Figure 1.

Figure 2.

Figure 3.

Figure 4.

Figure 5.

Figure 6.

Figure 7.

Figure 8.

Figure 9.

Figure 10.

Figure 11.

Figure 12.

Figure 13.

Figure 14.

Figure 15.

Figure 16.

Figure 17.

Current numerical program
| hw [mm] | tw [mm] | Flange [mm] | Suport stiffener [mm] | w [mm] | L [mm] | Number of models |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 7 | 8 |
| 500 | 2; 2.6; 3 | 300×15 | 2×300×20 | 1500 | 6350 | 3 |
| 1000 | 2; 2.6; 3 | 300×15 | 2×300×25 | 1500 | 6350 | 3 |
| 1250 | 2; 2.6; 3 | 300×15 | 2×300×25 | 1500 | 6350 | 3 |
| 1500 | 2; 2.6; 3 | 300×15 | 2×300×25 | 1500 | 6350 | 3 |
Experimental results of girders
| Girder | Web hw x tw [mm] | Flange [mm] | Suport stiffener | Failure modes | Limit load PeB [kN] | First buckling load Pu,Rd [kN] | PeB /Pu,Rd [%] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 |
| M 1.12 | 500×2 | 300×15 | 2×300×20 | L | 184 | 147 | 0.80 |
| M 2.12 | 500×2 | 300×15 | 2×300×25 | L | 181 | 151 | 0.82 |
| M 1.22 | 1000×2 | 300×20 | 2×300×25 | I | 342 | 298 | 0.87 |
| M 2.22 | 1000×2 | 300×15 | 2×300×25 | L | 343 | 296 | 0.86 |
| M 1.32 | 1000×2.6 | 300×20 | 2×300×25 | I | 478 | 380 | 0.79 |
| M 2.32 | 1000×2.6 | 300×15 | 2×300×25 | I | 492 | 390 | 0.79 |
| M 2.42 | 1000×3 | 300×15 | 2×300×25 | I | 694 | 510 | 0.73 |
| M 1.42 | 1250×2 | 300×15 | 2×300×25 | I | 348 | 304 | 0.87 |
| M 1.52 | 1500×2 | 300×15 | 2×300×25 | I | 468 | 400 | 0.85 |
| M 2.52 | 1500×2 | 300×15 | 2×300×25 | I | 459 | 399 | 0.87 |
Numerical results of girders
| Girder h w x t w [mm] | Support Stiffener | Failure modes | Limit load P u,Rd [kN] | First buckling load P eB [kN] | P eB /P u,Rd [%] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
| 500×2 | 2×300×20 | L | 154.1 | 149.1 | 0.97 |
| 500×2.5 | 2×300×20 | L | 192.2 | 186.8 | 0.97 |
| 500×3 | 2×300×20 | L | 231.3 | 224.6 | 0.97 |
| 1000×2 | 2×300×25 | L | 308.1 | 297.2 | 0.96 |
| 1000×2.5 | 2×300×25 | I | 384.3 | 371.3 | 0.97 |
| 1000×3 | 2×300×25 | I | 462.2 | 445.3 | 0.96 |
| 1250×2 | 2×300×25 | I | 384.6 | 360.1 | 0.94 |
| 1250×2.5 | 2×300×25 | I | 480.4 | 449.9 | 0.94 |
| 1250×3 | 2×300×25 | I | 576.5 | 539.5 | 0.94 |
| 1500×2 | 2×300×25 | I | 460.8 | 419.2 | 0.91 |
| 1500×2.5 | 2×300×25 | I | 575.6 | 531.9 | 0.92 |
| 1500×3 | 2×300×25 | I | 687.5 | 635.7 | 0.92 |
Material properties
| Girder |
|
| Percentage total elongation at maximum force (Fm ) [%] | Percentage total elongation at fracture [%] |
|
| Percentage total elongation at maximum force (Fm ) [%] | Percentage total elongation at fracture [%] | E [GPa] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| web | flange | ||||||||
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 |
| M 1.12 | 334.7 | 430.6 | 16.1 | 22.1 | 297.5 | 443.1 | 23.9 | 30.3 | 196 |
| M 2.12 | 337.9 | 429.1 | 15.7 | 20.8 | 311.2 | 476.7 | 24.5 | 30.8 | 188 |
| M 1.22 | 339.4 | 435.4 | 15.9 | 22.2 | 287.2 | 448 | 24.1 | 31.4 | 200 |
| M 2.22 | 336.3 | 427.3 | 14.9 | 22.5 | 323.5 | 461.4 | 23.1 | 29.6 | 234 |
| M 1.32 | 312.5 | 453.9 | 13.8 | 20.2 | 264.2 | 460.9 | 22.6 | 28.0 | 199 |
| M 2.32 | 324.6 | 451.5 | 13.6 | 19.2 | 293.9 | 442.1 | 25.1 | 32.3 | 241 |
| M 2.42 | 445.9 | 544.1 | 10.7 | 14.6 | 301.5 | 439.8 | 21.3 | 27.7 | 205 |
| M 1.42 | 267.2 | 360.9 | 13.4 | 19.9 | 302.8 | 440.4 | 22.9 | 30.8 | 199 |
| M 1.52 | 299.1 | 380.5 | 16.8 | 23.3 | 312.5 | 445.6 | 24.1 | 30.0 | 200 |
| M 2.52 | 281.0 | 375.5 | 17.2 | 24.6 | 306.7 | 449.3 | 21.9 | 28.6 | 203 |
Comparison investigations, FEM analysis with design [6, 1] and proposed resistances (17)
| Girder hw x tw [mm] | τINV [MPa] | τFEM [MPa] |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 |
| 500×2 | 147.0 | 149.1 | 0.80 | 0.92 | 0.79 | 0.86 | 0.86 | 1.09 | 0.93 |
| 500×2.5 | 149.4 | 0.92 | 0.79 | 0.91 | 0.86 | 0.93 | |||
| 500×3 | 149.7 | 0.92 | 0.79 | 0.95 | 0.86 | 0.93 | |||
| 1000×2 | 149.0 | 148.6 | 0.78 | 0.92 | 0.79 | 0.83 | 0.86 | 1.10 | 0.94 |
| 1000×2.5 | 152.0 | 148.5 | 0.90 | 0.92 | 0.79 | 0.88 | 0.86 | 0.96 | 0.94 |
| 1000×3 | 170.0 | 148.4 | 0.75 | 0.91 | 0.79 | 0.93 | 0.86 | 1.26 | 0.94 |
| 1250×2 | 121.6 | 144.0 | 0.86 | 0.89 | 0.79 | 0.82 | 0.85 | 1.01 | 0.96 |
| 1250×2.5 | 144.0 | 0.89 | 0.79 | 0.88 | 0.85 | 0.96 | |||
| 1250×3 | 143.9 | 0.89 | 0.79 | 0.92 | 0.86 | 0.96 | |||
| 1500×2 | 133.0 | 139.7 | 0.88 | 0.86 | 0.79 | 0.82 | 0.84 | 0.96 | 0.98 |
| 1500×2.5 | 141.8 | 0.87 | 0.79 | 0.87 | 0.85 | 0.97 | |||
| 1500×3 | 141.3 | 0.87 | 0.79 | 0.92 | 0.85 | 0.97 | |||
| AVG. | 0.83 | 0.90 | 0.79 | 0.88 | 0.85 | 1.06 | 0.95 |