Figure 1
Four Acculturation Orientations.
Note. The arrow lines represent the strength or weakness of an individual’s identity with the respective culture, leading to four orientations. Adapted from Berry (1990).
Table 1
Military Transition Theory: Risk Factors for Poor Reintegration Across Military Careers.
| BEFORE SERVICE | IN SERVICE | TRANSITION | PERSONAL CHARACTERISTICS | AFTER SERVICE |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Low socioeconomic status Low education Childhood trauma | Early service leavers Unexpected separation Health problems Trauma | Unfavorable conditions Organizational support | Culture Identity Professional skills Coping Help-seeking Gender, race, and sexuality | Opportunities Support Stigma Military-civilian relations |
[i] Note. From Duel and colleagues (2019).
Figure 2
Different Relationships between Identity, Military Culture, and Civilian Culture.
Note. Adapted from Phinney and Devitch-Navarro (1997).