884	ab	0.18 ± 0.02	d	1.78	ab	2,060 ± 771	ab	0.20 ± 0.04	^g	1.09	c
Raspberry ‘Meeker’	627 ± 150	bc	1.17 ± 0.05	abc	1.53	ab	744 ± 189	b	1.44 ± 0.06	abc	1.33	bc

1a RF = Reproductive factor (final population density/initial inoculum). In host assay, 1, 656 ml pots were inoculated with 626 P. penetrans/pot. In host assay 2, 656 ml pots were inoculated with 918 P. penetrans/pot.

2b Values are the mean of 6 replications ± SE. Values followed by the same lowercase letter in the same column are not significantly different from one another at P ≤ 0.05.

TABLE 5.

Host status of cover crops for Pratylenchus penetrans in greenhouse host assays conducted in Mount Vernon, WA.

Treatment^a	Host assay 3						Host assay 4
Treatment^a	P. penetrans/g of root		Root weight (g)		RF^b		P. penetrans/g of root		Root weight (g)		RF
Grass mix 1	108 ± 17	b^c	8.19 ± 0.35	a	0.57	b	263 ± 50	b	10.60 ± 0.92	a	1.10	b
Grass mix 2	62 ± 10	c	8.39 ± 0.33	a	0.50	b	123 ± 28	c	10.95 ± 0.43	a	0.50	c
Raspberry ‘Meeker’	910 ± 165	a	2.08 ± 0.19	b	1.51	a	1,402 ± 309	a	2.31 ± 0.30	b	1.97	a

1a Treatment abbreviations: Grass mix 1 = 51.25% ‘Tetralite’, 48.24% ‘Kentaur’, an intermediate and tetraploid perennial ryegrass mix (Lolium hybridum, Lolium perenne); Grass mix 2 = 3.93% ‘Esquire’, 31.44% ‘TopHat 2’, 22.49% ‘Tetragreen’, a perennial ryegrass mix (L. perenne).

2b RF = reproductive factor (final population density/initial inoculum). In hostassay3,2.6 liter pots were inoculated with 1,969 P. penetrans/pot. In host assay 4, 2.6 liter pots were inoculated with 3,231 P. penetrans/pot.

3c Values are the mean of six replications ± SE. Values followed by the same lowercase letter in the same column are not significantly different from one another at P ≤ 0.05.

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.21307/jofnem-2017-094 | Journal eISSN: 2640-396X | Journal ISSN: 0022-300X

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Language: English

Page range: 446 - 456

Submitted on: Apr 24, 2017

Published online: Sep 26, 2018

Published in print: Jan 1, 2017

Published by: Society of Nematologists, Inc.

In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

Publication frequency: 1 issue per year

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© 2018 RACHEL E. RUDOLPH, INGA A. ZASADA, LISA W. DEVETTER, published by Society of Nematologists, Inc.
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

Volume 49 (2017): Issue 4 (January 2017)