Evidence Integration Review of Multimodal Interventions for PTSD, Social Reintegration, and Economic Stability in Veterans
By: Tony Carlton
References
- Acierno, R., Kauffman, B., Muzzy, W., Tejada, M. H., & Lejuez, C. (2021). Behavioral activation and therapeutic exposure vs. cognitive therapy for grief among combat veterans: A randomized clinical trial of bereavement interventions. American Journal of Hospice and Palliative Medicine, 38(12), 1470–1478. 10.1177/1049909121989021
- Agarwal, A. K., Waddell, K. J., Small, D. S., Evans, C., Harrington, T. O., Djaraher, R., Oon, A. L., & Patel, M. S. (2021). Effect of gamification with and without financial incentives to increase physical activity among veterans classified as having obesity or overweight: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA Network Open, 4(7), e2116256–e2116256. 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.16256
- Barr, N., & Kintzle, S. (2019). Can mindfulness help to predict veterans’ mental health service utilization? Social Work, 64(4), 329–338. 10.1093/sw/swz026
- Bond, G. R., Al-Abdulmunem, M., Ressler, D. R., Gade, D. M., & Drake, R. E. (2022). A randomized controlled trial of an employment program for veterans transitioning from the military: Two-year outcomes. Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research, 49(6), 1072–1083. 10.1007/s10488-022-01208-z
- Breneman, C. B., Reinhard, M. J., Allen, N., Belouali, A., Chun, T., Crock, L., Duncan, A. D., & Dutton, M. A. (2023). Gulf war illness: A randomized controlled trial combining mindfulness meditation and auricular acupuncture. Global Advances in Health and Medicine, 12. 10.1177/27536130231171854
- Castillo, D. T., Chee, C. L., Nason, E., Keller, J., C’De Baca, J., Qualls, C., Fallon, S. K., Haaland, K. Y., Miller, M. W., & Keane, T. M. (2016). Group-delivered cognitive/exposure therapy for ptsd in women veterans: A randomized controlled trial. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 8(3), 404–412. 10.1037/tra0000111
- Chesin, M. S., Keilp, J. G., Kline, A., Stanley, B., Myers, C., Latorre, M., St. Hill, L. M., Miller, R. B., King, A. R., Boschulte, D. R., Rodriguez, K. M., Callahan, M., Sedita, M., & Interian, A. (2021). Attentional control may be modifiable with mindfulness-based cognitive therapy to prevent suicide. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 147, 103988. 10.1016/j.brat.2021.103988
- Colgan, D. D., Wahbeh, H., Pleet, M., Besler, K., & Christopher, M. (2017). A qualitative study of mindfulness among veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder: Practices differentially affect symptoms, aspects of well-being, and potential mechanisms of action. Journal of Evidence-Based Complementary & Alternative Medicine, 22(3), 482–493. 10.1177/2156587216684999
- Cramer, H., Anheyer, D., Saha, F. J., & Dobos, G. (2018). Yoga for posttraumatic stress disorder—a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Psychiatry, 18(72). 10.1186/s12888-018-1650-x
- Dahm, K. A., Meyer, E. C., Neff, K. D., Kimbrel, N. A., Gulliver, S. B., & Morissette, S. B. (2015). Mindfulness, self-compassion, posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms, and functional disability in U.S. Iraq and Afghanistan war veterans. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 28(5), 460–464. 10.1002/jts.22045
- Damschroder, L. J., Buis, L. R., McCant, F. A., Kim, H. M., Evans, R., Oddone, E. Z., Bastian, L. A., Hooks, G., Kadri, R., White-Clark, C., Richardson, C. R., & Gierisch, J. M. (2020). Effect of adding telephone-based brief coaching to an mHealth app (stay strong) for promoting physical activity among veterans: Randomized controlled trial. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 22(8),
e19216 . 10.2196/19216 - Davis, L. L., Kyriakides, T. C., Suris, A. M., Ottomanelli, L. A., Mueller, L., Parker, P. E., Resnick, S. G., Toscano, R., Scrymgeour, A. A., Drake, R. E., Placement, V. C. V. I., & Support Toward Advancing Recovery, I. (2018a). Effect of evidence-based supported employment vs transitional work on achieving steady work among veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA Psychiatry, 75(4), 316–324. 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2017.4472
- Davis, L. L., Whetsell, C., Hamner, M. B., Carmody, J., Rothbaum, B. O., Allen, R. S., Bartolucci, A., Southwick, S. M., & Bremner, J. D. (2018b). A multisite randomized controlled trial of mindfulness-based stress reduction in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychiatric Research and Clinical Practice, 1(2), 39–48. 10.1176/appi.prcp.20180002
- Davis, L. W., Schmid, A. A., Daggy, J. K., Yang, Z., O’Connor, C. E., Schalk, N., Do, A.-N. L., Maric, D., Lazarick, D., & Knock, H. (2020). Symptoms improve after a yoga program designed for ptsd in a randomized controlled trial with veterans and civilians. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 12(8), 904–912. 10.1037/tra0000564
- Geraci, J. C., Dichiara, A., Greene, A., Gromatsky, M., Finley, E. P., Kilby, D., Frankfurt, S., Edwards, E. R., Solomon Kurz, A., Sokol, Y., Sullivan, S. R., Mobbs, M., Seim, R. W., & Goodman, M. (2023). Supporting servicemembers and veterans during their transition to civilian life using certified sponsors: A three-arm randomized controlled trial. Psychological Services, 20(Suppl 2), 248–259. 10.1037/ser0000764
- Goldstein, L. A., Mehling, W. E., Metzler, T. J., Cohen, B. E., Barnes, D. E., Choucroun, G. J., Silver, A., Talbot, L. S., Maguen, S., Hlavin, J. A., Chesney, M. A., & Neylan, T. C. (2018). Veterans group exercise: A randomized pilot trial of an integrative exercise program for veterans with posttraumatic stress. Journal of Affective Disorders, 227, 345–352. 10.1016/j.jad.2017.11.002
- Hilton, L., Maher, A. R., Colaiaco, B., Apaydin, E., Sorbero, M. E., Booth, M., Shanman, R. M., & Hempel, S. (2017). Meditation for posttraumatic stress: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 9(4), 453–460. 10.1037/tra0000180
- Hutcheon, D., Rendall, J., McMillan, C., Dall, P., Morrison-Glancy, S., & Steiner, A. (2025). The Health and Well-being Outcomes of Employment and Vocational-Based Interventions for Veterans: A Scoping Review. Journal of Veterans Studies, 11(1), 95–111. 10.21061/jvs.v11i2.638
- Kearney, D. J., Malte, C. A., Storms, M., & Simpson, T. L. (2021). Loving-kindness meditation vs cognitive processing therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder among veterans: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA Network Open, 4(4), e216604–e216604. 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.6604
- Lehavot, K., Millard, S. P., Thomas, R. M., Yantsides, K., Upham, M., Beckman, K., Hamilton, A. B., Sadler, A., Litz, B., & Simpson, T. (2021). A randomized trial of an online, coach-assisted self-management ptsd intervention tailored for women veterans. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 89(2), 134–142. 10.1037/ccp0000556
- Liese, B. S., & Monley, C. M. (2023). Feasibility of multimodal group treatment for veterans with ptsd, depression, and high-risk drinking: A pilot study. Journal of Psychotherapy Integration, 33(4), 402–421. 10.1037/int0000309
- Reger, M. A., Legler, A., Lauver, M., Tenso, K., Manchester, C., Griffin, C., Strombotne, K. L., Landes, S. J., Porter, S., Bourgeois, J. E., & Garrido, M. M. (2024). Caring letters sent by a clinician or peer to at-risk veterans: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA Network Open, 7(4), e248064–e248064. 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.8064
- Reinhardt, K. M., Noggle Taylor, J. J., Johnston, J., Zameer, A., Cheema, S., & Khalsa, S. B. S. (2018). Kripalu yoga for military veterans with ptsd: A randomized trial. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 74(1), 93–108. 10.1002/jclp.22483
- Roseen, E. J., Pinheiro, A., Lemaster, C. M., Plumb, D., Wang, S., Elwy, A. R., Streeter, C. C., Lynch, S., Groessl, E., Sherman, K. J., Weinberg, J., & Saper, R. B. (2023). Yoga versus education for veterans with chronic low back pain: A randomized controlled trial. J Gen Intern Med, 38(9), 2113–2122. 10.1007/s11606-023-08037-2
- Saban, K. L., Collins, E. G., Mathews, H. L., Bryant, F. B., Tell, D., Gonzalez, B., Bhoopalam, S., Chroniak, C. P., & Janusek, L. W. (2022). Impact of a mindfulness-based stress reduction program on psychological well-being, cortisol, and inflammation in women veterans. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 37(3), 751–761. 10.1007/s11606-022-07584-4
- Sautter, F. J., Glynn, S. M., Cretu, J. B., Senturk, D., & Vaught, A. S. (2015). Efficacy of structured approach therapy in reducing ptsd in returning veterans: A randomized clinical trial. Psychological Services, 12(3), 199–212. 10.1037/ser0000032
- Schnurr, P. P., Chard, K. M., Ruzek, J. I., Chow, B. K., Resick, P. A., Foa, E. B., Marx, B. P., Friedman, M. J., Bovin, M. J., Caudle, K. L., Castillo, D., Curry, K. T., Hollifield, M., Huang, G. D., Chee, C. L., Astin, M. C., Dickstein, B., Renner, K., Clancy, C. P., … Shih, M.-C. (2022). Comparison of prolonged exposure vs cognitive processing therapy for treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder among US veterans: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA Network Open, 5(1),
e2136921 . 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.36921 - Seppälä, E. M., Nitschke, J. B., Tudorascu, D. L., Hayes, A., Goldstein, M. R., Nguyen, D. T. H., Perlman, D., & Davidson, R. J. (2014). Breathing-based meditation decreases posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in U.S. Military veterans: A randomized controlled longitudinal study. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 27(4), 397–405. 10.1002/jts.21936
- Sharp, M. L., Fear, N. T., Rona, R. J., Wessely, S., Greenberg, N., Jones, N., & Goodwin, L. (2015). Stigma as a barrier to seeking health care among military personnel with mental health problems. Epidemiologic Reviews, 37(1), 144–162. 10.1093/epirev/mxu012
- Sohrabi, C., Franchi, T., Mathew, G., Kerwan, A., Nicola, M., Griffin, M., Agha, M., & Agha, R. (2021). Prisma 2020 statement: What’s new and the importance of reporting guidelines. International Journal of Surgery, 88, 105918. 10.1016/j.ijsu.2021.105918
- Stephenson, K. R., Simpson, T. L., Martinez, M. E., & Kearney, D. J. (2017). Changes in mindfulness and posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms among veterans enrolled in mindfulness-based stress reduction. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 73(3), 201–217. 10.1002/jclp.22323
- U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs. (2023). VetPop2023: A brief description. National Center for Veterans Analysis and Statistics.
https://www.va.gov/VETDATA/docs/Demographics/New_Vetpop_Model/VetPop2023_ABrief_Description.pdf
DOI: https://doi.org/10.21061/jvs.v11i2.683 | Journal eISSN: 2470-4768
Language: English
Page range: 15 - 27
Submitted on: Feb 17, 2025
Accepted on: Jun 6, 2025
Published on: Aug 25, 2025
Published by: Virginia Tech Publishing
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Keywords:
© 2025 Tony Carlton, published by Virginia Tech Publishing
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.