Financial Viability of Battery Cage and Deep Litter Layer Production Systems: A Comparative Analysis for Small-Scale Poultry Farming in Ghana
By: Alexander Asmah and Michael Oppong
References
- Aboah, J., Enahoro, D., Mensah, C., Agyemang, N.A., Kondo, E., Ayertey, D. (2025). Patterns of systemic problems in Ghana’s poultry value chain: A group model building approach. J. Agric. Food Res., 20, 101–738.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafr.2025.101738 - Acheampong, G. (2019). Investment climate constraints, network isomorphism and survival among small commercial poultry farms in Ghana. World Rev. Entrepren. Manag. Sustain. Dev., 15(4), 460–479.
https://doi.org/10.1504/WREMSD.2019.102341 - Adams, F., Mensah, A., Etuah, S., Aidoo, R., Asante, B.O., Mensah, J.O. (2022). Modelling of vertical integration in commercial poultry production of Ghana: A count data model analysis. Heliyon, 8(12), e11961.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11961 - Adeyonu, A., Ajiboye, B., Isitor, S., Faseyi, S. (2017). An analysis of the factors influencing access to credit by poultry farmers in Abuja, Nigeria. Agric. Conspect. Sci., 82(1), 55–62. Retrieved from:
https://hrcak.srce.hr/file/277234 - Adu, E. (2024). Feed milling industry in crisis… as maize prices soar 80% – Poultry farmers call for import licence. Graph. Bus. Retrieved from:
https://www.graphic.com.gh/business/business-news/feed-milling-industry-in-crisis-as-maize-prices-soar-80-poultry-farmers-call-for-import-licence.html - Agyemang, S.A., Ratinger, T., Ahado, S. (2020). Has micro-credit boosted poultry production in Ghana? Agric. Fin. Rev., 80(2), 135–152.
https://doi.org/10.1108/AFR-03-2019-0030 - Anang, S.A., Kabore, A.A. (2021). Factors influencing credit access among small-scale poultry farmers in the Sunyani West District of the Bono Region, Ghana. J. Agric. Exten. Rural Dev., 13(1), 23–33.
https://doi.org/10.5897/JAERD2020.1198 - Andam, K.S., Johnson, M.E., Ragasa, C., Kufoalor, D.S., Das Gupta, S. (2017). A chicken and maize situation: The poultry feed sector in Ghana (vol. 1601). Washington DC: International Food Policy Research Institute.
- Bannor, R.K., Oppong-Kyeremeh, H., Amfo, B., Kuwornu, J.K., Kyire, S.K., Amponsah, J. (2023). Agricultural insurance and risk management among poultry farmers in Ghana: An application of discrete choice experiment. Journal of Agriculture and Food Research, 11, 100492.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafr.2022.100492 - BOG (Bank of Ghana) (2023). Credit reporting activity. Accra: Bank of Ghana.
- Buckel, A., Afakye, K., Koka, E., Price, C., Kabali, E., Caudell, M.A. (2024). Understanding the factors influencing biosecurity adoption on smallholder poultry farms in Ghana: A qualitative analysis using the COM-B model and theoretical domains framework. Front. Vet. Sci., 11, 1324233.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2024.1324233 - Chah, J.M., Nwankwo, S.C., Uddin, I.O., Chah, K.F. (2022). Knowledge and practices regarding antibiotic use among small-scale poultry farmers in Enugu State, Nigeria. Heliyon, 8(4), e09342.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09342 - Chibanda, C., Almadani, M.I., Thobe, P., Wieck, C. (2022). Broiler production systems in Ghana: Economics and the impact of frozen chicken imports. Int. Food Agribus. Manag. Rev., 25(4), 619–634. Retrieved from:
https://literatur.thuenen.de/digbib_extern/dn064878.pdf - Chiekezie, N.R., Nwankwo, E.C., Ozor, M.U. (2022). Analysis of small scale broiler poultry production in South East Nigeria, West Africa. Int. J. Anim. Livest. Prod. Res., 6(1), 1–16.
https://doi.org/10.37745/ijahlpr.15/vol6n1116 - Elum, Z.A., Obiajunwa, U. (2022). Analysis of institutional credit accessibility among small-holder poultry farmers in Rivers State, Nigeria. J. Dev. Agric. Econ., 14(2), 30–40.
https://doi.org/10.5897/JDAE2022.1329 - Etuah, S., Ohene-Yankyera, K., Liu, Z., Mensah, J.O., Lan, J. (2020). Determinants of cost inefficiency in poultry production: Evidence From Small-Scale Broiler Farms in the Ashanti region of Ghana. Tropic. Anim. Health Prod., 52(3), 1149–1159.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-019-02115-6 - Etuah, S., Mensah, J.O., Aidoo, R., Musah, E.F., Botchwey, F., Oppong Adjei, L., Owusu, K. (2021). Financial viability of processing broiler chicken into cut parts in Ashanti region of Ghana. Cogent Food Agric., 7(1), 1917742.
https://doi.org/10.1080/23311932.2021.1917742 - Folajinmi, A.F., Peter, A.O. (2020). Financial management practices and performance of small and medium scale poultry industry in Ogun State, Nigeria. J. Fin. Account., 8(2), 90.
https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jfa.20200802.15 - GSS (Ghana Statistical Service). (2023). Agricultural Production Survey Report. Accra: Ghana Statistical Service.
- GSS (Ghana Statistical Service) (2022). 2021 Population and Housing Census: Summary Report of Final Results. Accra: Ghana Statistical Service.
- Kusi, L., Koomson, I., Nyarku, K.M., Assefuah, P.K., Ahoto, O.K., Kyeremeh, B. (2025). Supply chain integration and operational performance of poultry businesses in Ghana: The roles of supply chain risk and firm characteristics. J. Agribus. Dev. Emerg. Econ.
https://doi.org/10.1108/JADEE-07-2024-0238 - Malarvizhi, V., Geetha, K.T. (2015). Economic cost & profit assessment of poultry farming in Namakkal district. J. Manag. Sci., 5(2), 153–166.
https://doi.org/10.26524/jms.2015.14 - MoFA (Ministry of Food and Agriculture). (2022). Agricultural Sector Annual Performance Report. Accra: Ministry of Food and Agriculture.
- MoFA (Ministry of Food and Agriculture) (2023). Poultry Production Statistics by Region. Accra: Ministry of Food and Agriculture.
- Najimovich, B.B. (2023). Analysis of the effectiveness of the formation and distribution of financial results of business entities engaged in poultry farming. Int. J. of Adv. Res., 11(06), 422–427.
https://dx.doi.org/10.21474/IJAR01/17085 - Nimoh, F., Tham-Agyekum, E.K., Awuku, M.S. (2013). Factors influencing access of poultry farmers to credit: The case of the Agricultural Development Bank (ADB) in Ga East Municipality, Ghana. Management, 3(1), 54–58.
https://doi.org/10.5923/j.mm.20130301.11 - Oduro-Mensah, D. (2025). Govt projects poultry price drop as ‘Nkoko Nkitinkiti’ launch nears. Retrieved from Citi News Room:
https://citinewsroom.com/2025/07/govt-projects-poultry-price-drop-as-nkoko-nkitinkiti-launch-nears/ - Omondi, S.O. (2019). Small-scale poultry enterprises in Kenyan medium-sized cities. J. Agribus. Dev. Emerg. Econ., 9(3), 237–254.
https://doi.org/10.1108/JADEE-06-2018-0067 - Ouma, E.A., Kankya, C., Dione, M., Kelly, T., Enahoro, D., Chiwanga, G., Zhou, H. (2023). Poultry health constraints in smallholder village poultry systems in Northern Ghana and central Tanzania. Front. Vet. Sci., 10, 1159331.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2023.1159331 - Rahman, M., Chowdhury, E.H., Parvin, R. (2021). Small-scale poultry production in Bangladesh: Challenges and impact of COVID-19 on sustainability. Germ. J. Vet. Res., 1(1), 19–27.
https://doi.org/10.51585/gjvr.2021.0004 - Safiullina, A.M., Davydova, I.S., Klimanova, A., Ganeeva, D.A. (2015). The role of production costs in the management of poultry sector of the region. Asian Soc. Sci., 11(11), 406.
https://doi.org/10.5539/ass.v11n11p406 - Samkange, A., Mushonga, B., Kandiwa, E., Kambode, J.N., Mbiri, P., Gorejena, B., Madzingira, O. (2020). Assessment of normal mortalities, biosecurity and welfare of Lohmann Brown Layers at a farm in Central Namibia. Int. J. Poult. Sci., 19, 503–512.
https://doi.org/10.3923/ijps.2020.503.512 - Sanou, A., Liverpool-Tasie, L.S., Kerr, J.M. (2020). Threshold investment and firm viability: Evidence from commercial poultry farms in Nigeria. Agribusiness, 36(3), 422–439.
https://doi.org/10.1002/agr.21639 - Shahbazi, A., Javanbakht, O. (2019). Studying the production structure of poultry units in Masjed Soleyman town. Anim. Sci. Res., 29(2), 15–29.
- Singh, A., Mehta, P., Walia, K. (2025). Economic analysis of small-scale vs. industrial poultry farming. J. Environ. Agric. Agroecosys. Manag., 2(1), 68–75. Retrieved from:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/393799258_Economic_Analysis_of_Small-Scale_Vs_Industrial_Poultry_Farming - Soumya, P., Reddy, B.P. (2021). Financial feasibility of poultry layer farms in Chittoor District, India. Asian J. Agric. Exten. Econ. Soc., 39(5), 120–145.
https://doi.org/10.9734/ajaees/2021/v39i530584 - Valdokhinas, S.I., Roiter, L.M. (2020). Traceability as a Tool for Managing the Economic Viability of a Poultry Enterprise. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science (p. 022032). England: IOP Publishing.
- Wilson, R.T. (2021). An overview of traditional small-scale poultry production in low-income, food-deficit countries. Ann. Agric. Crop Sci., 6(3), 1077. Retrieved from:
https://austinpublishinggroup.com/agriculture-crop-sciences/fulltext/aacs-v6-id1077.php - Won, H.K., Kim, H.S., Jeon, H.S. (2017). Analysis on cost structure and management performance of poultry farming in agroforestry. J. Kor. Soc. Forest Sci., 106(4), 473–479.
- Wong, J.T., de Bruyn, J., Bagnol, B., Grieve, H., Li, M., Pym, R., Alders, R.G. (2017). Small-scale poultry and food security in resource-poor settings: A review. Glob. Food Sec., 15, 43–52.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gfs.2017.04.003 - Wongnaa, C.A., Mbroh, J., Mabe, F.N., Abokyi, E., Debrah, R., Dzaka, E., Poku, F. (2023). Profitability and choice of commercially prepared feed and farmers’ own prepared feed among poultry producers in Ghana. J. Agric. Food Res., 12, 100611.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafr.2023.100611 - Yevu, M., Onumah, E.E. (2021). Profit efficiency of layer production in Ghana. Sustain. Fut., 3, 100057.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sftr.2021.100057
DOI: https://doi.org/10.17306/j.jard.2026.2.00008r1 | Journal eISSN: 1899-5772 | Journal ISSN: 1899-5241
Language: English
Page range: 160 - 187
Accepted on: Apr 27, 2026
Published on: Jun 30, 2026
Published by: The University of Life Sciences in Poznań
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 4 issues per year
Keywords:
Related subjects:
© 2026 Alexander Asmah, Michael Oppong, published by The University of Life Sciences in Poznań
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.