Fig. 1.
Multivariate probit of factors influencing choice of climate change approaches
| Variables | Use of irrigation | Planting cover crops | Adjusting planting date | Livelihood diversification | Switching livestock to crop | Use of minimum tillage system | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| β | S.E. | β | S.E. | β | S.E. | β | S.E. | β | S.E. | β | S.E. | |
| Sex | –0.064 | 0.221 | 0.369 | 0.306 | –0.088 | 0.256 | 0.283 | 0.197 | 0.283 | 0.197 | 0.219 | 0.651 |
| Age | –0.008 | 0.084 | 0.135 | 0.117 | –0.017 | 0.098 | 0.076 | 0.075 | 0.76 | 0.075 | –0.038 | 0.141 |
| Annual income | 0.069 | 0.056 | 0.032 | 0.078 | –0.055 | 0.065 | 0.038 | 0.050 | 0.038 | 0.050 | 0.041 | 0.094 |
| Years of experience | 0.007 | 0.094 | 0.016 | 0.010 | 0.003 | 0.009 | –0.017 | 0.007 | –0.017* | 0.007 | –0.005 | 0.012 |
| Occupation | 0.08* | 0.032 | –0.025 | 0.044 | –0.098 | 0.037 | 0.063* | 0.028 | 0.063* | 0.028 | 0.077 | 0.053 |
| Farm size | 0.054 | 0.041 | –0.020 | 0.057 | 0.029 | 0.048 | 0.049 | 0.037 | 0.049 | 0.037 | 0.33* | 0.069 |
| Access to credit | 0.085 | 0.151 | 0.261 | 0.210 | –0.658* | 0.176 | 0.943* | 0.135 | 0.943* | 0.135 | –0.276 | 0.254 |
| Access to extension services | 0.63* | 0.201 | 0.940* | 0.027 | 1.318* | 0.234 | –0.200 | 0.180 | –0.200 | 0.180 | –0.199 | 0.033 |
Challenges confronting adoption of climate change adaptation outcomes in Okomu Forest Reserve
| Parameters | Considerable extent | Moderate extent | Slight extent | No extent | Mean scores | Rank |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Distance to extension agents | 46(46.5) | 18(18.2) | 15(15.2) | 20(20.2) | 1.9 | 1st |
| Inadequate government support | 19(19.2) | 57(57.6) | 18(18.2) | 5(5.0) | 1.9 | 1st |
| Inadequate access to weather forecasting information | 35(35.4) | 33(33.3) | 24(24.2) | 7(7.0) | 1.9 | 1st |
| Inadequate knowledge of coping or building resilience | 5(5.1) | 26(26.3) | 49(49.5) | 19(19.2) | 1.1 | 8th |
| High cost of irrigation facilities | 20(20.2) | 14(14.1) | 16(16.2) | 49(49.5) | 1.0 | 9th |
| Unpredictable weather condition | 26(26.3) | 34(34.3) | 20(20.2) | 19(19.2) | 1.6 | 4th |
| Land tenure issues | 19(19.1) | 25(25.3) | 29(29.3) | 26(26.3) | 1.3 | 6th |
| Shifting cultivation | 31(31.4) | 34(34.3) | 34(34.3) | 0(0.0) | 1.9 | 1st |
| Unavailable drought resistant varieties | 43(43.4) | 14(14.1) | 27(27.3) | 15(15.2) | 1.8 | 2nd |
| Poor agricultural program and service delivery | 36(36.4) | 35(35.4) | 19(19.2) | 9(9.0) | 1.9 | 1st |
| High cost of fertilizer and other farm inputs | 15(15.2) | 41(41.4) | 24(24.2) | 19(19.2) | 1.3 | 6th |
| Poor financing of adaptation strategies | 23(23.2) | 25(25.3) | 27(27.3) | 24(24.2) | 1.2 | 7th |
| High cost of improved varieties | 30(30.3) | 36(36.4) | 23(23.2) | 10(10.1) | 1.8 | 2nd |
| Poor households income | 12(12.1) | 39(39.4) | 39(39.4) | 9(9.1) | 1.5 | 5th |
| Lack of access to improve crop varieties | 32(32.3) | 29(29.3) | 18(18.2) | 20(20.2) | 1.7 | 3rd |
| Inadequate information on climate change | 29(29.3) | 45(45.5) | 15(15.1) | 10(10.1) | 1.9 | 1st |
| Limited knowledge on water management method | 19(19.2) | 51(51.5) | 10(10.1) | 19(19.2) | 1.7 | 3rd |
| Inadequate knowledge on adaptive measures | 34(34.3) | 31(31.3) | 25(25.3) | 9(9.1) | 1.9 | 1st |
| Bush burning | 20(20.2) | 51(51.5) | 5(5.1) | 23(23.2) | 1.6 | 4th |
Chi square test of association between respondents’ socio-economic characteristics and climate change approaches outcomes (CCAO)
| Socio economic characteristics | Use of irrigation | Planting cover crops | Adjusting planting date | Livelihood diversification | Switching livestock to crop | Use of minimum tillage system |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex | 0.25(0.62) | 1.52(0.47) | 0.02(0.89) | 0.75(0.39) | 0.75(0.39) | 1.51(0.47) |
| Age | 5.27(0.15) | 5.37(0.49) | 0.43(0.94) | 1.32(0.72) | 1.32(0.72) | 3.03(0.81) |
| Marital status | 2.98(0.39) | 23.33(0.001)* | 0.92(0.82) | 2.62(0.46) | 2.61(0.45) | 1.04(0.98) |
| Religion | 8.39(0.02)* | 10.39(0.03)* | 3.84(0.15) | 1.67(0.43) | 1.67(0.43) | 5.62(0.23) |
| Education | 7.95(0.02)* | 6.83(0.15)* | 0.36(0.84) | 1.80(0.41) | 1.80(0.41) | 3.66(0.45) |
| Annual income | 12.52(0.01)* | 11.75(0.07)* | 1.15(0.77) | 1.47(0.69) | 1.47(0.69) | 4.53(0.61) |
| Years of experience | 10.25(0.85) | 45.82(0.05)* | 14.44(0.57) | 14.34(0.57) | 14.34(0.57) | 20.41(0.9) |
| Household size | 12.50(0.13)* | 8.44(0.94) | 7.82(0.45) | 2.83(0.95) | 2.83(0–95) | 25.13(0.0) |
| Members of social organization | 0.22(0.64) | 0.99(0.61) | 0.91(0.34) | 0.48(0.49) | 0.48(0.49) | 0.40(0.82) |
| Occupation | 13.13(.001)* | 8.34(0.08) | 23.47(0.00)* | 11.84(0.003)* | 11.84(.003)* | 1.28(.02)* |
| Farm size | 22.78(0.00)* | 27.11(0.00)* | 9.41(0.02)* | 14.87(0.002)* | 14.87(0.02)* | 81.2(.00)* |
| Access to credit | 5.19(0.02)* | 3.17(0.21) | 0.96(0.34) | 47.92(0.00)* | 47.92(0.00)* | 8.93(.01)* |
| Access to extension services | 26.85(0.00)* | 20.34(0.00)* | 16.41(0.00)* | 21.27(0.00)* | 21.27(0.00)* | 3.96(0.14) |
Socio-economic characteristics of residents around Okomu Forest Reserve
| Variables | Frequencies | Percentages |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 | 3 |
| Gender | ||
| Male | 75 | 75.2 |
| Female | 24 | 24.2 |
| Age (years) | ||
| 20–30 | 27 | 27.3 |
| 31–40 | 23 | 23.2 |
| 41–50 | 7 | 7.1 |
| > 50 | 42 | 42.4 |
| Marital status | ||
| Single | 42 | 42.4 |
| Married | 40 | 40.4 |
| Divorced | 1 | 1.0 |
| Widowed | 16 | 16.2 |
| Religion | ||
| Christianity | 36 | 36.4 |
| Islamic | 22 | 22.2 |
| Traditional | 41 | 41.4 |
| Education level | ||
| Informal education | 50 | 50.5 |
| Primary education | 21 | 21.2 |
| Secondary education | 28 | 28.3 |
| Annual income (₦) | ||
| < 250 | 45 | 45.5 |
| 251–300 | 17 | 17.2 |
| 301–450 | 33 | 33.3 |
| > 451 | 4 | 4.0 |
| > 250,000 | 1 | 0.8 |
| Years of experience | ||
| 2–6 | 34 | 34.3 |
| 7–11 | 35 | 35.2 |
| 12–16 | 14 | 14.3 |
| > 17 | 16 | 16.2 |
| Household size (number of person) | ||
| 2–4 | 21 | 31.3 |
| 5–7 | 49 | 49.5 |
| > 8 | 29 | 29.2 |
| Membership of social organization | ||
| Yes | 94 | 94.9 |
| No | 5 | 5.1 |
| Occupation | ||
| Farming | 75 | 75.8 |
| Trading | 15 | 15.2 |
| Others | 9 | 9.0 |
| Farm size (acres) | ||
| 1–3 | 44 | 44.4 |
| 4–6 | 33 | 33.3 |
| 7–9 | 5 | 5.1 |
| 10–12 | 17 | 17.2 |
| Access to credit | ||
| Yes | 79 | 79.8 |
| No | 20 | 20.2 |
| Access to extension services | ||
| Yes | 89 | 89.9 |
| No | 10 | 10.1 |
Effects of climate change in Okomu Forest Reserve
| Parameters | High | Moderate | Low | Mean scores | Rank |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Reduction in yield and quantity of crops on farmland | 71(71.7) | 9(9.1) | 19(19.2) | 1.5 | 1st |
| Shortage of food supply | 0(0.0) | 75(75.8) | 24(24.2) | 0.6 | 8th |
| Pests and diseases outbreak | 30(30.3) | 28(28.3) | 41(41.4) | 0.8 | 6th |
| Threatening or reduction in forest products like Fuel-wood | 38(38.4) | 34(34.3) | 27(27.3) | 1.1 | 3rd |
| Reduction in animal yield | 19(19.2) | 61(61.6) | 19(19.2) | 1 | 4th |
| Death of animals | 35(35.4) | 19(19.2) | 45(45.5) | 0.8 | 6th |
| Erosion/flooding | 14(14.2) | 41(41.4) | 44(44.4) | 0.6 | 8th |
| Sudden rise in heavy rainfall | 34(34.3) | 55(55.6) | 10(10.1) | 1.2 | 2nd |
| Reduction of feed quality and fodder shortage | 35(35.4) | 35(35.4) | 29(29.2) | 1.1 | 3rd |
| Excessive moisture during harvesting due to excessive rainfall | 31(31.3) | 43(43.4) | 25(25.3) | 1.1 | 3rd |
| High intensity of temperature | 31(31.3) | 35(35.4) | 33(33.3) | 0.9 | 5th |
| Alteration in land suitability for agricultural production. | 56(56.6) | 38(38.4) | 5(5.1) | 1.5 | 1st |
| Increase competition for resources in terms of food and water | 34(34.3) | 51(51.5) | 14(14.2) | 1.2 | 2nd |
| Drought due to reduced rainfall increase vulnerability of residents to disease | 19(19.2) | 38(38.4) | 42(42.4) | 0.7 | 7th |
Adaptation approaches utilized by rural dwellers of Okomu Forest Reserve
| Parameters | Utilized | Not utilized | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| F | % | F | % | |
| Use of irrigation facilities (70.7%) | 70 | 70.7 | 29 | 29.3 |
| Planting of improved and resistant crop varieties | 37 | 37.4 | 62 | 62.6 |
| Use of mulching method and materials | 52 | 52.6 | 47 | 47.4 |
| Planting of cover crops | 64 | 64.6 | 35 | 35.4 |
| Use of indigenous knowledge-based conservation practices | 53 | 53.5 | 46 | 46.5 |
| Planting early maturing crops | 37 | 37.4 | 62 | 62.6 |
| Adjusting planting time and season | 59 | 59.6 | 40 | 40.4 |
| Planting drought resistant varieties | 57 | 57.6 | 42 | 42.4 |
| Renting-out or leasing land | 60 | 60.6 | 39 | 39.4 |
| Livelihood diversification | 65 | 65.7 | 16 | 16.8 |
| Practicing multiple cropping/mixed farming | 44 | 44.4 | 55 | 55.6 |
| Switching from livestock to crop | 65 | 65.7 | 34 | 34.3 |
| Rural-urban migration | 46 | 46.5 | 53 | 53.5 |
| Construction of drainage around homes/farms | 69 | 69.7 | 30 | 30.3 |
| Use of minimum tillage system | 73 | 73.7 | 26 | 26.3 |
| Carryout reforestation/afforestation | 39 | 39.4 | 60 | 60.6 |