Skip to main content
Have a personal or library account? Click to login
EVALUATION OF ECOLOGICAL CONCRETE USING MULTI-CRITERIA ECOLOGICAL INDEX AND PERFORMANCE INDEX APPROACH Cover

EVALUATION OF ECOLOGICAL CONCRETE USING MULTI-CRITERIA ECOLOGICAL INDEX AND PERFORMANCE INDEX APPROACH

Open Access
|May 2019

Figures & Tables

Table 1.

CO2 emission factors of concrete ingredient materials

Concrete ingredient materialEmission factor (kg CO2/kg)SourceAccepted value (kg CO2/kg)Raw materials factor (kg/kg)
Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) / CEM I0.820
0.944
0.730
1.000
[32]
[29]
[22]
[33]
0.8500.80
Silica fume0.020[22]0.0200.00
Metakaolin0.175[33]0.1751.54
Ground granulated blast-furnace slag0.1430
0.0265
[32]
[29]
0.1000.00
Fly ash0.0270
0.0196
0.0080
[32]
[29]
[22]
0.0080.00
Coarse aggregates0.0459
0.0075
0.0050
[32]
[29]
[22]
0.0081.00
Fine aggregates0.0139
0.0026
0.0050
[32]
[29]
[22]
0.0050.50
Water1.96×10-4
0.001
[29]
[22]
0.0010.10
Admixture0.250[29]0.2502.25
Table 2.

Concrete mix proportions

Concrete IDCementClass F fly ashFine aggregateCoarse aggregateSCMAdmixtureWater
Concrete I [35]
REC1300/C1300473/FA1172/FA2325/CA1390/CA260/SC110/A1190
REC2300/C1300473/FA1156/FA3325/CA1390/CA260/SC110/A1193
REC3300/C2300467/FA1170/FA2321/CA1385/CA260/SC110/A1197
REC4300/C3300470/FA1171/FA2322/CA1387/CA260/SC110/A1193
REC5300/C4300466/FA1170/FA2320/CA1384/CA260/SC110/A1192
REC6300/C1300427/FA1155/FA2293/CA1351/CA2100/SC211/A1212
HPC Concrete [36]
HPC480/C1-416/FA1-1247/CA5-72/SC115/A1179
Concrete II [34]
C I400/C5-301/FA1-1468/CA4--4/A2200
C II300/C5200280/FA1-1367/CA4--4/A2200
C III300/C5200272/FA1-1327/CA4-40/SC34/A2200
C IV300/C5200272/FA1-1330/CA4-40/SC14/A2200
C I R400/C5-584/FA1-1073/CA3--4/A2200
C II R300/C5200543/FA1-999/CA3--4/A2200
C III R300/C5200527/FA1-970/CA3-40/SC34/A2200
C IV R300/C5200529/FA1-973/CA3-40/SC14/A2200
Concrete III [11]
REC1300/C4200538/FA1196/FA2369/CA1443/CA2-8/A1172
REC2300/C4200505/FA1184/FA2347/CA1416/CA250/SC38/A1186
REC3300/C4200509/FA1185/FA2349/CA1419/CA250/SC18/A1185
REC4300/C4200498/FA1181/FA2342/CA1410/CA250/SC48/A1183
REC5300/C4200517/FA1188/FA2355/CA1426/CA230/SC48/A1175
REC6300/C4200507/FA1184/FA2348/CA1417/CA250/SC29/A1183
REC7300/C4125493/FA1179/FA2338/CA1406/CA2125/SC210/A1201

1 Note:

The following notations for cement are used:

  • C1 - CEM I 42.5R;

  • C2 - CEM I 52.5R;

  • C3 - CEM II/A-M (S-LL) 52.5N;

  • C4 - CEM III/A 42.5N;

  • C5 - CEM I 32.5R

The following notations for fine aggregate are used:

  • FA1 - natural sand 0–2 mm;

  • FA2 - natural sand 2–4 mm;

  • FA3 - RCA 2–4 mm

The following notations for coarse aggregate are used:

  • CA1 - RCA 4–8 mm;

  • CA2 - RCA 8–16 mm;

  • CA3 - RCA 2–16 mm;

  • CA4 - NA 2–16 mm;

  • CA5 - crushed basalt 2-16 mm

The following notations for supplementary cementitious materials (SCM) are used:

  • SC1 - metakaolin;

  • SC2 - fluidized fly ash;

  • SC3 - silica fume;

  • SC4 - Centrilit NC

The following notations for admixtures are used:

  • A1 - SP FK-88 (superplasticizer);

  • A2 - BASF Glenium SKY 591

The unit of the concrete mix proportions is in kg/m3.

Reference to [11, 34, 35, 36] can be made for more detailed descriptions of the concrete mixes.

Table 3.

Sample calculations of CO2 emissions and raw materials usage

Concrete ingredientsAmount (kg/m3)Emission factor (kg CO2/kg)Distance (km)Emission - transport (kg CO2/kg)Raw materials factor (kg/kg)Total emission (kg CO2/m3)Total raw materials usage (kg/m3)
CEM I 32.5R3000.8501505.18E-050.80255.0+2.3240.0
Natural sand 0-2 mm2800.005306.30E-050.501.4+0.5140.0
Fly ash Class F2000.00005.18E-050.001.6+1.00.00
Natural gravel 2-16 mm13670.008306.30E-051.0010.9+2.61367.0
Superplasticizer (SP FK-88)40.2503002.21E-042.251.0+0.39.0
Water2000.001000.100.2+0.020.0
Concrete productionsum: 23510.008---18.8-
Total value:----- 295.7 1776.0
Table 4.

Calculations of CO2 emissions and raw materials usage for reference values

Concrete ingredientsAmount (kg/m3)Emission factor (kg CO2/kg)Distance (km)Emission - transport (kg CO2/kg)Raw materials factor (kg/kg)Total emission (kg CO2/m3)Total raw materials usage (kg/m3)
CEM I 42.5R4800.8501505.18E-050.80408.0+7.5384.0
Natural sand 0-2 mm4160.005306.30E-050.202.1+0.8208.0
Crushed basalt 2-16 mm12470.008306.30E-050.3510.0+23.61169.1
Metakaolin720.1752005.18E-051.5412.6+0.7110.9
Superplasticizer (SP FK-88)150.2503002.21E-042.253.8+1.033.8
Water1790.001000.100.2+0.017.9
Concrete productionsum: 24090.008---19.3-
Total value:----- 489.4 1923.6
Figure 1.

Ecological Index results

Figure 2.

Ecological Index plotted against reciprocal of Performance Index

Table 5.

EI and PI values of concrete mixes

Concrete IDEcological Index (EI)Performance Index (PI)Gross Ecological and Performance Indicator (GEPI)
Concrete I [35]
REC10.6930.9811.232
REC20.6770.8861.316
REC30.6820.9541.251
REC40.6271.0061.176
REC50.5171.0911.052
REC60.6630.8801.315
HPC Concrete [36]
HPC0.9901.4011.220
Concrete II [34]
C I0.9380.6391.825
C II0.8640.6281.812
C III0.8580.7011.664
C IV0.8710.5951.892
C I R0.7310.6881.627
C II R0.6510.6221.735
C III R0.6500.7531.478
C IV R0.6670.7261.531
Concrete III [11]
REC10.5070.9911.129
REC20.5030.9861.132
REC30.5301.1461.021
REC40.5281.2400.964
REC50.5191.5420.831
REC60.5031.0431.083
REC70.5010.8651.260

1 Note:

GEPI is calculated per Equation (3) and is graphically visualised as the distance from the origin of coordinate system in Figure 1 and Figure 2.

Reference to [11, 34, 35, 36] can be made for more detailed descriptions of the concrete mixes.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.21307/acee-2019-009 | Journal eISSN: 2720-6947 (formerly 1899-0142) | Journal ISSN: 1899-0142
Language: English
Page range: 97 - 107
Submitted on: May 15, 2018
Accepted on: Nov 15, 2018
Published on: May 20, 2019
Published by: Silesian University of Technology
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 4 issues per year

© 2019 Wojciech KUBISSA, Roman JASKULSKI, Jiajian CHEN, Pui-Lam NG, Wioletta GODLEWSKA, Pavel REITERMAN, published by Silesian University of Technology
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.