Table 1
The relation between critical theory of technology and other views (Feenberg, 2006, 2009a, 2009b)
| TECHNOLOGY IS | AUTONOMOUS | HUMANLY CONTROLLED |
|---|---|---|
| Neutral | Determinism | Instrumentalism |
| (complete separation of means and ends) | (e.g., modernization theory) | (liberal faith in progress) |
| Value-laden | Substantivism | Critical theory |
| (means form a way of life that includes ends) | (means and ends linked in systems) | (choice of alternative means-ends systems) |