
Treatment of Key Aerosol and Cloud Processes in Earth System Models – Recommendations from the FORCeS Project
References
- Abdul-Razzak, H. and Ghan, S.J. (2000) A parameterization of aerosol activation: 2. Multiple aerosol types. J. Geophys. Res. Atmospheres, 105: 6837–6844. DOI: 10.1029/1999JD901161
- Abdul-Razzak, H. and Ghan, S.J. (2002) A parameterization of aerosol activation 3. Sectional representation. J. Geophys. Res. Atmospheres, 107: AAC 1-1–AAC 1-6. DOI: 10.1029/2001JD000483
- Abdul-Razzak, H., Ghan, S.J. and Rivera-Carpio, C. (1998) A parameterization of aerosol activation: 1. Single aerosol type. J. Geophys. Res. Atmospheres, 103: 6123–6131. DOI: 10.1029/97JD03735
- Ackerley, D., Highwood, E.J., Frame, D.J. and Booth, B.B.B. (2009) Changes in the Global Sulfate Burden due to Perturbations in Global CO2 Concentrations. J. Clim., 22: 5421–5432. DOI: 10.1175/2009JCLI2536.1
- Ackerman, A.S., Kirkpatrick, M.P., Stevens, D.E. and Toon, O.B. (2004) The impact of humidity above stratiform clouds on indirect aerosol climate forcing. Nature, 432: 1014–1017. DOI: 10.1038/nature03174
- Ahola, J., Raatikainen, T., Alper, M.E., Keskinen, J.-P., Kokkola, H., Kukkurainen, A., Lipponen, A., Liu, J., Nordling, K., Partanen, A.-I., Romakkaniemi, S., Räisänen, P., Tonttila, J. and Korhonen, H. (2022) Technical note: Parameterising cloud base updraft velocity of marine stratocumuli. Atmospheric Chem. Phys., 22: 4523–4537. DOI: 10.5194/acp-22-4523-2022
- Aksoyoglu, S., Ciarelli, G., El-Haddad, I., Baltensperger, U. and Prévôt, A.S.H. (2017) Secondary inorganic aerosols in Europe: sources and the significant influence of biogenic VOC emissions, especially on ammonium nitrate. Atmospheric Chem. Phys., 17: 7757–7773. DOI: 10.5194/acp-17-7757-2017
- Albrecht, B.A. (1989) Aerosols, Cloud Microphysics, and Fractional Cloudiness. Science, 24: 1227–1230. DOI: 10.1126/science.245.4923.1227
- Andreae, M.O., Afchine, A., Albrecht, R., Holanda, B.A., Artaxo, P., Barbosa, H.M.J., Borrmann, S., Cecchini, M.A., Costa, A., Dollner, M., Fütterer, D., Järvinen, E., Jurkat, T., Klimach, T., Konemann, T., Knote, C., Krämer, M., Krisna, T., Machado, L.A.T., Mertes, S., Minikin, A., Pöhlker, C., Pöhlker, M.L., Pöschl, U., Rosenfeld, D., Sauer, D., Schlager, H., Schnaiter, M., Schneider, J., Schulz, C., Spanu, A., Sperling, V.B., Voigt, C., Walser, A., Wang, J., Weinzierl, B., Wendisch, M. and Ziereis, H. (2018) Aerosol characteristics and particle production in the upper troposphere over the Amazon Basin. Atmospheric Chem. Phys., 18: 921–961. DOI: 10.5194/acp-18-921-2018
- Andreae, M.O. and Gelencsér, A. (2006) Black carbon or brown carbon? The nature of light-absorbing carbonaceous aerosols. Atmospheric Chem. Phys., 6: 3131–3148. DOI: 10.5194/acp-6-3131-2006
- Arola, A., Lipponen, A., Kolmonen, P., Virtanen, T.H., Bellouin, N., Grosvenor, D.P., Gryspeerdt, E., Quaas, J. and Kokkola, H. (2022) Aerosol effects on clouds are concealed by natural cloud heterogeneity and satellite retrieval errors. Nat. Commun., 13:
7357 . DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34948-5 - Atkinson, J.D., Murray, B.J., Woodhouse, M.T., Whale, T.F., Baustian, K.J., Carslaw, K.S., Dobbie, S., O’Sullivan, D. and Malkin, T.L. (2013) The importance of feldspar for ice nucleation by mineral dust in mixed-phase clouds, Nature. 498: 355–358. DOI: 10.1038/nature12278
- Baccarini, A., Karlsson, L., Dommen, J., Duplessis, P., Vüllers, J., Brooks, I.M., Saiz-Lopez, A., Salter, M., Tjernström, M., Baltensperger, U., Zieger, P. and Schmale, J. (2020) Frequent new particle formation over the high Arctic pack ice by enhanced iodine emissions. Nat. Commun., 11:
4924 . DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18551-0 - Baker, A.R., Kanakidou, M., Nenes, A., Myriokefalitakis, S., Croot, P.L., Duce, R.A., Gao, Y., Guieu, C., Ito, A., Jickells, T.D., Mahowald, N.M., Middag, R., Perron, M.M.G., Sarin, M.M., Shelley, R. and Turner, D.R. (2021) Changing atmospheric acidity as a modulator of nutrient deposition and ocean biogeochemistry. Sci. Adv., 7:
eabd8800 . DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abd8800 - Baker, Y., Kang, S., Wang, H., Wu, R., Xu, J., Zanders, A., He, Q., Hohaus, T., Ziehm, T., Geretti, V., Bannan, T.J., O’Meara, S.P., Voliotis, A., Hallquist, M., McFiggans, G., Zorn, S.R., Wahner, A. and Mentel, T.F. (2024) Impact of HO2∕RO2 ratio on highly oxygenated α-pinene photooxidation products and secondary organic aerosol formation potential. Atmospheric Chem. Phys., 24: 4789–4807. DOI: 10.5194/acp-24-4789-2024
- Barahona, D., West, R.E.L., Stier, P., Romakkaniemi, S., Kokkola, H. and Nenes, A. (2010) Comprehensively accounting for the effect of giant CCN in cloud activation parameterizations. Atmospheric Chem. Phys., 10: 2467–2473. DOI: 10.5194/acp-10-2467-2010
- Barati, A.A., Zhoolideh, M., Azadi, H., Lee, J.-H. and Scheffran, J. (2023) Interactions of land-use cover and climate change at global level: How to mitigate the environmental risks and warming effects. Ecol. Indic., 146:
109829 . DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolind.2022.109829 - Bardakov, R., Krejci, R., Riipinen, I. and Ekman, A.M.L. (2022) The Role of Convective Up- and Downdrafts in the Transport of Trace Gases in the Amazon. J. Geophys. Res. Atmospheres, 127:
e2022JD037265 . DOI: 10.1029/2022JD037265 - Bardakov, R., Riipinen, I., Krejci, R., Savre, J., Thornton, J.A. and Ekman, A.M.L. (2020) A Novel Framework to Study Trace Gas Transport in Deep Convective Clouds. J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst., 12:
e2019MS001931 . DOI: 10.1029/2019MS001931 - Bardakov, R., Thornton, J.A., Ekman, A.M.L., Krejci, R., Pöhlker, M.L., Curtius, J., Williams, J., Lelieveld, J. and Riipinen, I. (2024) High Concentrations of Nanoparticles From Isoprene Nitrates Predicted in Convective Outflow Over the Amazon. Geophys. Res. Lett., 51:
e2024GL109919 . DOI: 10.1029/2024GL109919 - Bardakov, R., Thornton, J.A., Riipinen, I., Krejci, R. and Ekman, A.M.L. (2021) Transport and chemistry of isoprene and its oxidation products in deep convective clouds. Tellus B Chem. Phys. Meteorol., 73:
1979856 . DOI: 10.1080/16000889.2021.1979856 - Barth, M.C., Bela, M.M., Fried, A., Wennberg, P.O., Crounse, J.D., St. Clair, J.M., Blake, N.J., Blake, D.R., Homeyer, C.R., Brune, W.H., Zhang, L., Mao, J., Ren, X., Ryerson, T.B., Pollack, I.B., Peischl, J., Cohen, R.C., Nault, B.A., Huey, L.G., Liu, X. and Cantrell, C.A. (2016) Convective transport and scavenging of peroxides by thunderstorms observed over the central U.S. during DC3. J. Geophys. Res. Atmospheres, 121: 4272–4295. DOI: 10.1002/2015JD024570
- Barth, M.C., Kim, S.-W., Wang, C., Pickering, K.E., Ott, L.E., Stenchikov, G., Leriche, M., Cautenet, S., Pinty, J.-P., Barthe, C., Mari, C., Helsdon, J.H., Farley, R.D., Fridlind, A.M., Ackerman, A.S., Spiridonov, V. and Telenta, B. (2007) Cloud-scale model intercomparison of chemical constituent transport in deep convection. Atmospheric Chem. Phys., 7: 4709–4731. DOI: 10.5194/acp-7-4709-2007
- Basnet, S., Hartikainen, A., Virkkula, A., Yli-Pirilä, P., Kortelainen, M., Suhonen, H., Kilpeläinen, L., Ihalainen, M., Väätäinen, S., Louhisalmi, J., Somero, M., Tissari, J., Jakobi, G., Zimmermann, R., Kilpeläinen, A. and Sippula, O. (2024) Contribution of brown carbon to light absorption in emissions of European residential biomass combustion appliances. Atmospheric Chem. Phys., 24: 3197–3215. DOI: 10.5194/acp-24-3197-2024
- Bauer, S.E., Koch, D., Unger, N., Metzger, S.M., Shindell, D.T. and Streets, D.G. (2007) Nitrate aerosols today and in 2030: a global simulation including aerosols and tropospheric ozone. Atmospheric Chem. Phys., 7: 5043–5059. DOI: 10.5194/acp-7-5043-2007
- Bauer, S.E., Tsigaridis, K., Faluvegi, G., Nazarenko, L., Miller, R.L., Kelley, M. and Schmidt, G. (2022) The Turning Point of the Aerosol Era. J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst., 14:
e2022MS003070 . DOI: 10.1029/2022MS003070 - Beck, A., Henneberger, J., Fugal, J.P., David, R.O., Lacher, L. and Lohmann, U. (2018) Impact of surface and near-surface processes on ice crystal concentrations measured at mountain-top research stations. Atmospheric Chem. Phys., 18: 8909–8927. DOI: 10.5194/acp-18-8909-2018
- Bellouin, N., Quaas, J., Gryspeerdt, E., Kinne, S., Stier, P., Watson-Parris, D., Boucher, O., Carslaw, K.S., Christensen, M., Daniau, A.-L., Dufresne, J.-L., Feingold, G., Fiedler, S., Forster, P., Gettelman, A., Haywood, J.M., Lohmann, U., Malavelle, F., Mauritsen, T., McCoy, D.T., Myhre, G., Mülmenstädt, J., Neubauer, D., Possner, A., Rugenstein, M., Sato, Y., Schulz, M., Schwartz, S.E., Sourdeval, O., Storelvmo, T., Toll, V., Winker, D. and Stevens, B. (2020) Bounding Global Aerosol Radiative Forcing of Climate Change. Rev. Geophys., 58:
e2019RG000660 . DOI: 10.1029/2019RG000660 - Bender, F.A.-M., Engström, A. and Karlsson, J. (2016) Factors Controlling Cloud Albedo in Marine Subtropical Stratocumulus Regions in Climate Models and Satellite Observations. J. Climate, 29: 3559–3587. DOI: 10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0095.1
- Bender, F.A.-M., Frey, L., McCoy, D.T., Grosvenor, D.P. and Mohrmann, J.K. (2019) Assessment of aerosol–cloud–radiation correlations in satellite observations, climate models and reanalysis. Clim. Dyn., 52: 4371–4392. DOI: 10.1007/s00382-018-4384-z
- Bender, F.A.-M., Lord, T., Staffansdotter, A., Jung, V. and Undorf, S. (2024) Machine Learning Approach to Investigating the Relative Importance of Meteorological and Aerosol-Related Parameters in Determining Cloud Microphysical Properties. Tellus B Chem. Phys. Meteorol., 76(1): 1–18. DOI: 10.16993/tellusb.1868
- Bergman, T., Makkonen, R., Schrödner, R., Swietlicki, E., Phillips, V.T.J., Le Sager, P. and van Noije, T. (2022) Description and evaluation of a secondary organic aerosol and new particle formation scheme within TM5-MP v1.2. Geosci. Model Dev., 15: 683–713. DOI: 10.5194/gmd-15-683-2022
- Bergström, R., Hallquist, M., Simpson, D., Wildt, J. and Mentel, T.F. (2014) Biotic stress: a significant contributor to organic aerosol in Europe? Atmospheric Chem. Phys., 14: 13643–13660. DOI: 10.5194/acp-14-13643-2014
- Bian, H., Chin, M., Hauglustaine, D.A., Schulz, M., Myhre, G., Bauer, S.E., Lund, M.T., Karydis, V.A., Kucsera, T.L., Pan, X., Pozzer, A., Skeie, R.B., Steenrod, S.D., Sudo, K., Tsigaridis, K., Tsimpidi, A.P. and Tsyro, S.G. (2017) Investigation of global particulate nitrate from the AeroCom phase III experiment. Atmospheric Chem. Phys., 17: 12911–12940. DOI: 10.5194/acp-17-12911-2017
- Blichner, S.M., Sporre, M.K., Makkonen, R. and Berntsen, T.K. (2021) Implementing a sectional scheme for early aerosol growth from new particle formation in the Norwegian Earth System Model v2: comparison to observations and climate impacts. Geosci. Model Dev., 14: 3335–3359. DOI: 10.5194/gmd-14-3335-2021
- Blichner, S.M., Yli-Juuti, T., Mielonen, T., Pöhlker, C., Holopainen, E., Heikkinen, L., Mohr, C., Artaxo, P., Carbone, S., Meller, B.B., Quaresma Dias-Júnior, C., Kulmala, M., Petäjä, T., Scott, C.E., Svenhag, C., Nieradzik, L., Sporre, M., Partridge, D.G., Tovazzi, E., Virtanen, A., Kokkola, H. and Riipinen, I. (2024) Process-evaluation of forest aerosol-cloud-climate feedback shows clear evidence from observations and large uncertainty in models. Nat. Commun., 15:
969 . DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45001-y - Bond, T.C. and Bergstrom, R.W. (2006) Light Absorption by Carbonaceous Particles: An Investigative Review. Aerosol Sci. Technol., 40: 27–67. DOI: 10.1080/02786820500421521
- Bond, T.C., Doherty, S.J., Fahey, D.W., Forster, P.M., Berntsen, T., DeAngelo, B.J., Flanner, M.G., Ghan, S., Kärcher, B., Koch, D., Kinne, S., Kondo, Y., Quinn, P.K., Sarofim, M.C., Schultz, M.G., Schulz, M., Venkataraman, C., Zhang, H., Zhang, S., Bellouin, N., Guttikunda, S.K., Hopke, P.K., Jacobson, M.Z., Kaiser, J.W., Klimont, Z., Lohmann, U., Schwarz, J.P., Shindell, D., Storelvmo, T., Warren, S.G. and Zender, C.S. (2013) Bounding the role of black carbon in the climate system: A scientific assessment. J. Geophys. Res. Atmospheres, 118: 5380–5552. DOI: 10.1002/jgrd.50171
- Bougiatioti, A., Nikolaou, P., Stavroulas, I., Kouvarakis, G., Weber, R., Nenes, A., Kanakidou, M. and Mihalopoulos, N. (2016) Particle water and pH in the eastern Mediterranean: source variability and implications for nutrient availability. Atmospheric Chem. Phys., 16: 4579–4591. DOI: 10.5194/acp-16-4579-2016
- Boutle, I., Angevine, W., Bao, J.-W., Bergot, T., Bhattacharya, R., Bott, A., Ducongé, L., Forbes, R., Goecke, T., Grell, E., Hill, A., Igel, A.L., Kudzotsa, I., Lac, C., Maronga, B., Romakkaniemi, S., Schmidli, J., Schwenkel, J., Steeneveld, G.-J. and Vié, B. (2022) Demistify: a large-eddy simulation (LES) and single-column model (SCM) intercomparison of radiation fog. Atmospheric Chem. Phys., 22: 319–333. DOI: 10.5194/acp-22-319-2022
- Boutle, I., Price, J., Kudzotsa, I., Kokkola, H. and Romakkaniemi, S. (2018) Aerosol–fog interaction and the transition to well-mixed radiation fog. Atmospheric Chem. Phys., 18: 7827–7840. DOI: 10.5194/acp-18-7827-2018
- Bretherton, C.S., Blossey, P.N. and Uchida, J. (2007) Cloud droplet sedimentation, entrainment efficiency, and subtropical stratocumulus albedo. Geophys. Res. Lett., 34. DOI: 10.1029/2006GL027648
- Brock, C.A., Hamill, P., Wilson, J.C., Jonsson, H.H. and Chan, K.R. (1995) Particle Formation in the Upper Tropical Troposphere: A Source of Nuclei for the Stratospheric Aerosol. Science, 270: 1650–1653. DOI: 10.1126/science.270.5242.1650
- Brown, H., Liu, X., Pokhrel, R., Murphy, S., Lu, Z., Saleh, R., Mielonen, T., Kokkola, H., Bergman, T., Myhre, G., Skeie, R.B., Watson-Paris, D., Stier, P., Johnson, B., Bellouin, N., Schulz, M., Vakkari, V., Beukes, J.P., van Zyl, P.G., Liu, S. and Chand, D. (2021) Biomass burning aerosols in most climate models are too absorbing. Nat. Commun., 12:
277 . DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20482-9 - Bulatovic, I., Ekman, A.M.L., Savre, J., Riipinen, I. and Leck, C. (2019) Aerosol Indirect Effects in Marine Stratocumulus: The Importance of Explicitly Predicting Cloud Droplet Activation. Geophys. Res. Lett., 46: 3473–3481. DOI: 10.1029/2018GL081746
- Bulatovic, I., Igel, A.L., Leck, C., Heintzenberg, J., Riipinen, I. and Ekman, A.M.L. (2021) The importance of Aitken mode aerosol particles for cloud sustenance in the summertime high Arctic – a simulation study supported by observational data. Atmospheric Chem. Phys., 21: 3871–3897. DOI: 10.5194/acp-21-3871-2021
- Burgos, M.A., Andrews, E., Titos, G., Benedetti, A., Bian, H., Buchard, V., Curci, G., Kipling, Z., Kirkevåg, A., Kokkola, H., Laakso, A., Letertre-Danczak, J., Lund, M.T., Matsui, H., Myhre, G., Randles, C., Schulz, M., van Noije, T., Zhang, K., Alados-Arboledas, L., Baltensperger, U., Jefferson, A., Sherman, J., Sun, J., Weingartner, E. and Zieger, P. (2020) A global model–measurement evaluation of particle light scattering coefficients at elevated relative humidity. Atmospheric Chem. Phys., 20: 10231–10258. DOI: 10.5194/acp-20-10231-2020
- Burrows, S.M., McCluskey, C.S., Cornwell, G., Steinke, I., Zhang, K., Zhao, B., Zawadowicz, M., Raman, A., Kulkarni, G., China, S., Zelenyuk, A. and DeMott, P.J. (2022) Ice-Nucleating Particles That Impact Clouds and Climate: Observational and Modeling Research Needs. Rev. Geophys., 60:
e2021RG000745 . DOI: 10.1029/2021RG000745 - Cai, J., Sulo, J., Gu, Y., Holm, S., Cai, R., Thomas, S., Neuberger, A., Mattsson, F., Paglione, M., Decesari, S., Rinaldi, M., Yin, R., Aliaga, D., Huang, W., Li, Y., Gramlich, Y., Ciarelli, G., Quéléver, L., Sarnela, N., Lehtipalo, K., Zannoni, N., Wu, C., Nie, W., Kangasluoma, J., Mohr, C., Kulmala, M., Zha, Q., Stolzenburg, D. and Bianchi, F. (2024) Elucidating the mechanisms of atmospheric new particle formation in the highly polluted Po Valley, Italy. Atmospheric Chem. Phys., 24: 2423–2441. DOI: 10.5194/acp-24-2423-2024
- Calderón, S.M., Tonttila, J., Buchholz, A., Joutsensaari, J., Komppula, M., Leskinen, A., Hao, L., Moisseev, D., Pullinen, I., Tiitta, P., Xu, J., Virtanen, A., Kokkola, H. and Romakkaniemi, S. (2022) Aerosol–stratocumulus interactions: towards a better process understanding using closures between observations and large eddy simulations. Atmospheric Chem. Phys., 22: 12417–12441. DOI: 10.5194/acp-22-12417-2022
- Capaldo, K.P., Pilinis, C. and Pandis, S.N. (2000) A computationally efficient hybrid approach for dynamic gas/aerosol transfer in air quality models. Atmos. Environ., 34: 3617–3627. DOI: 10.1016/S1352-2310(00)00092-3
- Carlton, A.G. and Turpin, B.J. (2013) Particle partitioning potential of organic compounds is highest in the Eastern US and driven by anthropogenic water. Atmospheric Chem. Phys., 13: 10203–10214. DOI: 10.5194/acp-13-10203-2013
- Carslaw, K. (ed.) (2022)
Aerosols and Climate , Elsevier. - Carslaw, K.S., Lee, L.A., Reddington, C.L., Pringle, K.J., Rap, A., Forster, P.M., Mann, G.W., Spracklen, D.V., Woodhouse, M.T., Regayre, L.A. and Pierce, J.R. (2013) Large contribution of natural aerosols to uncertainty in indirect forcing. Nature, 503: 67–71. 10.1038/nature12674
- Carter, T.S., Heald, C.L., Cappa, C.D., Kroll, J.H., Campos, T.L., Coe, H., Cotterell, M.I., Davies, N.W., Farmer, D.K., Fox, C., Garofalo, L.A., Hu, L., Langridge, J.M., Levin, E.J.T., Murphy, S.M., Pokhrel, R.P., Shen, Y., Szpek, K., Taylor, J.W. and Wu, H. (2021) Investigating Carbonaceous Aerosol and Its Absorption Properties From Fires in the Western United States (WE-CAN) and Southern Africa (ORACLES and CLARIFY). J. Geophys. Res. Atmospheres, 126:
e2021JD034984 . DOI: 10.1029/2021JD034984 - Chakrabarty, R.K., Shetty, N.J., Thind, A.S., Beeler, P., Sumlin, B.J., Zhang, C., Liu, P., Idrobo, J.C., Adachi, K., Wagner, N.L., Schwarz, J.P., Ahern, A., Sedlacek, A.J., Lambe, A., Daube, C., Lyu, M., Liu, C., Herndon, S., Onasch, T.B. and Mishra, R. (2023) Shortwave absorption by wildfire smoke dominated by dark brown carbon. Nat. Geosci., 16: 683–688. DOI: 10.1038/s41561-023-01237-9
- Chandrakar, K.K., Cantrell, W., Chang, K., Ciochetto, D., Niedermeier, D., Ovchinnikov, M., Shaw, R.A. and Yang, F. (2016) Aerosol indirect effect from turbulence-induced broadening of cloud-droplet size distributions. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 113: 14243–14248. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1612686113
- Chatziparaschos, M., Daskalakis, N., Myriokefalitakis, S., Kalivitis, N., Nenes, A., Gonçalves Ageitos, M., Costa-Surós, M., Pérez García-Pando, C., Zanoli, M., Vrekoussis, M. and Kanakidou, M. (2023) Role of K-feldspar and quartz in global ice nucleation by mineral dust in mixed-phase clouds. Atmospheric Chem. Phys., 23: 1785–1801. DOI: 10.5194/acp-23-1785-2023
- Chatziparaschos, M., Myriokefalitakis, S., Kalivitis, N., Daskalakis, N., Nenes, A., Gonçalves Ageitos, M., Costa-Surós, M., Pérez García-Pando, C., Vrekoussis, M. and Kanakidou, M. (2025) Assessing the global contribution of marine aerosols, terrestrial bioaerosols, and desert dust to ice-nucleating particle concentrations. Atmospheric Chem. Phys., 25: 9085–9111. DOI: 10.5194/acp-25-9085-2025
- Chen, Y.-C., Christensen, M.W., Stephens, G.L. and Seinfeld, J.H. (2014) Satellite-based estimate of global aerosol–cloud radiative forcing by marine warm clouds. Nat. Geosci., 7: 643–646. DOI: 10.1038/ngeo2214
- Christensen, M.W., Gettelman, A., Cermak, J., Dagan, G., Diamond, M., Douglas, A., Feingold, G., Glassmeier, F., Goren, T., Grosvenor, D.P., Gryspeerdt, E., Kahn, R., Li, Z., Ma, P.-L., Malavelle, F., McCoy, I.L., McCoy, D.T., McFarquhar, G., Mülmenstädt, J., Pal, S., Possner, A., Povey, A., Quaas, J., Rosenfeld, D., Schmidt, A., Schrödner, R., Sorooshian, A., Stier, P., Toll, V., Watson-Parris, D., Wood, R., Yang, M. and Yuan, T. (2022) Opportunistic experiments to constrain aerosol effective radiative forcing. Atmospheric Chem. Phys., 22: 641–674. DOI: 10.5194/acp-22-641-2022
- Ciarelli, G., Aksoyoglu, S., Crippa, M., Jimenez, J.-L., Nemitz, E., Sellegri, K., Äijälä, M., Carbone, S., Mohr, C., O’Dowd, C., Poulain, L., Baltensperger, U. and Prévôt, A.S.H. (2016) Evaluation of European air quality modelled by CAMx including the volatility basis set scheme. Atmospheric Chem. Phys., 16: 10313–10332. DOI: 10.5194/acp-16-10313-2016
- Claquin, T., Schulz, M. and Balkanski, Y.J. (1999) Modeling the mineralogy of atmospheric dust sources. J. Geophys. Res. Atmospheres, 104: 22243–22256. DOI: 10.1029/1999JD900416
- Clark, R.N., Swayze, G.A., Livo, K.E., Brodrick, P.G., Dobrea, E.N., Vijayarangan, S., Green, R.O., Wettergreen, D., Candela, A., Hendrix, A., García-Pando, C.P., Pearson, N.C., Lane, M.D., González-Romero, A., Querol, X. and Teams, the EMIT and TREX. (2024) Imaging Spectroscopy: Earth and Planetary Remote Sensing with the PSI Tetracorder and Expert Systems from Rovers to EMIT and Beyond. Planet. Sci. J., 5:
276 . DOI: 10.3847/PSJ/ad6c3a - Cremer, R.S., Kim, P., Blichner, S.M., Tovazzi, E., Johnson, B., Kipling, Z., Kühn, T., Watson-Parris, D., Neubauer, D., Stier, P., Sellar, A., Holopainen, E., Riipinen, I. and Partridge, D.G. (2024) Investigating the role of air mass history of Arctic black carbon in GCMs, EGU24. DOI: 10.5194/egusphere-egu24-18277
- Curtius, J., Heinritzi, M., Beck, L.J., Lelieveld, J. et al. (2024) Isoprene nitrates drive new particle formation in Amazon’s upper troposphere. Nature, 636: 124–130. DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-08192-4
- Dada, L., Lehtipalo, K., Kontkanen, J., Nieminen, T., Baalbaki, R., Ahonen, L., Duplissy, J., Yan, C., Chu, B., Petäjä, T., Lehtinen, K., Kerminen, V.-M., Kulmala, M. and Kangasluoma, J. (2020) Formation and growth of sub-3-nm aerosol particles in experimental chambers. Nat. Protoc., 15: 1013–1040. DOI: 10.1038/s41596-019-0274-z
- Dada, L., Okuljar, M., Shen, J., Olin, M., Wu, Y., Heimsch, L., Herlin, I., Kankaanrinta, S., Lampimäki, M., Kalliokoski, J., Baalbaki, R., Lohila, A., Petäjä, T., Maso, M.D., Duplissy, J., Kerminen, V.-M. and Kulmala, M. (2023b) The synergistic role of sulfuric acid, ammonia and organics in particle formation over an agricultural land. Environ. Sci. Atmospheres, 3: 1195–1211. DOI: 10.1039/D3EA00065F
- Dada, L., Paasonen, P., Nieminen, T., Buenrostro Mazon, S., Kontkanen, J., Peräkylä, O., Lehtipalo, K., Hussein, T., Petäjä, T., Kerminen, V.M., Bäck, J. and Kulmala, M. (2017) Long-term analysis of clear-sky new particle formation events and nonevents in Hyytiälä. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17: 6227–6241. DOI: 10.5194/acp-17-6227-2017
- Dada, L., Stolzenburg, D., Simon, M., Kulmala, M., et al. (2023a) Role of sesquiterpenes in biogenic new particle formation. Sci. Adv., 9. DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adi5297
- Danabasoglu, G., Lamarque, J.-F., Bacmeister, J., Bailey, D.A., DuVivier, A.K., Edwards, J., Emmons, L.K., Fasullo, J., Garcia, R., Gettelman, A., Hannay, C., Holland, M.M., Large, W.G., Lauritzen, P.H., Lawrence, D.M., Lenaerts, J.T.M., Lindsay, K., Lipscomb, W.H., Mills, M.J., Neale, R., Oleson, K.W., Otto-Bliesner, B., Phillips, A.S., Sacks, W., Tilmes, S., van Kampenhout, L., Vertenstein, M., Bertini, A., Dennis, J., Deser, C., Fischer, C., Fox-Kemper, B., Kay, J.E., Kinnison, D., Kushner, P.J., Larson, V.E., Long, M.C., Mickelson, S., Moore, J.K., Nienhouse, E., Polvani, L., Rasch, P.J. and Strand, W.G. (2020) The Community Earth System Model Version 2 (CESM2). J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst., 12:
e2019MS001916 . DOI: 10.1029/2019MS001916 - Dedekind, Z., Proske, U., Ferrachat, S., Lohmann, U. and Neubauer, D. (2024) Simulating the seeder–feeder impacts on cloud ice and precipitation over the Alps. Atmospheric Chem. Phys., 24: 5389–5404. DOI: 10.5194/acp-24-5389-2024
- DeMott, P.J., Prenni, A.J., Liu, X., Kreidenweis, S.M., Petters, M.D., Twohy, C.H., Richardson, M.S., Eidhammer, T. and Rogers, D.C. (2010) Predicting global atmospheric ice nuclei distributions and their impacts on climate. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 107: 11217–11222. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0910818107
- Denier van der Gon, H. a. C., Bergström, R., Fountoukis, C., Johansson, C., Pandis, S.N., Simpson, D. and Visschedijk, A.J.H. (2015) Particulate emissions from residential wood combustion in Europe – revised estimates and an evaluation. Atmospheric Chem. Phys., 15: 6503–6519. DOI: 10.5194/acp-15-6503-2015
- Deshmukh, A., Phillips, V.T.J., Bansemer, A., Patade, S. and Waman, D. (2022) New Empirical Formulation for the Sublimational Breakup of Graupel and Dendritic Snow. J. Atmos. Sci., 79: 317–336. DOI: 10.1175/JAS-D-20-0275.1
- Di Biagio, C., Boucher, H., Caquineau, S., Chevaillier, S., Cuesta, J. and Formenti, P. (2014) Variability of the infrared complex refractive index of African mineral dust: experimental estimation and implications for radiative transfer and satellite remote sensing. Atmospheric Chem. Phys., 14: 11093–11116. DOI: 10.5194/acp-14-11093-2014
- Di Biagio, C., Formenti, P., Balkanski, Y., Caponi, L., Cazaunau, M., Pangui, E., Journet, E., Nowak, S., Andreae, M.O., Kandler, K., Saeed, T., Piketh, S., Seibert, D., Williams, E. and Doussin, J.-F. (2019) Complex refractive indices and single-scattering albedo of global dust aerosols in the shortwave spectrum and relationship to size and iron content. Atmospheric Chem. Phys., 19: 15503–15531. DOI: 10.5194/acp-19-15503-2019
- Di Biagio, C., Formenti, P., Balkanski, Y., Caponi, L., Cazaunau, M., Pangui, E., Journet, E., Nowak, S., Caquineau, S., Andreae, M.O., Kandler, K., Saeed, T., Piketh, S., Seibert, D., Williams, E. and Doussin, J.-F. (2017) Global scale variability of the mineral dust long-wave refractive index: a new dataset of in situ measurements for climate modeling and remote sensing. Atmospheric Chem. Phys., 17: 1901–1929. DOI: 10.5194/acp-17-1901-2017
- Digby, R.A.R., von Salzen, K., Monahan, A.H., Gillett, N.P. and Li, J. (2025) The impact of uncertainty in black carbon’s refractive index on simulated optical depth and radiative forcing. Atmospheric Chem. Phys., 25: 3109–3130. DOI: 10.5194/acp-25-3109-2025
- Donahue, N.M., Epstein, S.A., Pandis, S.N. and Robinson, A.L. (2011) A two-dimensional volatility basis set: 1. organic-aerosol mixing thermodynamics. Atmospheric Chem. Phys., 11: 3303–3318. DOI: 10.5194/acp-11-3303-2011
- Donahue, N.M., Robinson, A.L., Stanier, C.O. and Pandis, S.N. (2006) Coupled Partitioning, Dilution, and Chemical Aging of Semivolatile Organics. Environ. Sci. Technol., 40: 2635–2643. DOI: 10.1021/es052297c
- Döscher, R., Acosta, M., Alessandri, A., Zhang, Q., et al. (2022) The EC-Earth3 Earth system model for the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 6. Geosci. Model Dev., 15: 2973–3020. DOI: 10.5194/gmd-15-2973-2022
- Drugé, T., Nabat, P., Michou, M. and Mallet, M. (2025) Radiative and climate effects of aerosol scattering in long-wave radiation based on global climate modelling. Atmospheric Chem. Phys., 25: 11651–11671. DOI: 10.5194/acp-25-11651-2025
- Dunne, E.M., Gordon, H., Kürten, A., Carslaw, K.S., et al. (2016) Global atmospheric particle formation from CERN CLOUD measurements. Science, 354: 1119–1124. DOI: 10.1126/science.aaf2649
- Dunne, E.M., Mikkonen, S., Kokkola, H. and Korhonen, H. (2014) A global process-based study of marine CCN trends and variability. Atmospheric Chem. Phys., 14: 13631–13642. DOI: 10.5194/acp-14-13631-2014
- Dusek, U., Frank, G.P., Hildebrandt, L., Curtius, J., Schneider, J., Walter, S., Chand, D., Drewnick, F., Hings, S., Jung, D., Borrmann, S. and Andreae, M.O. (2006) Size Matters More Than Chemistry for Cloud-Nucleating Ability of Aerosol Particles. Science, 312: 1375–1378. DOI: 10.1126/science.1125261
- Ehn, M., Thornton, J.A., Kleist, E., Sipilä, M., Junninen, H., Pullinen, I., Springer, M., Rubach, F., Tillmann, R., Lee, B., Lopez-Hilfiker, F., Andres, S., Acir, I.-H., Rissanen, M., Jokinen, T., Schobesberger, S., Kangasluoma, J., Kontkanen, J., Nieminen, T., Kurtén, T., Nielsen, L.B., Jørgensen, S., Kjaergaard, H.G., Canagaratna, M., Maso, M.D., Berndt, T., Petäjä, T., Wahner, A., Kerminen, V.-M., Kulmala, M., Worsnop, D.R., Wildt, J. and Mentel, T.F. (2014) A large source of low-volatility secondary organic aerosol. Nature, 506: 476–479. DOI: 10.1038/nature13032
- Engelbrecht, J.P., Moosmüller, H., Pincock, S., Jayanty, R.K.M., Lersch, T. and Casuccio, G. (2016) Technical note: Mineralogical, chemical, morphological, and optical interrelationships of mineral dust re-suspensions. Atmospheric Chem. Phys., 16: 10809–10830. DOI: 10.5194/acp-16-10809-2016
- Enghoff, M.B. and Svensmark, H. (2008) The role of atmospheric ions in aerosol nucleation – a review. Atmospheric Chem. Phys., 8: 4911–4923. DOI: 10.5194/acp-8-4911-2008
- Ervens, B. (2015) Modeling the Processing of Aerosol and Trace Gases in Clouds and Fogs. Chem. Rev., 115: 4157–4198. DOI: 10.1021/cr5005887
- Ervens, B., Turpin, B.J. and Weber, R.J. (2011) Secondary organic aerosol formation in cloud droplets and aqueous particles (aqSOA): a review of laboratory, field and model studies. Atmospheric Chem. Phys., 11: 11069–11102. DOI: 10.5194/acp-11-11069-2011
- Eyring, V., Bony, S., Meehl, G.A., Senior, C.A., Stevens, B., Stouffer, R.J. and Taylor, K.E. (2016) Overview of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) experimental design and organization. Geosci. Model Dev., 9: 1937–1958. DOI: 10.5194/gmd-9-1937-2016
- Faiola, C. and Taipale, D. (2020) Impact of insect herbivory on plant stress volatile emissions from trees: A synthesis of quantitative measurements and recommendations for future research. Atmospheric Environ. X, 5:
100060 . DOI: 10.1016/j.aeaoa.2019.100060 - Fairlie, T.D., Jacob, D.J., Dibb, J.E., Alexander, B., Avery, M.A., van Donkelaar, A. and Zhang, L. (2010) Impact of mineral dust on nitrate, sulfate, and ozone in transpacific Asian pollution plumes. Atmospheric Chem. Phys., 10: 3999–4012. DOI: 10.5194/acp-10-3999-2010
- Fan, X., Cai, F., Xu, C., Yu, X., Wang, Y., Xiao, X., Ji, W., Cao, T., Song, J. and Peng, P. (2021) Molecular weight-dependent abundance, absorption, and fluorescence characteristics of water-soluble organic matter in atmospheric aerosols. Atmos. Environ., 247:
118159 . DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2020.118159 - Fanourgakis, G.S., Kanakidou, M., Nenes, A., Bauer, S.E., Bergman, T., Carslaw, K.S., Grini, A., Hamilton, D.S., Johnson, J.S., Karydis, V.A., Kirkevåg, A., Kodros, J.K., Lohmann, U., Luo, G., Makkonen, R., Matsui, H., Neubauer, D., Pierce, J.R., Schmale, J., Stier, P., Tsigaridis, K., van Noije, T., Wang, H., Watson-Parris, D., Westervelt, D.M., Yang, Y., Yoshioka, M., Daskalakis, N., Decesari, S., Gysel-Beer, M., Kalivitis, N., Liu, X., Mahowald, N.M., Myriokefalitakis, S., Schrödner, R., Sfakianaki, M., Tsimpidi, A.P., Wu, M. and Yu, F. (2019) Evaluation of global simulations of aerosol particle and cloud condensation nuclei number, with implications for cloud droplet formation. Atmospheric Chem. Phys., 19: 8591–8617. DOI: 10.5194/acp-19-8591-2019
- Farina, S.C., Adams, P.J. and Pandis, S.N. (2010) Modeling global secondary organic aerosol formation and processing with the volatility basis set: Implications for anthropogenic secondary organic aerosol. J. Geophys. Res. Atmospheres, 115. DOI: 10.1029/2009JD013046
- Feichter, J., Kjellström, E., Rodhe, H., Dentener, F., Lelieveldi, J. and Roelofs, G.-J. (1996) Simulation of the tropospheric sulfur cycle in a global climate model. Atmos. Environ., 30: 1693–1707. DOI: 10.1016/1352-2310(95)00394-0
- Feingold, G. and Kreidenweis, S. (2000) Does cloud processing of aerosol enhance droplet concentrations? J. Geophys. Res. Atmospheres, 105: 24351–24361. DOI: 10.1029/2000JD900369
- Feingold, G., McComiskey, A., Rosenfeld, D. and Sorooshian, A. (2013) On the relationship between cloud contact time and precipitation susceptibility to aerosol. J. Geophys. Res. Atmospheres, 118, 10,544–10,554. 10.1002/jgrd.50819
- Feingold, G., Remer, L.A., Ramaprasad, J. and Kaufman, Y.J. (2001) Analysis of smoke impact on clouds in Brazilian biomass burning regions: An extension of Twomey’s approach. J. Geophys. Res. Atmospheres, 106: 22907–22922. DOI: 10.1029/2001JD000732
- Feng, Y., Ramanathan, V. and Kotamarthi, V.R. (2013) Brown carbon: a significant atmospheric absorber of solar radiation? Atmospheric Chem. Phys., 13: 8607–8621. DOI: 10.5194/acp-13-8607-2013
- Fenter, F.F., Caloz, F. and Rossi, M.J. (1995) Experimental evidence for the efficient “dry deposition” of nitric acid on calcite. Atmos. Environ., 29: 3365–3372. DOI: 10.1016/1352-2310(95)00183-Y
- Fiddes, S.L., Mallet, M.D., Protat, A., Woodhouse, M.T., Alexander, S.P. and Furtado, K. (2024) A machine learning approach for evaluating Southern Ocean cloud radiative biases in a global atmosphere model. Geosci. Model Dev., 17: 2641–2662. DOI: 10.5194/gmd-17-2641-2024
- Field, P.R., Lawson, R.P., Brown, P.R.A., Lloyd, G., Westbrook, C., Moisseev, D., Miltenberger, A., Nenes, A., Blyth, A., Choularton, T., Connolly, P., Buehl, J., Crosier, J., Cui, Z., Dearden, C., DeMott, P., Flossmann, A., Heymsfield, A., Huang, Y., Kalesse, H., Kanji, Z.A., Korolev, A., Kirchgaessner, A., Lasher-Trapp, S., Leisner, T., McFarquhar, G., Phillips, V., Stith, J. and Sullivan, S. (2017) Secondary Ice Production: Current State of the Science and Recommendations for the Future. Meteorol. Monogr., 58: 7.1–7.20. DOI: 10.1175/AMSMONOGRAPHS-D-16-0014.1
- Forrister, H., Liu, J., Scheuer, E., Dibb, J., Ziemba, L., Thornhill, K.L., Anderson, B., Diskin, G., Perring, A.E., Schwarz, J.P., Campuzano-Jost, P., Day, D.A., Palm, B.B., Jimenez, J.L., Nenes, A. and Weber, R.J. (2015) Evolution of brown carbon in wildfire plumes. Geophys. Res. Lett., 42: 4623–4630. DOI: 10.1002/2015GL063897
- Forster, P., Storelvmo, T., Armour, K., Collins, W., Dufresne, J.-L., Frame, D., Lunt, D.J., Mauritsen, T., Palmer, M.D., Watanabe, M., Wild, M. and Zhang, H. (2021)
The Earth’s Energy Budget, Climate Feedbacks and Climate Sensitivity , in Masson-Delmotte, V., Zhai, P., Pirani, A., Connors, S.L., Péan, C., Berger, S., Caud, N., Chen, Y., Goldfarb, L., Gormis, M.I., Huang, M., Leitzell, K., Lonnoy, E., Matthews, J.B.R., Maycock, T.K., Waterfield, T., Yelekçi, O., Yu, R. and Zhou, B. (eds.) Climate Change 2021 – The Physical Science Basis: Working Group I Contribution to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 923–1054. DOI: 10.1017/9781009157896.009 - Fountoukis, C. and Nenes, A. (2005) Continued development of a cloud droplet formation parameterization for global climate models. J. Geophys. Res. Atmospheres, 110. DOI: 10.1029/2004JD005591
- Fountoukis, C. and Nenes, A. (2007) ISORROPIA II: a computationally efficient thermodynamic equilibrium model for K+–Ca2+–Mg2+–NH4+–Na+–SO42––NO3––Cl––H2O aerosols. Atmospheric Chem. Phys., 7: 4639–4659. DOI: 10.5194/acp-7-4639-2007
- Frey, L., Höpner, F., Kirkevåg, A. and Bender, F. a.-M. (2021) Absorbing aerosols over Asia – an inter-model and model-observation comparison study using CAM5.3-Oslo. Tellus B Chem. Phys. Meteorol., 73: 1–25. DOI: 10.1080/16000889.2021.1909815
- Fukuta, N. and Schaller, R.C. (1982) Ice Nucleation by Aerosol Particles. Theory of Condensation-Freezing Nucleation. J. Atmos. Sci., 39: 648–655. DOI: 10.1175/1520-0469(1982)039<;0648:INBAPT>2.0.CO;2
- Fuzzi, S., Baltensperger, U., Carslaw, K., Decesari, S., Denier van der Gon, H., Facchini, M.C., Fowler, D., Koren, I., Langford, B., Lohmann, U., Nemitz, E., Pandis, S., Riipinen, I., Rudich, Y., Schaap, M., Slowik, J.G., Spracklen, D.V., Vignati, E., Wild, M., Williams, M. and Gilardoni, S. (2015) Particulate matter, air quality and climate: lessons learned and future needs. Atmospheric Chem. Phys., 15: 8217–8299. DOI: 10.5194/acp-15-8217-2015
- Geerts, B., Pokharel, B. and Kristovich, D.A.R. (2015) Blowing Snow as a Natural Glaciogenic Cloud Seeding Mechanism. Mon. Weather Rev., 143: 5017–5033. DOI: 10.1175/MWR-D-15-0241.1
- Georgakaki, P., Billault-Roux, A.-C., Foskinis, R., Gao, K., Sotiropoulou, G., Gini, M., Takahama, S., Eleftheriadis, K., Papayannis, A., Berne, A. and Nenes, A. (2024) Unraveling ice multiplication in winter orographic clouds via in-situ observations, remote sensing and modeling. Npj Clim. Atmospheric Sci., 7: 1–13. DOI: 10.1038/s41612-024-00671-9
- Georgakaki, P. and Nenes, A. (2024) RaFSIP: Parameterizing Ice Multiplication in Models Using a Machine Learning Approach. J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst., 16:
e2023MS003923 . DOI: 10.1029/2023MS003923 - Georgakaki, P., Sotiropoulou, G. and Nenes, A. (2024) Updated Morrison cloud microphysics scheme for WRF including ice multiplication processes. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.13257172
- Georgakaki, P., Sotiropoulou, G., Vignon, É., Billault-Roux, A.-C., Berne, A. and Nenes, A. (2022) Secondary ice production processes in wintertime alpine mixed-phase clouds. Atmospheric Chem. Phys., 22: 1965–1988. DOI: 10.5194/acp-22-1965-2022
- Gettelman, A., Mills, M.J., Kinnison, D.E., Garcia, R.R., Smith, A.K., Marsh, D.R., Tilmes, S., Vitt, F., Bardeen, C.G., McInerny, J., Liu, H.-L., Solomon, S.C., Polvani, L.M., Emmons, L.K., Lamarque, J.-F., Richter, J.H., Glanville, A.S., Bacmeister, J.T., Phillips, A.S., Neale, R.B., Simpson, I.R., DuVivier, A.K., Hodzic, A. and Randel, W.J. (2019) The Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model Version 6 (WACCM6). J. Geophys. Res. Atmospheres, 124: 12380–12403. DOI: 10.1029/2019JD030943
- Gettelman, A. and Morrison, H. (2015) Advanced Two-Moment Bulk Microphysics for Global Models. Part I: Off-Line Tests and Comparison with Other Schemes. J. Climate, 28: 1268–1287. DOI: 10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00102.1
- Ghan, S.J., Abdul-Razzak, H., Nenes, A., Ming, Y., Liu, X., Ovchinnikov, M., Shipway, B., Meskhidze, N., Xu, J. and Shi, X. (2011) Droplet nucleation: Physically-based parameterizations and comparative evaluation. J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst., 3. DOI: 10.1029/2011MS000074
- Ghosh, P., Evans, K.J., Grosvenor, D.P., Kang, H.-G., Mahajan, S., Xu, M., Zhang, W. and Gordon, H. (2025) Assessing modifications to the Abdul-Razzak and Ghan aerosol activation parameterization (version ARG2000) to improve simulated aerosol–cloud radiative effects in the UK Met Office Unified Model (UM version 13.0). Geosci. Model Dev., 18: 4899–4913. DOI: 10.5194/gmd-18-4899-2025
- Gilardoni, S., Massoli, P., Giulianelli, L., Rinaldi, M., Paglione, M., Pollini, F., Lanconelli, C., Poluzzi, V., Carbone, S., Hillamo, R., Russell, L.M., Facchini, M.C. and Fuzzi, S. (2014) Fog scavenging of organic and inorganic aerosol in the Po Valley. Atmospheric Chem. Phys., 14: 6967–6981. DOI: 10.5194/acp-14-6967-2014
- Glassmeier, F. and Lohmann, U. (2016) Constraining Precipitation Susceptibility of Warm-, Ice-, and Mixed-Phase Clouds with Microphysical Equations. J. Atmospheric Sci., 73: 5003–5023. DOI: 10.1175/JAS-D-16-0008.1
- Gonçalves Ageitos, M., Obiso, V., Miller, R.L., Jorba, O., Klose, M., Dawson, M., Balkanski, Y., Perlwitz, J., Basart, S., Di Tomaso, E., Escribano, J., Macchia, F., Montané, G., Mahowald, N.M., Green, R.O., Thompson, D.R. and Pérez García-Pando, C. (2023) Modeling dust mineralogical composition: sensitivity to soil mineralogy atlases and their expected climate impacts. Atmospheric Chem. Phys., 23: 8623–8657. DOI: 10.5194/acp-23-8623-2023
- Goodman, A.L., Bernard, E.T. and Grassian, V.H. (2001) Spectroscopic Study of Nitric Acid and Water Adsorption on Oxide Particles: Enhanced Nitric Acid Uptake Kinetics in the Presence of Adsorbed Water. J. Phys. Chem. A, 105: 6443–6457. DOI: 10.1021/jp003722l
- Gordon, H., Kirkby, J., Baltensperger, U., Bianchi, F., Breitenlechner, M., Curtius, J., Dias, A., Dommen, J., Donahue, N.M., Dunne, E.M., Duplissy, J., Ehrhart, S., Flagan, R.C., Frege, C., Fuchs, C., Hansel, A., Hoyle, C.R., Kulmala, M., Kürten, A., Lehtipalo, K., Makhmutov, V., Molteni, U., Rissanen, M.P., Stozkhov, Y., Tröstl, J., Tsagkogeorgas, G., Wagner, R., Williamson, C., Wimmer, D., Winkler, P.M., Yan, C. and Carslaw, K.S. (2017) Causes and importance of new particle formation in the present-day and preindustrial atmospheres. J. Geophys. Res. Atmospheres, 122: 8739–8760. DOI: 10.1002/2017JD026844
- Gordon, H., Sengupta, K., Rap, A., Carslaw, K.S. et al. (2016) Reduced anthropogenic aerosol radiative forcing caused by biogenic new particle formation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 113: 12053–12058. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1602360113
- Graham, E.L., Wu, C., Bell, D.M., Bertrand, A., Haslett, S.L., Baltensperger, U., El Haddad, I., Krejci, R., Riipinen, I. and Mohr, C. (2023) Volatility of aerosol particles from NO3 oxidation of various biogenic organic precursors. Atmospheric Chem. Phys., 23: 7347–7362. DOI: 10.5194/acp-23-7347-2023
- Graham, E.L., Zieger, P., Mohr, C., Wideqvist, U., Hennig, T., Ekman, A.M.L., Krejci, R., Ström, J. and Riipinen, I. (2020) Physical and chemical properties of aerosol particles and cloud residuals on Mt. Åreskutan in Central Sweden during summer 2014. Tellus B Chem. Phys. Meteorol., 72:
1776080 . DOI: 10.1080/16000889.2020.1776080 - Gramlich, Y., Siegel, K., Haslett, S.L., Freitas, G., Krejci, R., Zieger, P. and Mohr, C. (2023) Revealing the chemical characteristics of Arctic low-level cloud residuals – in situ observations from a mountain site. Atmospheric Chem. Phys., 23: 6813–6834. DOI: 10.5194/acp-23-6813-2023
- Green, R.O., Mahowald, N., Thompson, D.R., Ung, C., Brodrick, P., Pollock, R., Bennett, M., Lundeen, S., Joyce, M., Olson- Duvall, W., Oaida, B., Bradley, C., Diaz, E., Clark, R., Vannan, S., Swayze, G., Kokaly, R., Ginoux, P., Miller, R., Okin, G., Garcia-Pando, C.P., Ehlmann, B., Kalashnikova, O., Painter, T.H., Realmuto, V., Chadwick, D., Ben-Dor, E., Pearlshtien, D.H., Guanter, L., Phillips, B., Reath, K., Thorpe, A., Shaw, L., Keebler, A., Ochoa, F., Grant, K., Sen, A., Duren, R., Obiso, V., Gonçalves-Ageitos, M. and Huang, Y. (2023) Performance and Early Results from the Earth Surface Mineral Dust Source Investigation (EMIT) Imaging Spectroscopy Mission. In: 2023 IEEE Aerospace Conference, 2023 IEEE Aerospace Conference, pp. 1–10. DOI: 10.1109/AERO55745.2023.10115851
- Griesche, H.J., Barrientos-Velasco, C., Deneke, H., Hünerbein, A., Seifert, P. and Macke, A. (2024) Low-level Arctic clouds: a blind zone in our knowledge of the radiation budget. Atmospheric Chem. Phys., 24: 597–612. DOI: 10.5194/acp-24-597-2024
- Griffin, R.J., Cocker
III , D.R., Flagan, R.C. and Seinfeld, J.H. (1999) Organic aerosol formation from the oxidation of biogenic hydrocarbons. J. Geophys. Res. Atmospheres, 104: 3555–3567. DOI: 10.1029/1998JD100049 - Gryspeerdt, E., Goren, T. and Smith, T.W.P. (2021) Observing the timescales of aerosol–cloud interactions in snapshot satellite images. Atmospheric Chem. Phys., 21: 6093–6109. DOI: 10.5194/acp-21-6093-2021
- Gryspeerdt, E., Goren, T., Sourdeval, O., Quaas, J., Mülmenstädt, J., Dipu, S., Unglaub, C., Gettelman, A. and Christensen, M. (2019) Constraining the aerosol influence on cloud liquid water path. Atmospheric Chem. Phys., 19: 5331–5347. DOI: 10.5194/acp-19-5331-2019
- Gryspeerdt, E., Quaas, J. and Bellouin, N. (2016) Constraining the aerosol influence on cloud fraction. J. Geophys. Res. Atmospheres, 121: 3566–3583. DOI: 10.1002/2015JD023744
- Grzegorczyk, P., Yadav, S., Zanger, F., Theis, A., Mitra, S.K., Borrmann, S. and Szakáll, M. (2023) Fragmentation of ice particles: laboratory experiments on graupel–graupel and graupel–snowflake collisions. Atmospheric Chem. Phys., 23: 13505–13521. DOI: 10.5194/acp-23-13505-2023
- Guenther, A.B., Jiang, X., Heald, C.L., Sakulyanontvittaya, T., Duhl, T., Emmons, L.K. and Wang, X. (2012) The Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature version 2.1 (MEGAN2.1): an extended and updated framework for modeling biogenic emissions. Geosci. Model Dev., 5: 1471–1492. DOI: 10.5194/gmd-5-1471-2012
- Guo, H., Otjes, R., Schlag, P., Kiendler-Scharr, A., Nenes, A. and Weber, R.J. (2018) Effectiveness of ammonia reduction on control of fine particle nitrate. Atmospheric Chem. Phys., 18: 12241–12256. DOI: 10.5194/acp-18-12241-2018
- Guo, H., Xu, L., Bougiatioti, A., Cerully, K.M., Capps, S.L., Hite, J.R.J., Carlton, A.G., Lee, S.-H., Bergin, M.H., Ng, N.L., Nenes, A. and Weber, R.J. (2015) Fine-particle water and pH in the southeastern United States. Atmospheric Chem. Phys., 15: 5211–5228. DOI: 10.5194/acp-15-5211-2015
- Hallett, J. and Mossop, S.C. (1974) Production of secondary ice particles during the riming process. Nature, 249: 26–28. DOI: 10.1038/249026a0
- Harrison, A.D., Lever, K., Sanchez-Marroquin, A., Holden, M.A., Whale, T.F., Tarn, M.D., McQuaid, J.B. and Murray, B.J. (2019) The ice-nucleating ability of quartz immersed in water and its atmospheric importance compared to K-feldspar. Atmospheric Chem. Phys., 19: 11343–11361. DOI: 10.5194/acp-19-11343-2019
- Harrison, A.D., Whale, T.F., Carpenter, M.A., Holden, M.A., Neve, L., O’Sullivan, D., Vergara Temprado, J. and Murray, B.J. (2016) Not all feldspars are equal: a survey of ice nucleating properties across the feldspar group of minerals. Atmospheric Chem. Phys., 16: 10927–10940. DOI: 10.5194/acp-16-10927-2016
- Hauglustaine, D.A., Balkanski, Y. and Schulz, M. (2014) A global model simulation of present and future nitrate aerosols and their direct radiative forcing of climate. Atmospheric Chem. Phys., 14: 11031–11063. DOI: 10.5194/acp-14-11031-2014
- Haugvaldstad, O.W., Olivié, D., Storelvmo, T. and Schulz, M. (2025) Dust radiative forcing in CMIP6 Earth System models: insights from the AerChemMIP piClim-2xdust experiment. Atmospheric Chem. Phys., 25: 13199–13219. DOI: 10.5194/acp-25-13199-2025
- He, X.-C., Simon, M., Iyer, S., Kulmala, M., et al. (2023) Iodine oxoacids enhance nucleation of sulfuric acid particles in the atmosphere. Science, 382: 1308–1314. DOI: 10.1126/science.adh2526
- He, X.-C., Tham, Y.J., Dada, L., Sipilä, M., et al. (2021a) Role of iodine oxoacids in atmospheric aerosol nucleation. Science, 371: 589–595. DOI: 10.1126/science.abe0298
- He, Y., Akherati, A., Nah, T., Ng, N.L., Garofalo, L.A., Farmer, D.K., Shiraiwa, M., Zaveri, R.A., Cappa, C.D., Pierce, J.R. and Jathar, S.H. (2021b) Particle Size Distribution Dynamics Can Help Constrain the Phase State of Secondary Organic Aerosol. Environ. Sci. Technol., 55: 1466–1476. DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c05796
- Heikkinen, L., Partridge, D.G., Blichner, S., Huang, W., Ranjan, R., Bowen, P., Tovazzi, E., Petäjä, T., Mohr, C. and Riipinen, I. (2024) Cloud response to co-condensation of water and organic vapors over the boreal forest. Atmospheric Chem. Phys., 24: 5117–5147. DOI: 10.5194/acp-24-5117-2024
- Heinritzi, M., Dada, L., Simon, M., Curtius, J., et al. (2020) Molecular understanding of the suppression of new-particle formation by isoprene. Atmospheric Chem. Phys., 20: 11809–11821. DOI: 10.5194/acp-20-11809-2020
- Henze, D.K. and Seinfeld, J.H. (2006) Global secondary organic aerosol from isoprene oxidation. Geophys. Res. Lett., 33. DOI: 10.1029/2006GL025976
- Herbert, R.J., Sanchez-Marroquin, A., Grosvenor, D.P., Pringle, K.J., Arnold, S.R., Murray, B.J. and Carslaw, K.S. (2025) Gaps in our understanding of ice-nucleating particle sources exposed by global simulation of the UK Earth System Model. Atmospheric Chem. Phys., 25: 291–325. DOI: 10.5194/acp-25-291-2025
- Heslin-Rees, D., Tunved, P., Ström, J., Cremer, R., Zieger, P., Riipinen, I., Ekman, A.M.L., Eleftheriadis, K. and Krejci, R. (2024) Increase in precipitation scavenging contributes to long-term reductions of light-absorbing aerosol in the Arctic. Atmospheric Chem. Phys., 24: 2059–2075. DOI: 10.5194/acp-24-2059-2024
- Hess, M., Koepke, P. and Schult, I. (1998) Optical Properties of Aerosols and Clouds: The Software Package OPAC, Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 79: 831–844. DOI: 10.1175/1520-0477(1998)079<;0831:OPOAAC>2.0.CO;2
- Heymsfield, A.J. and Sabin, R.M. (1989) Cirrus Crystal Nucleation by Homogeneous Freezing of Solution Droplets. J. Atmos. Sci., 46: 2252–2264. DOI: 10.1175/1520-0469(1989)046<;2252:CCNBHF>2.0.CO;2
- Highwood, E.J., Northway, M.J., McMeeking, G.R., Morgan, W.T., Liu, D., Osborne, S., Bower, K., Coe, H., Ryder, C. and Williams, P. (2012) Aerosol scattering and absorption during the EUCAARI-LONGREX flights of the Facility for Airborne Atmospheric Measurements (FAAM) BAe-146: can measurements and models agree? Atmospheric Chem. Phys., 12: 7251–7267. DOI: 10.5194/acp-12-7251-2012
- Hodzic, A., Bessagnet, B. and Vautard, R. (2006) A model evaluation of coarse-mode nitrate heterogeneous formation on dust particles. Atmos. Environ., 40: 4158–4171. DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.02.015
- Hodzic, A., Campuzano-Jost, P., Bian, H., Chin, M., Colarco, P.R., Day, D.A., Froyd, K.D., Heinold, B., Jo, D.S., Katich, J.M., Kodros, J.K., Nault, B.A., Pierce, J.R., Ray, E., Schacht, J., Schill, G.P., Schroder, J.C., Schwarz, J.P., Sueper, D.T., Tegen, I., Tilmes, S., Tsigaridis, K., Yu, P. and Jimenez, J.L. (2020) Characterization of organic aerosol across the global remote troposphere: a comparison of ATom measurements and global chemistry models. Atmospheric Chem. Phys., 20: 4607–4635. DOI: 10.5194/acp-20-4607-2020
- Hodzic, A., Kasibhatla, P.S., Jo, D.S., Cappa, C.D., Jimenez, J.L., Madronich, S. and Park, R.J. (2016) Rethinking the global secondary organic aerosol (SOA) budget: stronger production, faster removal, shorter lifetime. Atmospheric Chem. Phys., 16: 7917–7941. DOI: 10.5194/acp-16-7917-2016
- Hoesly, R.M., Smith, S.J., Feng, L., Klimont, Z., Janssens-Maenhout, G., Pitkanen, T., Seibert, J.J., Vu, L., Andres, R.J., Bolt, R.M., Bond, T.C., Dawidowski, L., Kholod, N., Kurokawa, J., Li, M., Liu, L., Lu, Z., Moura, M.C.P., O’Rourke, P.R. and Zhang, Q. (2018) Historical (1750–2014) anthropogenic emissions of reactive gases and aerosols from the Community Emissions Data System (CEDS). Geosci. Model Dev., 11: 369–408. DOI: 10.5194/gmd-11-369-2018
- Holopainen, E., Kokkola, H., Faiola, C., Laakso, A. and Kühn, T. (2022) Insect Herbivory Caused Plant Stress Emissions Increases the Negative Radiative Forcing of Aerosols. J. Geophys. Res. Atmospheres, 127:
e2022JD036733 . DOI: 10.1029/2022JD036733 - Holopainen, E., Kokkola, H., Laakso, A. and Kühn, T. (2020) In-cloud scavenging scheme for sectional aerosol modules – implementation in the framework of the Sectional Aerosol module for Large Scale Applications version 2.0 (SALSA2.0) global aerosol module. Geosci. Model Dev., 13: 6215–6235. DOI: 10.5194/gmd-13-6215-2020
- Holopainen, J.K. and Gershenzon, J. (2010) Multiple stress factors and the emission of plant VOCs. Trends Plant Sci., 15: 176–184. DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2010.01.006
- Hoose, C. (2022) Another Piece of Evidence for Important but Uncertain Ice Multiplication Processes. AGU Adv., 3:
e2022AV000669 . DOI: 10.1029/2022AV000669 - Hoose, C., Kristjánsson, J.E., Chen, J.-P. and Hazra, A. (2010) A Classical-Theory-Based Parameterization of Heterogeneous Ice Nucleation by Mineral Dust, Soot, and Biological Particles in a Global Climate Model. J. Atmospheric Sci., 67: 2483–2503. DOI: 10.1175/2010JAS3425.1
- Hoose, C., Lohmann, U., Erdin, R. and Tegen, I. (2008) The global influence of dust mineralogical composition on heterogeneous ice nucleation in mixed-phase clouds. Environ. Res. Lett., 3:
025003 . DOI: 10.1088/1748-9326/3/2/025003 - Hoose, C. and Möhler, O. (2012) Heterogeneous ice nucleation on atmospheric aerosols: a review of results from laboratory experiments. Atmospheric Chem. Phys., 12: 9817–9854. DOI: 10.5194/acp-12-9817-2012
- Hoppel, W.A., Frick, G.M. and Larson, R.E. (1986) Effect of nonprecipitating clouds on the aerosol size distribution in the marine boundary layer. Geophys. Res. Lett., 13: 125–128. DOI: 10.1029/GL013i002p00125
- Howell, W.E. (1949) The Growth of Cloud Drops in Uniformly Cooled Air. Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, 6(2): 134–149. DOI: 10.1175/1520-0469(1949)006<;0134:TGOCDI>2.0.CO;2
- Hsieh, W.C., Jonsson, H., Wang, L.-P., Buzorius, G., Flagan, R.C., Seinfeld, J.H. and Nenes, A. (2009) On the representation of droplet coalescence and autoconversion: Evaluation using ambient cloud droplet size distributions. J. Geophys. Res. Atmospheres, 114. DOI: 10.1029/2008JD010502
- Hudson, J.G., Noble, S. and Tabor, S. (2015) Cloud supersaturations from CCN spectra Hoppel minima. J. Geophys. Res. Atmospheres, 120: 3436–3452. DOI: 10.1002/2014JD022669
- Huijnen, V., Williams, J., van Weele, M., van Noije, T., Krol, M., Dentener, F., Segers, A., Houweling, S., Peters, W., de Laat, J., Boersma, F., Bergamaschi, P., van Velthoven, P., Le Sager, P., Eskes, H., Alkemade, F., Scheele, R., Nédélec, P. and Pätz, H.-W. (2010) The global chemistry transport model TM5: description and evaluation of the tropospheric chemistry version 3.0. Geosci. Model Dev., 3: 445–473. DOI: 10.5194/gmd-3-445-2010
- Ickes, L., Frostenberg, H., Surós, M.C., Georgakaki, P., Proske, U., Sotiropoulou, G., May, E., Ageitos, M.G., Eriksson, P., Lewinschall, A., Nenes, A., Neubauer, D., García-Pando, C.P. and Sedland, Ø. (2025) Dominant microphysical processes for mixed-phase clouds across climate models, EGU25, EGU General Assembly 2025, Vienna, Austria, 27 Apr–2 May 2025, EGU25–20620. DOI: 10.5194/egusphere-egu25-20620
- Im, U., Tsigaridis, K., Faluvegi, G., Langen, P.L., French, J.P., Mahmood, R., Thomas, M.A., von Salzen, K., Thomas, D.C., Whaley, C.H., Klimont, Z., Skov, H. and Brandt, J. (2021) Present and future aerosol impacts on Arctic climate change in the GISS-E2.1 Earth system model. Atmospheric Chem. Phys., 21: 10413–10438. DOI: 10.5194/acp-21-10413-2021
- Irfan, M., Kühn, T., Yli-Juuti, T., Laakso, A., Holopainen, E., Worsnop, D.R., Virtanen, A. and Kokkola, H. (2024) A model study investigating the sensitivity of aerosol forcing to the volatilities of semi-volatile organic compounds. Atmospheric Chem. Phys., 24: 8489–8506. DOI: 10.5194/acp-24-8489-2024
- Isokääntä, S., Kim, P., Mikkonen, S., Kühn, T., Kokkola, H., Yli-Juuti, T., Heikkinen, L., Luoma, K., Petäjä, T., Kipling, Z., Partridge, D. and Virtanen, A. (2022) The effect of clouds and precipitation on the aerosol concentrations and composition in a boreal forest environment. Atmospheric Chem. Phys., 22: 11823–11843. DOI: 10.5194/acp-22-11823-2022
- James, R.L., Phillips, V.T.J. and Connolly, P.J. (2021) Secondary ice production during the break-up of freezing water drops on impact with ice particles. Atmospheric Chem. Phys., 21: 18519–18530. DOI: 10.5194/acp-21-18519-2021
- Järvinen, E., McCluskey, C.S., Waitz, F., Schnaiter, M., Bansemer, A., Bardeen, C.G., Gettelman, A., Heymsfield, A., Stith, J.L., Wu, W., D’Alessandro, J.J., McFarquhar, G.M., Diao, M., Finlon, J.A., Hill, T.C.J., Levin, E.J.T., Moore, K.A. and DeMott, P.J. (2022) Evidence for Secondary Ice Production in Southern Ocean Maritime Boundary Layer Clouds. J. Geophys. Res. Atmospheres, 127:
e2021JD036411 . DOI: 10.1029/2021JD036411 - Jensen, J.B. and Lee, S. (2008) Giant Sea-Salt Aerosols and Warm Rain Formation in Marine Stratocumulus. J. Atmos. Sci., 65: 3678–3694. DOI: 10.1175/2008JAS2617.1
- Jensen, J.B. and Nugent, A.D. (2017) Condensational Growth of Drops Formed on Giant Sea-Salt Aerosol Particles. J. Atmos. Sci., 74: 679–697. DOI: 10.1175/JAS-D-15-0370.1
- Jeuken, A., Veefkind, J.P., Dentener, F., Metzger, S. and Gonzalez, C.R. (2001) Simulation of the aerosol optical depth over Europe for August 1997 and a comparison with observations. J. Geophys. Res. Atmospheres, 106: 28295–28311. DOI: 10.1029/2001JD900063
- Jia, H., Ma, X., Yu, F. and Quaas, J. (2021) Significant underestimation of radiative forcing by aerosol–cloud interactions derived from satellite-based methods. Nat. Commun., 12:
3649 . DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23888-1 - Jia, H., Quaas, J., Gryspeerdt, E., Böhm, C. and Sourdeval, O. (2022) Addressing the difficulties in quantifying droplet number response to aerosol from satellite observations. Atmospheric Chem. Phys., 22: 7353–7372. DOI: 10.5194/acp-22-7353-2022
- Jia, Y., Andersen, H. and Cermak, J. (2024) Analysis of the cloud fraction adjustment to aerosols and its dependence on meteorological controls using explainable machine learning. Atmospheric Chem. Phys., 24: 13025–13045. DOI: 10.5194/acp-24-13025-2024
- Jiang, J., Aksoyoglu, S., El-Haddad, I., Ciarelli, G., Denier van der Gon, H.A.C., Canonaco, F., Gilardoni, S., Paglione, M., Minguillón, M.C., Favez, O., Zhang, Y., Marchand, N., Hao, L., Virtanen, A., Florou, K., O’Dowd, C., Ovadnevaite, J., Baltensperger, U. and Prévôt, A.S.H. (2019) Sources of organic aerosols in Europe: a modeling study using CAMx with modified volatility basis set scheme. Atmospheric Chem. Phys., 19: 15247–15270. DOI: 10.5194/acp-19-15247-2019
- Jing, X., Suzuki, K. and Michibata, T. (2019) The Key Role of Warm Rain Parameterization in Determining the Aerosol Indirect Effect in a Global Climate Model. J. Clim., 32: 4409–4430. DOI: 10.1175/JCLI-D-18-0789.1
- Jo, D.S., Park, R.J., Lee, S., Kim, S.-W. and Zhang, X. (2016) A global simulation of brown carbon: implications for photochemistry and direct radiative effect. Atmospheric Chem. Phys., 16: 3413–3432. DOI: 10.5194/acp-16-3413-2016
- Jöckel, P., Tost, H., Pozzer, A., Brühl, C., Buchholz, J., Ganzeveld, L., Hoor, P., Kerkweg, A., Lawrence, M.G., Sander, R., Steil, B., Stiller, G., Tanarhte, M., Taraborrelli, D., van Aardenne, J. and Lelieveld, J. (2006) The atmospheric chemistry general circulation model ECHAM5/MESSy1: consistent simulation of ozone from the surface to the mesosphere. Atmospheric Chem. Phys., 6: 5067–5104. DOI: 10.5194/acp-6-5067-2006
- Johnson, D. (1982) The Role of Giant and Ultra-Giant Aerosol-Particles in Warm Rain Initiation. J. Atmospheric Sci., 39: 448–460. DOI: 10.1175/1520-0469(1982)039<;0448:TROGAU>2.0.CO;2
- Journet, E., Balkanski, Y. and Harrison, S.P. (2014) A new data set of soil mineralogy for dust-cycle modeling. Atmospheric Chem. Phys., 14: 3801–3816. DOI: 10.5194/acp-14-3801-2014
- Kahn, R.A., Andrews, E., Brock, C.A., Chin, M., Feingold, G., Gettelman, A., Levy, R.C., Murphy, D.M., Nenes, A., Pierce, J.R., Popp, T., Redemann, J., Sayer, A.M., da Silva, A.M., Sogacheva, L. and Stier, P. (2023) Reducing Aerosol Forcing Uncertainty by Combining Models With Satellite and Within-The-Atmosphere Observations: A Three-Way Street. Rev. Geophys., 61:
e2022RG000796 . DOI: 10.1029/2022RG000796 - Kakavas, S. and Pandis, S.N. (2021) Effects of urban dust emissions on fine and coarse PM levels and composition. Atmos. Environ., 246:
118006 . DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2020.118006 - Kakavas, S., Pandis, S.N. and Nenes, A. (2022) ISORROPIA-Lite: A Comprehensive Atmospheric Aerosol Thermodynamics Module for Earth System Models. Tellus B Chem. Phys. Meteorol., 74: 1–23. DOI: 10.16993/tellusb.33
- Kanakidou, M., Seinfeld, J.H., Pandis, S.N., Barnes, I., Dentener, F.J., Facchini, M.C., Van Dingenen, R., Ervens, B., Nenes, A., Nielsen, C.J., Swietlicki, E., Putaud, J.P., Balkanski, Y., Fuzzi, S., Horth, J., Moortgat, G.K., Winterhalter, R., Myhre, C.E.L., Tsigaridis, K., Vignati, E., Stephanou, E.G. and Wilson, J. (2005) Organic aerosol and global climate modelling: a review. Atmospheric Chem. Phys., 5: 1053–1123. DOI: 10.5194/acp-5-1053-2005
- Kanji, Z.A., Ladino, L.A., Wex, H., Boose, Y., Burkert-Kohn, M., Cziczo, D.J. and Krämer, M. (2017) Overview of Ice Nucleating Particles. Meteor. Monogr., 58: 1.1–1.33. DOI: 10.1175/AMSMONOGRAPHS-D-16-0006.1
- Karlsson, L., Krejci, R., Koike, M., Ebell, K. and Zieger, P. (2021) A long-term study of cloud residuals from low-level Arctic clouds. Atmospheric Chem. Phys., 21: 8933–8959. DOI: 10.5194/acp-21-8933-2021
- Karydis, V.A., Capps, S.L., Russell, A.G. and Nenes, A. (2012) Adjoint sensitivity of global cloud droplet number to aerosol and dynamical parameters. Atmospheric Chem. Phys., 12: 9041–9055. DOI: 10.5194/acp-12-9041-2012
- Karydis, V.A., Tsimpidi, A.P., Lei, W., Molina, L.T. and Pandis, S.N. (2011) Formation of semivolatile inorganic aerosols in the Mexico City Metropolitan Area during the MILAGRO campaign. Atmospheric Chem. Phys., 11: 13305–13323. DOI: 10.5194/acp-11-13305-2011
- Karydis, V.A., Tsimpidi, A.P., Pozzer, A., Astitha, M. and Lelieveld, J. (2016) Effects of mineral dust on global atmospheric nitrate concentrations. Atmospheric Chem. Phys., 16: 1491–1509. DOI: 10.5194/acp-16-1491-2016
- Karydis, V.A., Tsimpidi, A.P., Pozzer, A. and Lelieveld, J. (2021) How alkaline compounds control atmospheric aerosol particle acidity. Atmospheric Chem. Phys., 21: 14983–15001. DOI: 10.5194/acp-21-14983-2021
- Kazil, J. and Lovejoy, E.R. (2007) A semi-analytical method for calculating rates of new sulfate aerosol formation from the gas phase. Atmospheric Chem. Phys., 7: 3447–3459. DOI: 10.5194/acp-7-3447-2007
- Kazil, J., Stier, P., Zhang, K., Quaas, J., Kinne, S., O’Donnell, D., Rast, S., Esch, M., Ferrachat, S., Lohmann, U. and Feichter, J. (2010) Aerosol nucleation and its role for clouds and Earth’s radiative forcing in the aerosol-climate model ECHAM5-HAM. Atmospheric Chem. Phys., 10: 10733–10752. DOI: 10.5194/acp-10-10733-2010
- Kecorius, S., Vogl, T., Paasonen, P., Lampilahti, J., Rothenberg, D., Wex, H., Zeppenfeld, S., van Pinxteren, M., Hartmann, M., Henning, S., Gong, X., Welti, A., Kulmala, M., Stratmann, F., Herrmann, H. and Wiedensohler, A. (2019) New particle formation and its effect on cloud condensation nuclei abundance in the summer Arctic: a case study in the Fram Strait and Barents Sea. Atmospheric Chem. Phys., 19: 14339–14364. DOI: 10.5194/acp-19-14339-2019
- Kelesidis, G.A., Neubauer, D., Fan, L.-S., Lohmann, U. and Pratsinis, S.E. (2022) Enhanced Light Absorption and Radiative Forcing by Black Carbon Agglomerates. Environ. Sci. Technol., 56: 8610–8618. DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c00428
- Kerminen, V.-M., Chen, X., Vakkari, V., Petäjä, T., Kulmala, M. and Bianchi, F. (2018) Atmospheric new particle formation and growth: review of field observations. Environ. Res. Lett., 13:
103003 . DOI: 10.1088/1748-9326/aadf3c - Khairoutdinov, M. and Kogan, Y. (2000) A New Cloud Physics Parameterization in a Large-Eddy Simulation Model of Marine Stratocumulus.
- Kiendler-Scharr, A., Wildt, J., Maso, M.D., Hohaus, T., Kleist, E., Mentel, T.F., Tillmann, R., Uerlings, R., Schurr, U. and Wahner, A. (2009) New particle formation in forests inhibited by isoprene emissions. Nature, 461: 381–384. DOI: 10.1038/nature08292
- Kirkby, J., Amorim, A., Baltensperger, U., Carslaw, K.S., Christoudias, T., Curtius, J., Donahue, N.M., Haddad, I.E., Flagan, R.C., Gordon, H., Hansel, A., Harder, H., Junninen, H., Kulmala, M., Kürten, A., Laaksonen, A., Lehtipalo, K., Lelieveld, J., Möhler, O., Riipinen, I., Stratmann, F., Tomé, A., Virtanen, A., Volkamer, R., Winkler, P.M. and Worsnop, D.R. (2023) Atmospheric new particle formation from the CERN CLOUD experiment. Nat. Geosci., 16: 948–957. DOI: 10.1038/s41561-023-01305-0
- Kirkby, J., Curtius, J., Almeida, J., Kulmala, M., et al. (2011) Role of sulphuric acid, ammonia and galactic cosmic rays in atmospheric aerosol nucleation. Nature, 476: 429–433. DOI: 10.1038/nature10343
- Kirkby, J., Duplissy, J., Sengupta, K., Curtius, J., et al. (2016) Ion-induced nucleation of pure biogenic particles. Nature, 533: 521–526. DOI: 10.1038/nature17953
- Kirkevåg, A., Grini, A., Olivié, D., Seland, Ø., Alterskjær, K., Hummel, M., Karset, I.H.H., Lewinschal, A., Liu, X., Makkonen, R., Bethke, I., Griesfeller, J., Schulz, M. and Iversen, T. (2018) A production-tagged aerosol module for Earth system models, OsloAero5.3 – extensions and updates for CAM5. 3-Oslo. Geosci. Model Dev., 11: 3945–3982. DOI: 10.5194/gmd-11-3945-2018
- Kirkevåg, A., Iversen, T., Seland, Ø., Hoose, C., Kristjánsson, J.E., Struthers, H., Ekman, A.M.L., Ghan, S., Griesfeller, J., Nilsson, E.D. and Schulz, M. (2013) Aerosol–climate interactions in the Norwegian Earth System Model – NorESM1-M. Geosci. Model Dev., 6: 207–244. DOI: 10.5194/gmd-6-207-2013
- Kittelson, D., Khalek, I., McDonald, J., Stevens, J. and Giannelli, R. (2022) Particle emissions from mobile sources: Discussion of ultrafine particle emissions and definition. J. Aerosol Sci., 159:
105881 . DOI: 10.1016/j.jaerosci.2021.105881 - Kleinheins, J., Kiselev, A., Keinert, A., Kind, M. and Leisner, T. (2021) Thermal Imaging of Freezing Drizzle Droplets: Pressure Release Events as a Source of Secondary Ice Particles, J. Atmos. Sci., 78: 1703–1713. DOI: 10.1175/JAS-D-20-0323.1
- Klingmüller, K., Metzger, S., Abdelkader, M., Karydis, V.A., Stenchikov, G.L., Pozzer, A. and Lelieveld, J. (2018) Revised mineral dust emissions in the atmospheric chemistry–climate model EMAC (MESSy 2.52 DU_Astitha1 KKDU2017 patch). Geosci. Model Dev., 11: 989–1008. DOI: 10.5194/gmd-11-989-2018
- Knutti, R., Rugenstein, M.A.A. and Hegerl, G.C. (2017) Beyond equilibrium climate sensitivity. Nat. Geosci., 10: 727–736. DOI: 10.1038/ngeo3017
- Kodros, J.K., Papanastasiou, D.K., Paglione, M., Masiol, M., Squizzato, S., Florou, K., Skyllakou, K., Kaltsonoudis, C., Nenes, A. and Pandis, S.N. (2020) Rapid dark aging of biomass burning as an overlooked source of oxidized organic aerosol. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 117: 33028–33033. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2010365117
- Köhler, H. (1936) The nucleus in and the growth of hygroscopic droplets. Trans. Faraday Soc., 32: 1152–1161. DOI: 10.1039/tf9363201152
- Koike, M., Ukita, J., Ström, J., Tunved, P., Shiobara, M., Vitale, V., Lupi, A., Baumgardner, D., Ritter, C., Hermansen, O., Yamada, K. and Pedersen, C.A. (2019) Year-Round In Situ Measurements of Arctic Low-Level Clouds: Microphysical Properties and Their Relationships With Aerosols. J. Geophys. Res. Atmospheres, 124: 1798–1822. DOI: 10.1029/2018JD029802
- Kok, J.F., Adebiyi, A.A., Albani, S., Balkanski, Y., Checa-Garcia, R., Chin, M., Colarco, P.R., Hamilton, D.S., Huang, Y., Ito, A., Klose, M., Li, L., Mahowald, N.M., Miller, R.L., Obiso, V., Pérez García-Pando, C., Rocha-Lima, A. and Wan, J.S. (2021) Contribution of the world’s main dust source regions to the global cycle of desert dust. Atmospheric Chem. Phys., 21: 8169–8193. DOI: 10.5194/acp-21-8169-2021
- Kok, J.F., Gupta, A.K., Adebiyi, A.A., Albani, S., Balkanski, Y., Checa-Garcia, R., Colarco, P.R., Evan, A.T., Hamilton, D., Huang, Y., Ito, A., Klose, M., Li, L., Mahowald, N.M., Miller, R.L., Obiso, V., Garcia-Pando, C.P., Lima, A.R. and Wan, J. (2025) The longwave direct radiative forcing of desert dust. 105th AMS Annual Meeting.
- Kok, J.F., Ridley, D.A., Zhou, Q., Miller, R.L., Zhao, C., Heald, C.L., Ward, D.S., Albani, S. and Haustein, K. (2017) Smaller desert dust cooling effect estimated from analysis of dust size and abundance. Nat. Geosci., 10: 274–278. DOI: 10.1038/ngeo2912
- Kok, J.F., Storelvmo, T., Karydis, V.A., Adebiyi, A.A., Mahowald, N.M., Evan, A.T., He, C. and Leung, D.M. (2023) Mineral dust aerosol impacts on global climate and climate change. Nat. Rev. Earth Environ., 4: 71–86. DOI: 10.1038/s43017-022-00379-5
- Kokkola, H., Korhonen, H., Lehtinen, K.E.J., Makkonen, R., Asmi, A., Järvenoja, S., Anttila, T., Partanen, A.-I., Kulmala, M., Järvinen, H., Laaksonen, A. and Kerminen, V.-M. (2008) SALSA – a Sectional Aerosol module for Large Scale Applications. Atmospheric Chem. Phys., 8: 2469–2483. DOI: 10.5194/acp-8-2469-2008
- Kokkola, H., Kühn, T., Laakso, A., Bergman, T., Lehtinen, K.E.J., Mielonen, T., Arola, A., Stadtler, S., Korhonen, H., Ferrachat, S., Lohmann, U., Neubauer, D., Tegen, I., Siegenthaler-Le Drian, C., Schultz, M.G., Bey, I., Stier, P., Daskalakis, N., Heald, C.L. and Romakkaniemi, S. (2018) SALSA2.0: The sectional aerosol module of the aerosol–chemistry–climate model ECHAM6.3.0-HAM2.3-MOZ1.0. Geosci. Model Dev., 11: 3833–3863. DOI: 10.5194/gmd-11-3833-2018
- Kokkola, H., Tonttila, J., Calderón, S.M., Romakkaniemi, S., Lipponen, A., Peräkorpi, A., Mielonen, T., Gryspeerdt, E., Virtanen, T.H., Kolmonen, P. and Arola, A. (2025) Model analysis of biases in the satellite-diagnosed aerosol effect on the cloud liquid water path. Atmospheric Chem. Phys., 25: 1533–1543. DOI: 10.5194/acp-25-1533-2025
- Kommula, S.M., Buchholz, A., Gramlich, Y., Mielonen, T., Hao, L., Pullinen, I., Vettikkat, L., Ylisirniö, A., Joutsensaari, J., Schobesberger, S., Tiitta, P., Leskinen, A., Rees, D.H., Haslett, S.L., Siegel, K., Lunder, C., Zieger, P., Krejci, R., Romakkaniemi, S., Mohr, C. and Virtanen, A. (2024) Effect of Long-Range Transported Fire Aerosols on Cloud Condensation Nuclei Concentrations and Cloud Properties at High Latitudes. Geophys. Res. Lett., 51:
e2023GL107134 . DOI: 10.1029/2023GL107134 - Korolev, A., DeMott, P.J., Heckman, I., Wolde, M., Williams, E., Smalley, D.J. and Donovan, M.F. (2022) Observation of secondary ice production in clouds at low temperatures. Atmospheric Chem. Phys., 22: 13103–13113. DOI: 10.5194/acp-22-13103-2022
- Korolev, A. and Leisner, T. (2020) Review of experimental studies of secondary ice production. Atmospheric Chem. Phys., 20: 11767–11797. DOI: 10.5194/acp-20-11767-2020
- Korolev, A. and Milbrandt, J. (2022) How Are Mixed-Phase Clouds Mixed? Geophys. Res. Lett., 49:
e2022GL099578 . DOI: 10.1029/2022GL099578 - Kostenidou, E., Karnezi, E., Hite
Jr. , J.R., Bougiatioti, A., Cerully, K., Xu, L., Ng, N.L., Nenes, A. and Pandis, S.N. (2018) Organic aerosol in the summertime southeastern United States: components and their link to volatility distribution, oxidation state and hygroscopicity. Atmospheric Chem. Phys., 18: 5799–5819. DOI: 10.5194/acp-18-5799-2018 - Kostinski, A.B. and Shaw, R.A. (2005) Fluctuations and Luck in Droplet Growth by Coalescence, Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 86: 235–244. DOI: 10.1175/BAMS-86-2-235
- Kroll, J.H. and Seinfeld, J.H. (2008) Chemistry of secondary organic aerosol: Formation and evolution of low-volatility organics in the atmosphere. Atmos. Environ., 42: 3593–3624. DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.01.003
- Krueger, B.J., Grassian, V.H., Cowin, J.P. and Laskin, A. (2004) Heterogeneous chemistry of individual mineral dust particles from different dust source regions: the importance of particle mineralogy. Atmos. Environ., 38: 6253–6261. DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.07.010
- Kulkarni, G. and Dobbie, S. (2010) Ice nucleation properties of mineral dust particles: determination of onset RHi, IN active fraction, nucleation time-lag, and the effect of active sites on contact angles. Atmospheric Chem. Phys., 10: 95–105. DOI: 10.5194/acp-10-95-2010
- Kulmala, M. (2003) How Particles Nucleate and Grow. Science, 302: 1000–1001. DOI: 10.1126/science.1090848
- Kulmala, M., Asmi, A., Lappalainen, H.K., Pandis, S.N. et al. (2011) General overview: European Integrated project on Aerosol Cloud Climate and Air Quality interactions (EUCAARI) – integrating aerosol research from nano to global scales. Atmospheric Chem. Phys., 11: 13061–13143. 10.5194/acp-11-13061-2011
- Kulmala, M., Junninen, H., Dada, L., Salma, I., Weidinger, T., Thén, W., Vörösmarty, M., Komsaare, K., Stolzenburg, D., Cai, R., Yan, C., Li, X., Deng, C., Jiang, J., Petäjä, T., Nieminen, T. and Kerminen, V.-M. (2022) Quiet New Particle Formation in the Atmosphere. Front. Environ. Sci., 10. DOI: 10.3389/fenvs.2022.912385
- Kulmala, M., Lehtinen, K.E.J. and Laaksonen, A. (2006) Cluster activation theory as an explanation of the linear dependence between formation rate of 3nm particles and sulphuric acid concentration. Atmospheric Chem. Phys., 6: 787–793. DOI: 10.5194/acp-6-787-2006
- Kulmala, M., Vehkamäki, H., Petäjä, T., Dal Maso, M., Lauri, A., Kerminen, V.M., Birmili, W. and McMurry, P.H. (2004) Formation and growth rates of ultrafine atmospheric particles: a review of observations. J. Aerosol Sci., 35: 143–176. DOI: 10.1016/j.jaerosci.2003.10.003
- Kupc, A., Williamson, C.J., Hodshire, A.L., Kazil, J., Ray, E., Bui, T.P., Dollner, M., Froyd, K.D., McKain, K., Rollins, A., Schill, G.P., Thames, A., Weinzierl, B.B., Pierce, J.R. and Brock, C.A. (2020) The potential role of organics in new particle formation and initial growth in the remote tropical upper troposphere. Atmospheric Chem. Phys., 20: 15037–15060. DOI: 10.5194/acp-20-15037-2020
- Kuwata, M., Shao, W., Lebouteiller, R. and Martin, S.T. (2013) Classifying organic materials by oxygen-to-carbon elemental ratio to predict the activation regime of Cloud Condensation Nuclei (CCN). Atmospheric Chem. Phys., 13: 5309–5324. DOI: 10.5194/acp-13-5309-2013
- Kwon, H.-S., Ryu, M.H. and Carlsten, C. (2020) Ultrafine particles: unique physicochemical properties relevant to health and disease. Exp. Mol. Med., 52: 318–328. DOI: 10.1038/s12276-020-0405-1
- Laskin, A., Laskin, J. and Nizkorodov, S.A. (2015) Chemistry of Atmospheric Brown Carbon. Chem. Rev., 115: 4335–4382. DOI: 10.1021/cr5006167
- Lauber, A., Kiselev, A., Pander, T., Handmann, P. and Leisner, T. (2018) Secondary Ice Formation during Freezing of Levitated Droplets. J. Atmos. Sci., 75: 2815–2826. DOI: 10.1175/JAS-D-18-0052.1
- Lehtipalo, K., Yan, C., Dada, L., Worsnop, D.R. et al. (2018) Multicomponent new particle formation from sulfuric acid, ammonia, and biogenic vapors. Sci. Adv., 4:
eaau5363 . DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aau5363 - Leskinen, A., Portin, H., Komppula, M., Miettinen, P., Arola, A., Lihavainen, H., Hatakka, J., Laaksonen, A. and Lehtinen, K. (2009) Overview of the research activities and results at Puijo semi-urban measurement station. Boreal Environ. Res., 14: 576–590.
- Li, G., Wieder, J., Pasquier, J.T., Henneberger, J. and Kanji, Z.A. (2022a) Predicting atmospheric background number concentration of ice-nucleating particles in the Arctic. Atmospheric Chem. Phys., 22: 14441–14454. DOI: 10.5194/acp-22-14441-2022
- Li, J., Carlson, B.E., Yung, Y.L., Lv, D., Hansen, J., Penner, J.E., Liao, H., Ramaswamy, V., Kahn, R.A., Zhang, P., Dubovik, O., Ding, A., Lacis, A.A., Zhang, L. and Dong, Y. (2022b) Scattering and absorbing aerosols in the climate system. Nat. Rev. Earth Environ., 3: 363–379. DOI: 10.1038/s43017-022-00296-7
- Li, L., Mahowald, N., Pérez García-Pando, C., Ginoux, P., Brodrick, P., Clark, R., Okin, G., Kokaly, R.F., Green, R.O., Miller, R., Gonçalves Ageitos, M., Obiso, V., Keebler, A., Ehlmann, B., Swayze, G. and Thompson, D.R. (2024b) Improved quantification of mineral dust direct radiative impacts using new source mineralogy from EMIT imaging spectroscopy. American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting 2024.
- Li, L., Mahowald, N.M., Gonçalves Ageitos, M., Obiso, V., Miller, R.L., Pérez García-Pando, C., Di Biagio, C., Formenti, P., Brodrick, P.G., Clark, R.N., Green, R.O., Kokaly, R., Swayze, G. and Thompson, D.R. (2024a) Improved constraints on hematite refractive index for estimating climatic effects of dust aerosols. Commun. Earth Environ., 5: 1–12. DOI: 10.1038/s43247-024-01441-4
- Li, L., Mahowald, N.M., Miller, R.L., Pérez García-Pando, C., Klose, M., Hamilton, D.S., Gonçalves Ageitos, M., Ginoux, P., Balkanski, Y., Green, R.O., Kalashnikova, O., Kok, J.F., Obiso, V., Paynter, D. and Thompson, D.R. (2021a) Quantifying the range of the dust direct radiative effect due to source mineralogy uncertainty. Atmospheric Chem. Phys., 21: 3973–4005. DOI: 10.5194/acp-21-3973-2021
- Li, W., Liu, L., Zhang, J., Xu, L., Wang, Y., Sun, Y. and Shi, Z. (2021b) Microscopic Evidence for Phase Separation of Organic Species and Inorganic Salts in Fine Ambient Aerosol Particles. Environ. Sci. Technol., 55: 2234–2242. DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c02333
- Li, X., Li, H., Yao, L., Stolzenburg, D., Sarnela, N., Vettikkat, L., Wollesen de Jonge, R., Baalbaki, R., Uusitalo, H., Kontkanen, J., Lehtipalo, K., Daellenbach, K.R., Jokinen, T., Aalto, J., Keronen, P., Schobesberger, S., Nieminen, T., Petäjä, T., Kerminen, V.-M., Bianchi, F., Kulmala, M. and Dada, L. (2024c) Over 20 years of observations in the boreal forest reveal a decreasing trend of atmospheric new particle formation. Boreal Environ. Res., 29: 35–52.
- Li, X., Nieminen, T., Baalbaki, R., Zhou, P., Paasonen, P., Makkonen, R., Zaidan, M.A., Sarnela, N., Yan, C., Jokinen, T., Salma, I., Vörösmarty, M., Petäjä, T., Kerminen, V.-M., Kulmala, M. and Dada, L. (2025) Parameterization of particle formation rates in distinct atmospheric environments. Aerosol Res. Discuss., 3: 271–291. DOI: 10.5194/ar-2025-3
- Lin, H. and Leaitch, W.R. (1997)
Development of an in-cloud aerosol activation parametrization for climate modelling . In: WMO Workshop on Measurement of Cloud Properties for Forecasts of Weather, Air Quality and Climate. Mexico City, 328–335. - Liu, F., Yon, J., Fuentes, A., Lobo, P., Smallwood, G.J. and Corbin, J.C. (2020) Review of recent literature on the light absorption properties of black carbon: Refractive index, mass absorption cross section, and absorption function. Aerosol Sci. Technol., 54: 33–51. DOI: 10.1080/02786826.2019.1676878
- Liu, S., Aiken, A.C., Gorkowski, K., Dubey, M.K., Cappa, C.D., Williams, L.R., Herndon, S.C., Massoli, P., Fortner, E.C., Chhabra, P.S., Brooks, W.A., Onasch, T.B., Jayne, J.T., Worsnop, D.R., China, S., Sharma, N., Mazzoleni, C., Xu, L., Ng, N.L., Liu, D., Allan, J.D., Lee, J.D., Fleming, Z.L., Mohr, C., Zotter, P., Szidat, S. and Prévôt, A.S.H. (2015) Enhanced light absorption by mixed source black and brown carbon particles in UK winter. Nat. Commun., 6:
8435 . DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9435 - Liu, Y., Dong, X., Wang, M., Emmons, L.K., Liu, Y., Liang, Y., Li, X. and Shrivastava, M. (2021) Analysis of secondary organic aerosol simulation bias in the Community Earth System Model (CESM2.1). Atmospheric Chem. Phys., 21: 8003–8021. DOI: 10.5194/acp-21-8003-2021
- Lohmann, U. (2017) Anthropogenic Aerosol Influences on Mixed-Phase Clouds. Curr. Clim. Change Rep., 3: 32–44. DOI: 10.1007/s40641-017-0059-9
- Lohmann, U. and Diehl, K. (2006) Sensitivity Studies of the Importance of Dust Ice Nuclei for the Indirect Aerosol Effect on Stratiform Mixed-Phase Clouds. J. Atmospheric Sci., 63: 968–982. DOI: 10.1175/JAS3662.1
- Lohmann, U., Mahrt, F. and Lüönd, F. (eds.) (2016)
Clouds . In: An Introduction to Clouds: From the Microscale to Climate. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 1–25. DOI: 10.1017/CBO9781139087513.002 - Lohmann, U. and Neubauer, D. (2018) The importance of mixed-phase and ice clouds for climate sensitivity in the global aerosol–climate model ECHAM6-HAM2. Atmospheric Chem. Phys., 18: 8807–8828. DOI: 10.5194/acp-18-8807-2018
- Lohmann, U., Stier, P., Hoose, C., Ferrachat, S., Kloster, S., Roeckner, E. and Zhang, J. (2007) Cloud microphysics and aerosol indirect effects in the global climate model ECHAM5-HAM. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7: 3425–3446. DOI: 10.5194/acp-7-3425-2007
- Lowe, S.J., Partridge, D.G., Davies, J.F., Wilson, K.R., Topping, D. and Riipinen, I. (2019) Key drivers of cloud response to surface-active organics. Nat. Commun., 10:
5214 . DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12982-0 - Lowenthal, D.H., Hallar, A.G., David, R.O., McCubbin, I.B., Borys, R.D. and Mace, G.G. (2019) Mixed-phase orographic cloud microphysics during StormVEx and IFRACS. Atmospheric Chem. Phys., 19: 5387–5401. DOI: 10.5194/acp-19-5387-2019
- Luke, E.P., Yang, F., Kollias, P., Vogelmann, A.M. and Maahn, M. (2021) New insights into ice multiplication using remote-sensing observations of slightly supercooled mixed-phase clouds in the Arctic. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 118:
e2021387118 . DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2021387118 - Magaritz-Ronen, L., Pinsky, M. and Khain, A. (2016) Drizzle formation in stratocumulus clouds: effects of turbulent mixing. Atmospheric Chem. Phys., 16: 1849–1862. DOI: 10.5194/acp-16-1849-2016
- Mahowald, N.M., Li, L., Albani, S., Hamilton, D.S. and Kok, J.F. (2024) Opinion: The importance of historical and paleoclimate aerosol radiative effects. Atmospheric Chem. Phys., 24: 533–551. DOI: 10.5194/acp-24-533-2024
- Malavelle, F.F., Haywood, J.M., Jones, A., Gettelman, A., Clarisse, L., Bauduin, S., Allan, R.P., Karset, I.H.H., Kristjánsson, J.E., Oreopoulos, L., Cho, N., Lee, D., Bellouin, N., Boucher, O., Grosvenor, D.P., Carslaw, K.S., Dhomse, S., Mann, G.W., Schmidt, A., Coe, H., Hartley, M.E., Dalvi, M., Hill, A.A., Johnson, B.T., Johnson, C.E., Knight, J.R., O’Connor, F.M., Partridge, D.G., Stier, P., Myhre, G., Platnick, S., Stephens, G.L., Takahashi, H. and Thordarson, T. (2017) Strong constraints on aerosol–cloud interactions from volcanic eruptions. Nature, 546: 485–491. DOI: 10.1038/nature22974
- Mandariya, A.K., Ahlawat, A., Haneef, M., Baig, N.A., Patel, K., Apte, J., Hildebrandt Ruiz, L., Wiedensohler, A. and Habib, G. (2024) Measurement report: Hygroscopicity of size-selected aerosol particles in the heavily polluted urban atmosphere of Delhi: impacts of chloride aerosol. Atmospheric Chem. Phys., 24: 3627–3647. DOI: 10.5194/acp-24-3627-2024
- Manshausen, P., Watson-Parris, D., Christensen, M.W., Jalkanen, J.-P. and Stier, P. (2022) Invisible ship tracks show large cloud sensitivity to aerosol. Nature, 610: 101–106. DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05122-0
- Mao, J., Carlton, A., Cohen, R.C., Brune, W.H., Brown, S.S., Wolfe, G.M., Jimenez, J.L., Pye, H.O.T., Lee Ng, N., Xu, L., McNeill, V.F., Tsigaridis, K., McDonald, B.C., Warneke, C., Guenther, A., Alvarado, M.J., de Gouw, J., Mickley, L.J., Leibensperger, E.M., Mathur, R., Nolte, C.G., Portmann, R.W., Unger, N., Tosca, M. and Horowitz, L.W. (2018) Southeast Atmosphere Studies: learning from model-observation syntheses. Atmospheric Chem. Phys., 18: 2615–2651. DOI: 10.5194/acp-18-2615-2018
- Marais, E.A., Jacob, D.J., Jimenez, J.L., Campuzano-Jost, P., Day, D.A., Hu, W., Krechmer, J., Zhu, L., Kim, P.S., Miller, C.C., Fisher, J.A., Travis, K., Yu, K., Hanisco, T.F., Wolfe, G.M., Arkinson, H.L., Pye, H.O.T., Froyd, K.D., Liao, J. and McNeill, V.F. (2016) Aqueous-phase mechanism for secondary organic aerosol formation from isoprene: application to the southeast United States and co-benefit of SO2 emission controls. Atmospheric Chem. Phys., 16: 1603–1618. DOI: 10.5194/acp-16-1603-2016
- Martinez-Villalobos, C., Neelin, J.D. and Pendergrass, A.G. (2022) Metrics for Evaluating CMIP6 Representation of Daily Precipitation Probability Distributions. DOI: 10.1175/JCLI-D-21-0617.1
- Mauritsen, T., Bader, J., Becker, T., Roeckner, E., et al. (2019) Developments in the MPI-M Earth System Model version 1.2 (MPI-ESM1.2) and Its Response to Increasing CO2. J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst., 11: 998–1038. DOI: 10.1029/2018MS001400
- McCluskey, C.S., DeMott, P.J., Ma, P.-L. and Burrows, S.M. (2019) Numerical Representations of Marine Ice-Nucleating Particles in Remote Marine Environments Evaluated Against Observations. Geophys. Res. Lett., 46: 7838–7847. 10.1029/2018GL081861
- McCoy, D.T., Bender, F. a.-M., Mohrmann, J.K.C., Hartmann, D.L., Wood, R. and Grosvenor, D.P. (2017) The global aerosol-cloud first indirect effect estimated using MODIS, MERRA, and AeroCom. J. Geophys. Res. Atmospheres, 122: 1779–1796. DOI: 10.1002/2016JD026141
- McCrystall, M.R., Stroeve, J., Serreze, M., Forbes, B.C. and Screen, J.A. (2021) New climate models reveal faster and larger increases in Arctic precipitation than previously projected. Nat. Commun., 12:
6765 . DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27031-y - McFiggans, G., Mentel, T.F., Wildt, J., Pullinen, I., Kang, S., Kleist, E., Schmitt, S., Springer, M., Tillmann, R., Wu, C., Zhao, D., Hallquist, M., Faxon, C., Le Breton, M., Hallquist, Å.M., Simpson, D., Bergström, R., Jenkin, M.E., Ehn, M., Thornton, J.A., Alfarra, M.R., Bannan, T.J., Percival, C.J., Priestley, M., Topping, D. and Kiendler-Scharr, A. (2019) Secondary organic aerosol reduced by mixture of atmospheric vapours. Nature, 565: 587–593. DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0871-y
- McGrath, M.J., Olenius, T., Ortega, I.K., Loukonen, V., Paasonen, P., Kurtén, T., Kulmala, M. and Vehkamäki, H. (2012) Atmospheric Cluster Dynamics Code: a flexible method for solution of the birth-death equations. Atmospheric Chem. Phys., 12: 2345–2355. DOI: 10.5194/acp-12-2345-2012
- McMurry, P.H., Woo, K.S., Weber, R., Chen, D.-R. and Pui, D.Y.H. (2000) Size distributions of 3–10 nm atmospheric particles: Implications for nucleation mechanisms. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Math. Phys. Eng. Sci., 358: 2625–2642. DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2000.0673
- Mentel, T.F., Kleist, E., Andres, S., Dal Maso, M., Hohaus, T., Kiendler-Scharr, A., Rudich, Y., Springer, M., Tillmann, R., Uerlings, R., Wahner, A. and Wildt, J. (2013) Secondary aerosol formation from stress-induced biogenic emissions and possible climate feedbacks. Atmospheric Chem. Phys., 13: 8755–8770. DOI: 10.5194/acp-13-8755-2013
- Merikanto, J., Spracklen, D.V., Mann, G.W., Pickering, S.J. and Carslaw, K.S. (2009) Impact of nucleation on global CCN. Atmospheric Chem. Phys., 9: 8601–8616. DOI: 10.5194/acp-9-8601-2009
- Metzger, A., Verheggen, B., Dommen, J., Duplissy, J., Prevot, A.S.H., Weingartner, E., Riipinen, I., Kulmala, M., Spracklen, D.V., Carslaw, K.S. and Baltensperger, U. (2010) Evidence for the role of organics in aerosol particle formation under atmospheric conditions. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 107: 6646–6651. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0911330107
- Metzger, S., Dentener, F., Pandis, S. and Lelieveld, J. (2002) Gas/aerosol partitioning: 1. A computationally efficient model. J. Geophys. Res. Atmospheres, 107: ACH 16-1–ACH 16-24. DOI: 10.1029/2001JD001102
- Meyers, M.P., DeMott, P.J. and Cotton, W.R. (1992) New Primary Ice-Nucleation Parameterizations in an Explicit Cloud Model. J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol., 31: 708–721. DOI: 10.1175/1520-0450(1992)031<;0708:NPINPI>2.0.CO;2
- Michibata, T., Suzuki, K., Sato, Y. and Takemura, T. (2016) The source of discrepancies in aerosol–cloud–precipitation interactions between GCM and A-Train retrievals. Atmospheric Chem. Phys., 16: 15413–15424. DOI: 10.5194/acp-16-15413-2016
- Midzi, J., Jeffery, D.W., Baumann, U., Rogiers, S., Tyerman, S.D. and Pagay, V. (2022) Stress-Induced Volatile Emissions and Signalling in Inter-Plant Communication. Plants, 11:
2566 . DOI: 10.3390/plants11192566 - Mignani, C., Creamean, J.M., Zimmermann, L., Alewell, C. and Conen, F. (2019) New type of evidence for secondary ice formation at around –15°C in mixed-phase clouds. Atmospheric Chem. Phys., 19: 877–886. DOI: 10.5194/acp-19-877-2019
- Milbrandt, J.A. and Yau, M.K. (2005) A Multimoment Bulk Microphysics Parameterization. Part II: A Proposed Three-Moment Closure and Scheme Description. J. Atmos. Sci., 62: 3065–3081. DOI: 10.1175/JAS3535.1
- Milousis, A., Klingmüller, K., Tsimpidi, A.P., Kok, J.F., Kanakidou, M., Nenes, A. and Karydis, V.A. (2025b) Impact of mineral dust on the global nitrate aerosol direct and indirect radiative effect. Atmospheric Chem. Phys., 25: 1333–1351. DOI: 10.5194/acp-25-1333-2025
- Milousis, A., Scholz, S.M.C., Fuchs, H., Tsimpidi, A.P. and Karydis, V.A. (2025a) Global Perspectives on Nitrate Aerosol Dynamics: A Comprehensive Sensitivity Analysis. EGUsphere, 1–42. DOI: 10.5194/egusphere-2025-313
- Milousis, A., Tsimpidi, A.P., Tost, H., Pandis, S.N., Nenes, A., Kiendler-Scharr, A. and Karydis, V.A. (2024) Implementation of the ISORROPIA-lite aerosol thermodynamics model into the EMAC chemistry climate model (based on MESSy v2.55): implications for aerosol composition and acidity. Geosci. Model Dev., 17: 1111–1131. DOI: 10.5194/gmd-17-1111-2024
- Mohr, C., Thornton, J.A., Heitto, A., Lopez-Hilfiker, F.D., Lutz, A., Riipinen, I., Hong, J., Donahue, N.M., Hallquist, M., Petäjä, T., Kulmala, M. and Yli-Juuti, T. (2019) Molecular identification of organic vapors driving atmospheric nanoparticle growth. Nat. Commun., 10:
4442 . DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12473-2 - Mok, J., Krotkov, N.A., Arola, A., Torres, O., Jethva, H., Andrade, M., Labow, G., Eck, T.F., Li, Z., Dickerson, R.R., Stenchikov, G.L., Osipov, S. and Ren, X. (2016) Impacts of brown carbon from biomass burning on surface UV and ozone photochemistry in the Amazon Basin. Sci. Rep., 6:
36940 . DOI: 10.1038/srep36940 - Moosmüller, H., Engelbrecht, J.P., Skiba, M., Frey, G., Chakrabarty, R.K. and Arnott, W.P. (2012) Single scattering albedo of fine mineral dust aerosols controlled by iron concentration. J. Geophys. Res. Atmospheres, 117:
D11 . DOI: 10.1029/2011JD016909 - Morales Betancourt, R. and Nenes, A. (2014) Droplet activation parameterization: the population-splitting concept revisited. Geosci. Model Dev., 7: 2345–2357. DOI: 10.5194/gmd-7-2345-2014
- Morgan, W.T., Allan, J.D., Bower, K.N., Esselborn, M., Harris, B., Henzing, J.S., Highwood, E.J., Kiendler-Scharr, A., McMeeking, G.R., Mensah, A.A., Northway, M.J., Osborne, S., Williams, P.I., Krejci, R. and Coe, H. (2010) Enhancement of the aerosol direct radiative effect by semi-volatile aerosol components: airborne measurements in North-Western Europe. Atmospheric Chem. Phys., 10: 8151–8171. DOI: 10.5194/acp-10-8151-2010
- Morrison, H., de Boer, G., Feingold, G., Harrington, J., Shupe, M.D. and Sulia, K. (2012) Resilience of persistent Arctic mixed-phase clouds. Nat. Geosci., 5: 11–17. DOI: 10.1038/ngeo1332
- Morrison, H. and Gettelman, A. (2008) A New Two-Moment Bulk Stratiform Cloud Microphysics Scheme in the Community Atmosphere Model, Version 3 (CAM3). Part I: Description and Numerical Tests. J. Climate, 21: 3642–3659. DOI: 10.1175/2008JCLI2105.1
- Morrison, H., Thompson, G. and Tatarskii, V. (2009) Impact of Cloud Microphysics on the Development of Trailing Stratiform Precipitation in a Simulated Squall Line: Comparison of One- and Two-Moment Schemes. Mon. Wea. Rev., 137: 991–1007. DOI: 10.1175/2008MWR2556.1
- Motos, G., Freitas, G., Georgakaki, P., Wieder, J., Li, G., Aas, W., Lunder, C., Krejci, R., Pasquier, J.T., Henneberger, J., David, R.O., Ritter, C., Mohr, C., Zieger, P. and Nenes, A. (2023) Aerosol and dynamical contributions to cloud droplet formation in Arctic low-level clouds. Atmospheric Chem. Phys., 23: 13941–13956. DOI: 10.5194/acp-23-13941-2023
- Mulcahy, J.P., Johnson, C., Jones, C.G., Povey, A.C., Scott, C.E., Sellar, A., Turnock, S.T., Woodhouse, M.T., Abraham, N.L., Andrews, M.B., Bellouin, N., Browse, J., Carslaw, K.S., Dalvi, M., Folberth, G.A., Glover, M., Grosvenor, D.P., Hardacre, C., Hill, R., Johnson, B., Jones, A., Kipling, Z., Mann, G., Mollard, J., O’Connor, F.M., Palmiéri, J., Reddington, C., Rumbold, S.T., Richardson, M., Schutgens, N.A.J., Stier, P., Stringer, M., Tang, Y., Walton, J., Woodward, S. and Yool, A. (2020) Description and evaluation of aerosol in UKESM1 and HadGEM3-GC3.1 CMIP6 historical simulations. Geosci. Model Dev., 13: 6383–6423. DOI: 10.5194/gmd-13-6383-2020
- Mülmenstädt, J., Ackerman, A.S., Fridlind, A.M., Huang, M., Ma, P.-L., Mahfouz, N., Bauer, S.E., Burrows, S.M., Christensen, M.W., Dipu, S., Gettelman, A., Leung, L.R., Tornow, F., Quaas, J., Varble, A.C., Wang, H., Zhang, K. and Zheng, Y. (2024) Can general circulation models (GCMs) represent cloud liquid water path adjustments to aerosol–cloud interactions? Atmospheric Chem. Phys., 24: 13633–13652. DOI: 10.5194/acp-24-13633-2024
- Mülmenstädt, J., Nam, C., Salzmann, M., Kretzschmar, J., L’Ecuyer, T.S., Lohmann, U., Ma, P.-L., Myhre, G., Neubauer, D., Stier, P., Suzuki, K., Wang, M. and Quaas, J. (2020) Reducing the aerosol forcing uncertainty using observational constraints on warm rain processes. Sci. Adv., 6:
eaaz6433 . DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaz6433 - Murray, B.J., Carslaw, K.S. and Field, P.R. (2021) Opinion: Cloud-phase climate feedback and the importance of ice-nucleating particles. Atmospheric Chem. Phys., 21: 665–679. DOI: 10.5194/acp-21-665-2021
- Murray, B.J., Knopf, D.A. and Bertram, A.K. (2005) The formation of cubic ice under conditions relevant to Earth’s atmosphere. Nature, 434: 202–205. DOI: 10.1038/nature03403
- Murray, B.J., O’Sullivan, D., Atkinson, J.D. and Webb, M.E. (2012) Ice nucleation by particles immersed in supercooled cloud droplets. Chem. Soc. Rev., 41: 6519–6554. DOI: 10.1039/c2cs35200a
- Myriokefalitakis, S., Bergas-Massó, E., Gonçalves-Ageitos, M., Pérez García-Pando, C., van Noije, T., Le Sager, P., Ito, A., Athanasopoulou, E., Nenes, A., Kanakidou, M., Krol, M.C. and Gerasopoulos, E. (2022) Multiphase processes in the EC-Earth model and their relevance to the atmospheric oxalate, sulfate, and iron cycles. Geosci. Model Dev., 15: 3079–3120. DOI: 10.5194/gmd-15-3079-2022
- Navarro-Barboza, H., Rovira, J., Obiso, V., Pozzer, A., Via, M., Alastuey, A., Querol, X., Perez, N., Savadkoohi, M., Chen, G., Yus-Díez, J., Ivancic, M., Rigler, M., Eleftheriadis, K., Vratolis, S., Zografou, O., Gini, M., Chazeau, B., Marchand, N., Prevot, A.S.H., Dallenbach, K., Ehn, M., Luoma, K., Petäjä, T., Tobler, A., Necki, J., Aurela, M., Timonen, H., Niemi, J., Favez, O., Petit, J.-E., Putaud, J.-P., Hueglin, C., Pascal, N., Chauvigné, A., Conil, S., Pandolfi, M. and Jorba, O. (2025) Characterization of brown carbon absorption in different European environments through source contribution analysis. Atmospheric Chem. Phys., 25: 2667–2694. DOI: 10.5194/acp-25-2667-2025
- Nenes, A., Pandis, S.N., Kanakidou, M., Russell, A.G., Song, S., Vasilakos, P. and Weber, R.J. (2021) Aerosol acidity and liquid water content regulate the dry deposition of inorganic reactive nitrogen. Atmospheric Chem. Phys., 21: 6023–6033. DOI: 10.5194/acp-21-6023-2021
- Neuberger, A., Decesari, S., Aktypis, A., Andersen, H., Baumgardner, D., Bianchi, F., Busetto, M., Cai, J., Cermak, J., Dipu, S., Ekman, A., Fuzzi, S., Gramlich, Y., Haslett, S.L., Heikkinen, L., Joutsensaari, J., Kaltsonoudis, C., Kangasluoma, J., Krejci, R., Lupi, A., Marinoni, A., Matrali, A., Mattsson, F., Mohr, C., Nenes, A., Paglione, M., Pandis, S.N., Patel, A., Riipinen, I., Rinaldi, M., Steimer, S.S., Stolzenburg, D., Sulo, J., Vasilakopoulou, C.N. and Zieger, P. (2025) From Molecules to Droplets: The Fog and Aerosol Interaction Research Italy (FAIRARI) 2021/22 Campaign. DOI: 10.1175/BAMS-D-23-0166.1
- Neubauer, D., Ferrachat, S., Siegenthaler-Le Drian, C., Stier, P., Partridge, D.G., Tegen, I., Bey, I., Stanelle, T., Kokkola, H. and Lohmann, U. (2019) The global aerosol–climate model ECHAM6.3–HAM2.3 – Part 2: Cloud evaluation, aerosol radiative forcing, and climate sensitivity. Geosci. Model Dev., 12: 3609–3639. DOI: 10.5194/gmd-12-3609-2019
- Nieminen, T., Paasonen, P., Manninen, H.E., Sellegri, K., Kerminen, V.-M. and Kulmala, M. (2011) Parameterization of ion-induced nucleation rates based on ambient observations. Atmospheric Chem. Phys., 11: 3393–3402. DOI: 10.5194/acp-11-3393-2011
- Nordling, K., Keskinen, J.-P., Romakkaniemi, S., Kokkola, H., Räisänen, P., Lipponen, A., Partanen, A.-I., Ahola, J., Tonttila, J., Alper, M.E., Korhonen, H. and Raatikainen, T. (2024) Technical note: Emulation of a large-eddy simulator for stratocumulus clouds in a general circulation model. Atmospheric Chem. Phys., 24: 869–890. DOI: 10.5194/acp-24-869-2024
- Nordling, K., Korhonen, H., Räisänen, J., Partanen, A.-I., Samset, B.H. and Merikanto, J. (2021) Understanding the surface temperature response and its uncertainty to CO2, CH4, black carbon, and sulfate. Atmospheric Chem. Phys., 21: 14941–14958. DOI: 10.5194/acp-21-14941-2021
- Obiso, V., Gonçalves Ageitos, M., Pérez García-Pando, C., Perlwitz, J.P., Schuster, G.L., Bauer, S.E., Di Biagio, C., Formenti, P., Tsigaridis, K. and Miller, R.L. (2024) Observationally constrained regional variations of shortwave absorption by iron oxides emphasize the cooling effect of dust. Atmospheric Chem. Phys., 24: 5337–5367. DOI: 10.5194/acp-24-5337-2024
- Ohata, S., Moteki, N., Mori, T., Koike, M. and Kondo, Y. (2016) A key process controlling the wet removal of aerosols: new observational evidence. Sci. Rep., 6:
34113 . DOI: 10.1038/srep34113 - Oreopoulos, L., Cho, N. and Lee, D. (2020) A Global Survey of Apparent Aerosol-Cloud Interaction Signals. J. Geophys. Res. Atmospheres, 125:
e2019JD031287 . DOI: 10.1029/2019JD031287 - O’Sullivan, D., Adams, M.P., Tarn, M.D., Harrison, A.D., Vergara-Temprado, J., Porter, G.C.E., Holden, M.A., Sanchez-Marroquin, A., Carotenuto, F., Whale, T.F., McQuaid, J.B., Walshaw, R., Hedges, D.H.P., Burke, I.T., Cui, Z. and Murray, B.J. (2018) Contributions of biogenic material to the atmospheric ice-nucleating particle population in North Western Europe. Sci. Rep., 8:
13821 . DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31981-7 - Pai, S.J., Heald, C.L., Pierce, J.R., Farina, S.C., Marais, E.A., Jimenez, J.L., Campuzano-Jost, P., Nault, B.A., Middlebrook, A.M., Coe, H., Shilling, J.E., Bahreini, R., Dingle, J.H. and Vu, K. (2020) An evaluation of global organic aerosol schemes using airborne observations. Atmospheric Chem. Phys., 20: 2637–2665. DOI: 10.5194/acp-20-2637-2020
- Palmer, P.I., Marvin, M.R., Siddans, R., Kerridge, B.J. and Moore, D.P. (2022) Nocturnal survival of isoprene linked to formation of upper tropospheric organic aerosol. Science, 375(6580): 562–566. DOI: 10.1126/science.abg4506
- Partridge, D.G., Vrugt, J.A., Tunved, P., Ekman, A.M.L., Struthers, H. and Sorooshian, A. (2012) Inverse modelling of cloud-aerosol interactions – Part 2: Sensitivity tests on liquid phase clouds using a Markov chain Monte Carlo based simulation approach. Atmospheric Chem. Phys., 12: 2823–2847. DOI: 10.5194/acp-12-2823-2012
- Pasquier, J.T., David, R.O., Freitas, G., Gierens, R., Gramlich, Y., Haslett, S., Li, G., Schäfer, B., Siegel, K., Wieder, J., Adachi, K., Belosi, F., Carlsen, T., Decesari, S., Ebell, K., Gilardoni, S., Gysel-Beer, M., Henneberger, J., Inoue, J., Kanji, Z.A., Koike, M., Kondo, Y., Krejci, R., Lohmann, U., Maturilli, M., Mazzolla, M., Modini, R., Mohr, C., Motos, G., Nenes, A., Nicosia, A., Ohata, S., Paglione, M., Park, S., Pileci, R.E., Ramelli, F., Rinaldi, M., Ritter, C., Sato, K., Storelvmo, T., Tobo, Y., Traversi, R., Viola, A. and Zieger, P. (2022b) The Ny-Ålesund Aerosol Cloud Experiment (NASCENT): Overview and First Results. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 103: E2533–E2558. DOI: 10.1175/BAMS-D-21-0034.1
- Pasquier, J.T., Henneberger, J., Korolev, A., Ramelli, F., Wieder, J., Lauber, A., Li, G., David, R.O., Carlsen, T., Gierens, R., Maturilli, M. and Lohmann, U. (2023) Understanding the History of Two Complex Ice Crystal Habits Deduced From a Holographic Imager. Geophys. Res. Lett., 50:
e2022GL100247 . DOI: 10.1029/2022GL100247 - Pasquier, J.T., Henneberger, J., Ramelli, F., Lauber, A., David, R.O., Wieder, J., Carlsen, T., Gierens, R., Maturilli, M. and Lohmann, U. (2022a) Conditions favorable for secondary ice production in Arctic mixed-phase clouds. Atmospheric Chem. Phys., 22: 15579–15601. DOI: 10.5194/acp-22-15579-2022
- Patoulias, D., Florou, K., Pandis, S.N. and Nenes, A. (2024) New Particle Formation Events Can Reduce Cloud Droplets in Boundary Layer Clouds at the Continental Scale. Geophys. Res. Lett., 51:
e2023GL106182 . DOI: 10.1029/2023GL106182 - Pelucchi, P., Neubauer, D. and Lohmann, U. (2021) Vertical grid refinement for stratocumulus clouds in the radiation scheme of the global climate model ECHAM6.3-HAM2.3-P3. Geosci. Model Dev., 14: 5413–5434. DOI: 10.5194/gmd-14-5413-2021
- Pereira Freitas, G., Adachi, K., Conen, F., Heslin-Rees, D., Krejci, R., Tobo, Y., Yttri, K.E. and Zieger, P. (2023) Regionally sourced bioaerosols drive high-temperature ice nucleating particles in the Arctic. Nat. Commun., 14:
5997 . DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41696-7 - Pereira Freitas, G., Kopec, B., Adachi, K., Krejci, R., Heslin-Rees, D., Yttri, K.E., Hubbard, A., Welker, J.M. and Zieger, P. (2024) Contribution of fluorescent primary biological aerosol particles to low-level Arctic cloud residuals. Atmospheric Chem. Phys., 24: 5479–5494. DOI: 10.5194/acp-24-5479-2024
- Perlwitz, J.P., Pérez García-Pando, C. and Miller, R.L. (2015) Predicting the mineral composition of dust aerosols – Part 1: Representing key processes. Atmospheric Chem. Phys., 15: 11593–11627. DOI: 10.5194/acp-15-11593-2015
- Phillips, V.T.J., Yano, J.-I., Formenton, M., Ilotoviz, E., Kanawade, V., Kudzotsa, I., Sun, J., Bansemer, A., Detwiler, A.G., Khain, A. and Tessendorf, S.A. (2017) Ice Multiplication by Breakup in Ice–Ice Collisions. Part II: Numerical Simulations. J. Atmospheric Sci., 74: 2789–2811. DOI: 10.1175/JAS-D-16-0223.1
- Phillips, V.T.J., Yano, J.-I. and Khain, A. (2017) Ice Multiplication by Breakup in Ice–Ice Collisions. Part I: Theoretical Formulation. J. Atmos. Sci., 74: 1705–1719. DOI: 10.1175/JAS-D-16-0224.1
- Pöhlker, M.L., Pöhlker, C., Quaas, J., Mülmenstädt, J., Pozzer, A., Andreae, M.O., Artaxo, P., Block, K., Coe, H., Ervens, B., Gallimore, P., Gaston, C.J., Gunthe, S.S., Henning, S., Herrmann, H., Krüger, O.O., McFiggans, G., Poulain, L., Raj, S.S., Reyes-Villegas, E., Royer, H.M., Walter, D., Wang, Y. and Pöschl, U. (2023) Global organic and inorganic aerosol hygroscopicity and its effect on radiative forcing. Nat. Commun., 14:
6139 . DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41695-8 - Possner, A., Eastman, R., Bender, F. and Glassmeier, F. (2020) Deconvolution of boundary layer depth and aerosol constraints on cloud water path in subtropical stratocumulus decks. Atmospheric Chem. Phys., 20: 3609–3621. DOI: 10.5194/acp-20-3609-2020
- Possner, A., Pfannkuch, K. and Ramadoss, V. (2024) Cloud-Resolving ICON Simulations of Secondary Ice Production in Arctic Mixed-Phase Stratocumuli Observed during M-PACE. J. Atmos. Sci., 81(2): 417–434. DOI: 10.1175/JAS-D-23-0069.1
- Pozzer, A., Reifenberg, S.F., Kumar, V., Franco, B., Kohl, M., Taraborrelli, D., Gromov, S., Ehrhart, S., Jöckel, P., Sander, R., Fall, V., Rosanka, S., Karydis, V., Akritidis, D., Emmerichs, T., Crippa, M., Guizzardi, D., Kaiser, J.W., Clarisse, L., Kiendler-Scharr, A., Tost, H. and Tsimpidi, A. (2022) Simulation of organics in the atmosphere: evaluation of EMACv2.54 with the Mainz Organic Mechanism (MOM) coupled to the ORACLE (v1.0) submodel. Geosci. Model Dev., 15: 2673–2710. DOI: 10.5194/gmd-15-2673-2022
- Prank, M., Tonttila, J., Ahola, J., Kokkola, H., Kühn, T., Romakkaniemi, S. and Raatikainen, T. (2022) Impacts of marine organic emissions on low-level stratiform clouds – a large eddy simulator study. Atmospheric Chem. Phys., 22: 10971–10992. DOI: 10.5194/acp-22-10971-2022
- Prank, M., Tonttila, J., Shang, X., Romakkaniemi, S. and Raatikainen, T. (2025) Can pollen affect precipitation? Atmospheric Chem. Phys., 25: 183–197. DOI: 10.5194/acp-25-183-2025
- Pratt, K.A., DeMott, P.J., French, J.R., Wang, Z., Westphal, D.L., Heymsfield, A.J., Twohy, C.H., Prenni, A.J. and Prather, K.A. (2009) In situ detection of biological particles in cloud ice-crystals. Nat. Geosci., 2: 398–401. DOI: 10.1038/ngeo521
- Pringle, K.J., Tost, H., Message, S., Steil, B., Giannadaki, D., Nenes, A., Fountoukis, C., Stier, P., Vignati, E. and Lelieveld, J. (2010) Description and evaluation of GMXe: a new aerosol submodel for global simulations (v1). Geosci. Model Dev., 3: 391–412. DOI: 10.5194/gmd-3-391-2010
- Proske, U., Bessenbacher, V., Dedekind, Z., Lohmann, U. and Neubauer, D. (2021) How frequent is natural cloud seeding from ice cloud layers (< –35 °C) over Switzerland? Atmospheric Chem. Phys., 21: 5195–5216. DOI: 10.5194/acp-21-5195-2021
- Proske, U., Ferrachat, S., Klampt, S., Abeling, M. and Lohmann, U. (2023) Addressing Complexity in Global Aerosol Climate Model Cloud Microphysics. J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst., 15:
e2022MS003571 . DOI: 10.1029/2022MS003571 - Proske, U., Ferrachat, S. and Lohmann, U. (2024) Developing a climatological simplification of aerosols to enter the cloud microphysics of a global climate model. Atmospheric Chem. Phys., 24: 5907–5933. DOI: 10.5194/acp-24-5907-2024
- Proske, U., Ferrachat, S., Neubauer, D., Staab, M. and Lohmann, U. (2022) Assessing the potential for simplification in global climate model cloud microphysics. Atmospheric Chem. Phys., 22: 4737–4762. DOI: 10.5194/acp-22-4737-2022
- Quaas, J., Andrews, T., Bellouin, N., Block, K., Boucher, O., Ceppi, P., Dagan, G., Doktorowski, S., Eichholz, H.M., Forster, P., Goren, T., Gryspeerdt, E., Hodnebrog, Ø., Jia, H., Kramer, R., Lange, C., Maycock, A.C., Mülmenstädt, J., Myhre, G., O’Connor, F.M., Pincus, R., Samset, B.H., Senf, F., Shine, K.P., Smith, C., Stjern, C.W., Takemura, T., Toll, V. and Wall, C.J. (2024) Adjustments to Climate Perturbations—Mechanisms, Implications, Observational Constraints. AGU Adv., 5:
e2023AV001144 . DOI: 10.1029/2023AV001144 - Quaas, J., Arola, A., Cairns, B., Christensen, M., Deneke, H., Ekman, A.M.L., Feingold, G., Fridlind, A., Gryspeerdt, E., Hasekamp, O., Li, Z., Lipponen, A., Ma, P.-L., Mülmenstädt, J., Nenes, A., Penner, J.E., Rosenfeld, D., Schrödner, R., Sinclair, K., Sourdeval, O., Stier, P., Tesche, M., van Diedenhoven, B. and Wendisch, M. (2020) Constraining the Twomey effect from satellite observations: issues and perspectives. Atmospheric Chem. Phys., 20: 15079–15099. DOI: 10.5194/acp-20-15079-2020
- Quaas, J., Jia, H., Smith, C., Albright, A.L., Aas, W., Bellouin, N., Boucher, O., Doutriaux-Boucher, M., Forster, P.M., Grosvenor, D., Jenkins, S., Klimont, Z., Loeb, N.G., Ma, X., Naik, V., Paulot, F., Stier, P., Wild, M., Myhre, G. and Schulz, M. (2022) Robust evidence for reversal of the trend in aerosol effective climate forcing. Atmospheric Chem. Phys., 22: 12221–12239. DOI: 10.5194/acp-22-12221-2022
- Quaas, J., Ming, Y., Menon, S., Takemura, T., Wang, M., Penner, J.E., Gettelman, A., Lohmann, U., Bellouin, N., Boucher, O., Sayer, A.M., Thomas, G.E., McComiskey, A., Feingold, G., Hoose, C., Kristjánsson, J.E., Liu, X., Balkanski, Y., Donner, L.J., Ginoux, P.A., Stier, P., Grandey, B., Feichter, J., Sednev, I., Bauer, S.E., Koch, D., Grainger, R.G., Kirkevåg, G, A., Iversen, T., Seland, Ø., Easter, R., Ghan, S.J., Rasch, P.J., Morrison, H., Lamarque, J.-F., Iacono, M.J., Kinne, S. and Schulz, M. (2009) Aerosol indirect effects – general circulation model intercomparison and evaluation with satellite data. Atmospheric Chem. Phys., 9: 8697–8717. DOI: 10.5194/acp-9-8697-2009
- Radke, L.F., Hobbs, P.V. and Eltgroth, M.W. (1980) Scavenging of Aerosol Particles by Precipitation. J. App. Met., 19(6): 715–722. DOI: 10.1175/1520-0450(1980)019%3C0715:SOAPBP%3E2.0.CO;2
- Regayre, L.A., Deaconu, L., Grosvenor, D.P., Sexton, D.M.H., Symonds, C., Langton, T., Watson-Paris, D., Mulcahy, J.P., Pringle, K.J., Richardson, M., Johnson, J.S., Rostron, J.W., Gordon, H., Lister, G., Stier, P. and Carslaw, K.S. (2023) Identifying climate model structural inconsistencies allows for tight constraint of aerosol radiative forcing. Atmospheric Chem. Phys., 23: 8749–8768. DOI: 10.5194/acp-23-8749-2023
- Regayre, L.A., Johnson, J.S., Yoshioka, M., Pringle, K.J., Sexton, D.M.H., Booth, B.B.B., Lee, L.A., Bellouin, N. and Carslaw, K.S. (2018) Aerosol and physical atmosphere model parameters are both important sources of uncertainty in aerosol ERF. Atmospheric Chem. Phys., 18: 9975–10006. DOI: 10.5194/acp-18-9975-2018
- Reutter, P., Su, H., Trentmann, J., Simmel, M., Rose, D., Gunthe, S.S., Wernli, H., Andreae, M.O. and Pöschl, U. (2009) Aerosol- and updraft-limited regimes of cloud droplet formation: influence of particle number, size and hygroscopicity on the activation of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN). Atmospheric Chem. Phys., 9: 7067–7080. DOI: 10.5194/acp-9-7067-2009
- Riccobono, F., Schobesberger, S., Scott, C.E., Baltensperger, U. et al. (2014) Oxidation Products of Biogenic Emissions Contribute to Nucleation of Atmospheric Particles. Science, 344: 717–721. DOI: 10.1126/science.1243527
- Ridley, D.A., Heald, C.L., Kok, J.F. and Zhao, C. (2016) An observationally constrained estimate of global dust aerosol optical depth. Atmospheric Chem. Phys., 16: 15097–15117. DOI: 10.5194/acp-16-15097-2016
- Riipinen, I., Pierce, J.R., Yli-Juuti, T., Nieminen, T., Häkkinen, S., Ehn, M., Junninen, H., Lehtipalo, K., Petäjä, T., Slowik, J., Chang, R., Shantz, N.C., Abbatt, J., Leaitch, W.R., Kerminen, V.-M., Worsnop, D.R., Pandis, S.N., Donahue, N.M. and Kulmala, M. (2011) Organic condensation: a vital link connecting aerosol formation to cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) concentrations. Atmospheric Chem. Phys., 11: 3865–3878. DOI: 10.5194/acp-11-3865-2011
- Riipinen, I., Yli-Juuti, T., Pierce, J.R., Petäjä, T., Worsnop, D.R., Kulmala, M. and Donahue, N.M. (2012) The contribution of organics to atmospheric nanoparticle growth. Nat. Geosci., 5: 453–458. DOI: 10.1038/ngeo1499
- Robinson, A.L., Donahue, N.M., Shrivastava, M.K., Weitkamp, E.A., Sage, A.M., Grieshop, A.P., Lane, T.E., Pierce, J.R. and Pandis, S.N. (2007) Rethinking Organic Aerosols: Semivolatile Emissions and Photochemical Aging. Science, 315: 1259–1262. DOI: 10.1126/science.1133061
- Roeckner, E., Brokopf, R., Esch, M., Giorgetta, M., Hagemann, S., Kornblueh, L., Manzini, E., Schlese, U. and Schulzweida, U. (2006) Sensitivity of Simulated Climate to Horizontal and Vertical Resolution in the ECHAM5 Atmosphere Model. J. Clim., 19: 3771–3791. DOI: 10.1175/JCLI3824.1
- Roelofs, G.-J. and Lelieveld, J. (1995) Distribution and budget of O3 in the troposphere calculated with a chemistry general circulation model. J. Geophys. Res. Atmospheres, 100: 20983–20998. DOI: 10.1029/95JD02326
- Roelofs, G.J., Stier, P., Feichter, J., Vignati, E. and Wilson, J. (2006) Aerosol activation and cloud processing in the global aerosol-climate model ECHAM5-HAM. Atmospheric Chem. Phys., 6: 2389–2399. DOI: 10.5194/acp-6-2389-2006
- Roldin, P., Ehn, M., Kurtén, T., Olenius, T., Rissanen, M.P., Sarnela, N., Elm, J., Rantala, P., Hao, L., Hyttinen, N., Heikkinen, L., Worsnop, D.R., Pichelstorfer, L., Xavier, C., Clusius, P., Öström, E., Petäjä, T., Kulmala, M., Vehkamäki, H., Virtanen, A., Riipinen, I. and Boy, M. (2019) The role of highly oxygenated organic molecules in the Boreal aerosol-cloud-climate system. Nat. Commun., 10:
4370 . DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12338-8 - Rönkkö, T., Saarikoski, S., Kuittinen, N., Karjalainen, P., Keskinen, H., Järvinen, A., Mylläri, F., Aakko-Saksa, P. and Timonen, H. (2023) Review of black carbon emission factors from different anthropogenic sources. Environ. Res. Lett., 18:
033004 . DOI: 10.1088/1748-9326/acbb1b - Ruuskanen, A., Romakkaniemi, S., Kokkola, H., Arola, A., Mikkonen, S., Portin, H., Virtanen, A., Lehtinen, K.E.J., Komppula, M. and Leskinen, A. (2021) Observations on aerosol optical properties and scavenging during cloud events. Atmospheric Chem. Phys., 21: 1683–1695. DOI: 10.5194/acp-21-1683-2021
- Saleh, R. (2020) From Measurements to Models: Toward Accurate Representation of Brown Carbon in Climate Calculations. Curr. Pollut. Rep., 6: 90–104. DOI: 10.1007/s40726-020-00139-3
- Saleh, R., Robinson, E.S., Tkacik, D.S., Ahern, A.T., Liu, S., Aiken, A.C., Sullivan, R.C., Presto, A.A., Dubey, M.K., Yokelson, R.J., Donahue, N.M. and Robinson, A.L. (2014) Brownness of organics in aerosols from biomass burning linked to their black carbon content. Nat. Geosci., 7: 647–650. DOI: 10.1038/ngeo2220
- Salvi, P., Ceppi, P. and Gregory, J.M. (2022) Interpreting Differences in Radiative Feedbacks From Aerosols Versus Greenhouse Gases. Geophys. Res. Lett., 49:
e2022GL097766 . DOI: 10.1029/2022GL097766 - Samset, B.H., Sand, M., Smith, C.J., Bauer, S.E., Forster, P.M., Fuglestvedt, J.S., Osprey, S. and Schleussner, C.-F. (2018) Climate Impacts From a Removal of Anthropogenic Aerosol Emissions. Geophys. Res. Lett., 45: 1020–1029. DOI: 10.1002/2017GL076079
- Sand, M., Samset, B.H., Myhre, G., Gliß, J., Bauer, S.E., Bian, H., Chin, M., Checa-Garcia, R., Ginoux, P., Kipling, Z., Kirkevåg, A., Kokkola, H., Le Sager, P., Lund, M.T., Matsui, H., van Noije, T., Olivié, D.J.L., Remy, S., Schulz, M., Stier, P., Stjern, C.W., Takemura, T., Tsigaridis, K., Tsyro, S.G. and Watson-Parris, D. (2021) Aerosol absorption in global models from AeroCom phase III. Atmospheric Chem. Phys., 21: 15929–15947. DOI: 10.5194/acp-21-15929-2021
- Saponaro, G., Sporre, M.K., Neubauer, D., Kokkola, H., Kolmonen, P., Sogacheva, L., Arola, A., de Leeuw, G., Karset, I.H.H., Laaksonen, A. and Lohmann, U. (2020) Evaluation of aerosol and cloud properties in three climate models using MODIS observations and its corresponding COSP simulator, as well as their application in aerosol–cloud interactions. Atmospheric Chem. Phys., 20: 1607–1626. DOI: 10.5194/acp-20-1607-2020
- Sato, Y., Goto, D., Michibata, T., Suzuki, K., Takemura, T., Tomita, H. and Nakajima, T. (2018) Aerosol effects on cloud water amounts were successfully simulated by a global cloud-system resolving model. Nat. Commun., 9:
985 . DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03379-6 - Schäfer, B., David, R.O., Georgakaki, P., Pasquier, J.T., Sotiropoulou, G. and Storelvmo, T. (2024) Simulations of primary and secondary ice production during an Arctic mixed-phase cloud case from the Ny-Ålesund Aerosol Cloud Experiment (NASCENT) campaign. Atmospheric Chem. Phys., 24: 7179–7202. DOI: 10.5194/acp-24-7179-2024
- Schnitzler, E.G., Gerrebos, N.G.A., Carter, T.S., Huang, Y., Heald, C.L., Bertram, A.K. and Abbatt, J.P.D. (2022) Rate of atmospheric brown carbon whitening governed by environmental conditions. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 119:
e2205610119 . DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2205610119 - Schultz, M.G., Stadtler, S., Schröder, S., Taraborrelli, D., Franco, B., Krefting, J., Henrot, A., Ferrachat, S., Lohmann, U., Neubauer, D., Siegenthaler-Le Drian, C., Wahl, S., Kokkola, H., Kühn, T., Rast, S., Schmidt, H., Stier, P., Kinnison, D., Tyndall, G.S., Orlando, J.J. and Wespes, C. (2018) The chemistry–climate model ECHAM6.3-HAM2.3-MOZ1.0. Geosci Model Dev., 11; 1695–1723. DOI: 10.5194/gmd-11-1695-2018
- Schwarz, M., Savre, J., Sudhakar, D., Quaas, J. and Ekman, A.M.L. (2024) The Transition from Aerosol- to Updraft-Limited Susceptibility Regime in Large-Eddy Simulations with Bulk Microphysics. Tellus B Chem. Phys. Meteorol., 76(1): 32–46. DOI: 10.16993/tellusb.94
- Seidel, J.S., Kiselev, A.A., Keinert, A., Stratmann, F., Leisner, T. and Hartmann, S. (2024) Secondary ice production – no evidence of efficient rime-splintering mechanism. Atmospheric Chem. Phys., 24: 5247–5263. DOI: 10.5194/acp-24-5247-2024
- Seifert, A. and Beheng, K.D. (2006) A two-moment cloud microphysics parameterization for mixed-phase clouds. Part 1: Model description. Meteorol. Atmospheric Phys., 92: 45–66. DOI: 10.1007/s00703-005-0112-4
- Seinfeld, J.H., Bretherton, C., Carslaw, K.S., Coe, H., DeMott, P.J., Dunlea, E.J., Feingold, G., Ghan, S., Guenther, A.B., Kahn, R., Kraucunas, I., Kreidenweis, S.M., Molina, M.J., Nenes, A., Penner, J.E., Prather, K.A., Ramanathan, V., Ramaswamy, V., Rasch, P.J., Ravishankara, A.R., Rosenfeld, D., Stephens, G. and Wood, R. (2016) Improving our fundamental understanding of the role of aerosol–cloud interactions in the climate system. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 113: 5781–5790. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1514043113
- Seinfeld, J.H. and Pandis, S.N. (2016) Atmospheric chemistry and physics: from air pollution to climate change. Third edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey.
- Seland, Ø., Bentsen, M., Olivié, D., Toniazzo, T., Gjermundsen, A., Graff, L.S., Debernard, J.B., Gupta, A.K., He, Y.-C., Kirkevåg, A., Schwinger, J., Tjiputra, J., Aas, K.S., Bethke, I., Fan, Y., Griesfeller, J., Grini, A., Guo, C., Ilicak, M., Karset, I.H.H., Landgren, O., Liakka, J., Moseid, K.O., Nummelin, A., Spensberger, C., Tang, H., Zhang, Z., Heinze, C., Iversen, T. and Schulz, M. (2020) Overview of the Norwegian Earth System Model (NorESM2) and key climate response of CMIP6 DECK, historical, and scenario simulations. Geosci. Model Dev., 13: 6165–6200. DOI: 10.5194/gmd-13-6165-2020
- Shaw, T.A. and Stevens, B. (2025) The other climate crisis. Nature, 639: 877–887. DOI: 10.1038/s41586-025-08680-1
- Shen, H., Vereecken, L., Kang, S., Pullinen, I., Fuchs, H., Zhao, D. and Mentel, T.F. (2022) Unexpected significance of a minor reaction pathway in daytime formation of biogenic highly oxygenated organic compounds. Sci. Adv., 8:
eabp8702 . DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abp8702 - Shen, J., Russell, D.M., DeVivo, J., He, X.-C. et al. (2024) New particle formation from isoprene under upper-tropospheric conditions. Nature, 636: 115–123. DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-08196-0
- Shen, X., Liu, Q., Sun, J., Kong, W., Ma, Q., Qi, B., Han, L., Zhang, Y., Liang, L., Liu, L., Liu, S., Hu, X., Lu, J., Yu, A., Che, H. and Zhang, X. (2025) Measurement report: The influence of particle number size distribution and hygroscopicity on the microphysical properties of cloud droplets at a mountain site. Atmospheric Chem. Phys., 25: 5711–5725. DOI: 10.5194/acp-25-5711-2025
- Shinozuka, Y., Clarke, A.D., Nenes, A., Jefferson, A., Wood, R., McNaughton, C.S., Ström, J., Tunved, P., Redemann, J., Thornhill, K.L., Moore, R.H., Lathem, T.L., Lin, J.J. and Yoon, Y.J. (2015) The relationship between cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) concentration and light extinction of dried particles: indications of underlying aerosol processes and implications for satellite-based CCN estimates. Atmospheric Chem. Phys., 15: 7585–7604. DOI: 10.5194/acp-15-7585-2015
- Shipway, B.J. and Hill, A.A. (2012) Diagnosis of systematic differences between multiple parametrizations of warm rain microphysics using a kinematic framework. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 138(669): 2196–2211. DOI: 10.1002/qj.1913
- Shiraiwa, M., Li, Y., Tsimpidi, A.P., Karydis, V.A., Berkemeier, T., Pandis, S.N., Lelieveld, J., Koop, T. and Pöschl, U. (2017) Global distribution of particle phase state in atmospheric secondary organic aerosols. Nat. Commun., 8:
15002 . DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15002 - Shrivastava, M., Cappa, C.D., Fan, J., Goldstein, A.H., Guenther, A.B., Jimenez, J.L., Kuang, C., Laskin, A., Martin, S.T., Ng, N.L., Petaja, T., Pierce, J.R., Rasch, P.J., Roldin, P., Seinfeld, J.H., Shilling, J., Smith, J.N., Thornton, J.A., Volkamer, R., Wang, J., Worsnop, D.R., Zaveri, R.A., Zelenyuk, A. and Zhang, Q. (2017) Recent advances in understanding secondary organic aerosol: Implications for global climate forcing. Rev. Geophys., 55(2): 509–559. DOI: 10.1002/2016RG000540
- Siegel, K., Gramlich, Y., Haslett, S.L., Freitas, G., Krejci, R., Zieger, P. and Mohr, C. (2023) Arctic observations of hydroperoxymethyl thioformate (HPMTF) – seasonal behavior and relationship to other oxidation products of dimethyl sulfide at the Zeppelin Observatory, Svalbard. Atmospheric Chem. Phys., 23: 7569–7587. DOI: 10.5194/acp-23-7569-2023
- Sihto, S.-L., Kulmala, M., Kerminen, V.-M., Dal Maso, M., Petäjä, T., Riipinen, I., Korhonen, H., Arnold, F., Janson, R., Boy, M., Laaksonen, A. and Lehtinen, K.E.J. (2006) Atmospheric sulphuric acid and aerosol formation: implications from atmospheric measurements for nucleation and early growth mechanisms. Atmospheric Chem. Phys., 6: 4079–4091. DOI: 10.5194/acp-6-4079-2006
- Sihto, S.-L., Mikkilä, J., Vanhanen, J., Ehn, M., Liao, L., Lehtipalo, K., Aalto, P.P., Duplissy, J., Petäjä, T., Kerminen, V.-M., Boy, M. and Kulmala, M. (2011) Seasonal variation of CCN concentrations and aerosol activation properties in boreal forest. Atmospheric Chem. Phys., 11: 13269–13285. DOI: 10.5194/acp-11-13269-2011
- Simon, M., Dada, L., Heinritzi, M., Curtius, J. et al. (2020) Molecular understanding of new-particle formation from α-pinene between –50 and +25°C. Atmospheric Chem. Phys., 20: 9183–9207. DOI: 10.5194/acp-20-9183-2020
- Simpson, D., Fagerli, H., Colette, A., Denier van der Gon, H., Dore, C., Hallquist, M., Hansson, H.-C., Maas, R., Rouil, L., Allemand, N., Bergstrom, R., Bessagnet, B., Couvidat, F., El Haddad, I., Safont, J.G., Goile, F., Grieshop, A.P., Fraboulet, I., Hallquist, Å., Hamilton, J., Juhrich, K., Klimont, Z., Kregar, Z., Mawdsely, I., Megaritis, A., Ntziachristos, L., Pandis, S., Prevot, A.S.H., Schindlbacher, S., Seljeskog, M., Sirina-Leboine, N., Sommers, J. and Ånström, S. (2020) How should condensables be included in PM emission inventories reported to EMEP/CLRTAP? Tech. Rep. MSC-W 42020.
- Simpson, E., Connolly, P. and McFiggans, G. (2014) An investigation into the performance of four cloud droplet activation parameterisations. Geosci. Model Dev., 7: 1535–1542. DOI: 10.5194/gmd-7-1535-2014
- Skamarock, C., Klemp, B., Dudhia, J., Gill, O., Liu, Z., Berner, J., Wang, W., Powers, G., Duda, G., Barker, D. and Huang, X. (2021)
A Description of the Advanced Research WRF Model Version 4.3 , National Center for Atmospheric Research. DOI: 10.5065/1dfh-6p97 - Skyllakou, K., Korras-Carraca, M.-B., Matsoukas, C., Hatzianastassiou, N., Pandis, S.N. and Nenes, A. (2024) Predicted Concentrations and Optical Properties of Brown Carbon from Biomass Burning over Europe. ACS EST Air, 1: 897–908. DOI: 10.1021/acsestair.4c00032
- Song, Q., Ginoux, P., Gonçalves Ageitos, M., Miller, R.L., Obiso, V. and Pérez García-Pando, C. (2024) Modeling impacts of dust mineralogy on fast climate response. Atmospheric Chem. Phys., 24: 7421–7446. DOI: 10.5194/acp-24-7421-2024
- Sotiropoulou, G., Lewinschal, A., Georgakaki, P., Phillips, V.T.J., Patade, S., Ekman, A.M.L. and Nenes, A. (2024) Sensitivity of Arctic Clouds to Ice Microphysical Processes in the NorESM2 Climate Model. J. Climate, 37: 4275–4290. DOI: 10.1175/JCLI-D-22-0458.1
- Sotiropoulou, G., Vignon, É., Young, G., Morrison, H., O’Shea, S.J., Lachlan-Cope, T., Berne, A. and Nenes, A. (2021) Secondary ice production in summer clouds over the Antarctic coast: an underappreciated process in atmospheric models. Atmospheric Chem. Phys., 21: 755–771. DOI: 10.5194/acp-21-755-2021
- Soussé Villa, R., Jorba, O., Gonçalves Ageitos, M., Bowdalo, D., Guevara, M. and Pérez García-Pando, C. (2025) A comprehensive global modeling assessment of nitrate heterogeneous formation on desert dust. Atmospheric Chem. Phys., 25: 4719–4753. DOI: 10.5194/acp-25-4719-2025
- Sporre, M.K., Blichner, S.M., Schrödner, R., Karset, I.H.H., Berntsen, T.K., van Noije, T., Bergman, T., O’Donnell, D. and Makkonen, R. (2020) Large difference in aerosol radiative effects from BVOC-SOA treatment in three Earth system models. Atmospheric Chem. Phys., 20: 8953–8973. DOI: 10.5194/acp-20-8953-2020
- Spracklen, D.V. and Heald, C.L. (2014) The contribution of fungal spores and bacteria to regional and global aerosol number and ice nucleation immersion freezing rates. Atmospheric Chem. Phys., 14: 9051–9059. DOI: 10.5194/acp-14-9051-2014
- Srivastava, R.C. (1991) Growth of Cloud Drops by Condensation: Effect of Surface Tension on the Dispersion of Drop Sizes. DOI: 10.1175/1520-0469(1991)048<;1596:GOCDBC>2.0.CO;2
- Stevens, B., Giorgetta, M., Esch, M., Mauritsen, T., Crueger, T., Rast, S., Salzmann, M., Schmidt, H., Bader, J., Block, K., Brokopf, R., Fast, I., Kinne, S., Kornblueh, L., Lohmann, U., Pincus, R., Reichler, T. and Roeckner, E. (2013) Atmospheric component of the MPI-M Earth System Model: ECHAM6. J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst., 5: 146–172. DOI: 10.1002/jame.20015
- Stevens, B., Sherwood, S.C., Bony, S. and Webb, M.J. (2016) Prospects for narrowing bounds on Earth’s equilibrium climate sensitivity. Earths Future, 4(11): 512–522. DOI: 10.1002/2016EF000376
- Stevens, B., Vali, G., Comstock, K., Wood, R., Zanten, M.C., van Austin, P.H., Bretherton, C.S. and Lenschow, D.H. (2005) Pockets of open cells and drizzle in marine stratocumulus. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 86: 51–58. DOI: 10.1175/BAMS-86-1-51
- Stier, P. (2016) Limitations of passive remote sensing to constrain global cloud condensation nuclei. Atmospheric Chem. Phys., 16: 6595–6607. DOI: 10.5194/acp-16-6595-2016
- Stier, P., Feichter, J., Kinne, S., Kloster, S., Vignati, E., Wilson, J., Ganzeveld, L., Tegen, I., Werner, M., Balkanski, Y., Schulz, M., Boucher, O., Minikin, A. and Petzold, A. (2005) The aerosol-climate model ECHAM5-HAM. Atmospheric Chem. Phys., 5: 1125–1156. DOI: 10.5194/acp-5-1125-2005
- Stier, P., Seinfeld, J.H., Kinne, S. and Boucher, O. (2007) Aerosol absorption and radiative forcing. Atmospheric Chem. Phys., 7: 5237–5261. DOI: 10.5194/acp-7-5237-2007
- Stolzenburg, D., Cai, R., Blichner, S.M., Kontkanen, J., Zhou, P., Makkonen, R., Kerminen, V.-M., Kulmala, M., Riipinen, I. and Kangasluoma, J. (2023) Atmospheric nanoparticle growth. Rev. Mod. Phys., 95:
045002 . DOI: 10.1103/RevModPhys.95.045002 - Stolzenburg, D., Fischer, L., Vogel, A.L., Winkler, P.M. et al. (2018) Rapid growth of organic aerosol nanoparticles over a wide tropospheric temperature range. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 115: 9122–9127. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1807604115
- Sundqvist, H. (1978) A parameterization scheme for non-convective condensation including prediction of cloud water content. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 104: 677–690. DOI: 10.1002/qj.49710444110
- Surratt, J.D., Chan, A.W.H., Eddingsaas, N.C., Chan, M., Loza, C.L., Kwan, A.J., Hersey, S.P., Flagan, R.C., Wennberg, P.O. and Seinfeld, J.H. (2010) Reactive intermediates revealed in secondary organic aerosol formation from isoprene. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 107: 6640–6645. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0911114107
- Suzuki, K., Stephens, G., Bodas-Salcedo, A., Wang, M., Golaz, J.-C., Yokohata, T. and Koshiro, T. (2015) Evaluation of the Warm Rain Formation Process in Global Models with Satellite Observations. J. Atmospheric Sci., 72: 3996–4014. DOI: 10.1175/JAS-D-14-0265.1
- Szopa, S., Naik, V., Adhikary, B., Artaxo, P., Berntsen, T., Collins, W.D., Fuzzi, S., Gallardo, L., Kiendler-Scharr, A., Klimont, Z., Liao, H., Unger, N. and Zanis, P. (2021)
Short-Lived Climate Forcers . In: Masson-Delmotte, V., Zhai, P., Pirani, A., Connors, S.L., Péan, C., Berger, S., Caud, N., Chen, Y., Goldfarb, L., Gomis, M.I., Huang, M., Leitzell, K., Lonnoy, E., Matthews, J.B.R., Maycock, T.K., Waterfield, T., Yelekçi, O., Yu, R. and Zhou, B. (eds.) Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA: Cambridge University Press. pp. 817–922. DOI: 10.1017/9781009157896.008 - Takahashi, T., Nagao, Y. and Kushiyama, Y. (1995) Possible High Ice Particle Production during Graupel–Graupel Collisions. J. Atmospheric Sci., 52: 4523–4527. DOI: 10.1175/1520-0469(1995)052<;4523:PHIPPD>2.0.CO;2
- Talvinen, S., Kim, P., Tovazzi, E., Holopainen, E., Cremer, R., Kühn, T., Kokkola, H., Kipling, Z., Neubauer, D., Teixeira, J.C., Sellar, A., Watson-Parris, D., Yang, Y., Zhu, J., Krishnan, S., Virtanen, A. and Partridge, D.G. (2025) Towards an improved understanding of the impact of clouds and precipitation on the representation of aerosols over the Boreal Forest in GCMs. EGUsphere, 1–49. DOI: 10.5194/egusphere-2025-721
- Tapiador, F.J., Roca, R., Genio, A.D., Dewitte, B., Petersen, W. and Zhang, F. (2019) Is Precipitation a Good Metric for Model Performance? Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 100(2): 223–233. DOI: 10.1175/BAMS-D-17-0218.1
- Tasoglou, A., Louvaris, E., Florou, K., Liangou, A., Karnezi, E., Kaltsonoudis, C., Wang, N. and Pandis, S.N. (2020) Aerosol light absorption and the role of extremely low volatility organic compounds. Atmospheric Chem. Phys., 20: 11625–11637. DOI: 10.5194/acp-20-11625-2020
- Tegen, I., Neubauer, D., Ferrachat, S., Siegenthaler-Le Drian, C., Bey, I., Schutgens, N., Stier, P., Watson-Parris, D., Stanelle, T., Schmidt, H., Rast, S., Kokkola, H., Schultz, M., Schroeder, S., Daskalakis, N., Barthel, S., Heinold, B. and Lohmann, U. (2019) The global aerosol–climate model ECHAM6.3–HAM2.3 – Part 1: Aerosol evaluation. Geosci Model Dev, 12: 1643–1677. DOI: 10.5194/gmd-12-1643-2019
- Thomas, M.A., Wyser, K., Wang, S., Chatziparaschos, M., Georgakaki, P., Costa-Surós, M., Gonçalves Ageitos, M., Kanakidou, M., García-Pando, C.P., Nenes, A., van Noije, T., Le Sager, P. and Devasthale, A. (2024) Recent improvements and maximum covariance analysis of aerosol and cloud properties in the EC-Earth3-AerChem model. Geosci. Model Dev., 17: 6903–6927. DOI: 10.5194/gmd-17-6903-2024
- Thompson, D.R., Green, R.O., Bradley, C., Zandbergen, S. et al. (2024) On-orbit calibration and performance of the EMIT imaging spectrometer. Remote Sens. Environ., 303:
113986 . DOI: 10.1016/j.rse.2023.113986 - Thornhill, G., Collins, W., Olivié, D., Skeie, R.B., Archibald, A., Bauer, S., Checa-Garcia, R., Fiedler, S., Folberth, G., Gjermundsen, A., Horowitz, L., Lamarque, J.-F., Michou, M., Mulcahy, J., Nabat, P., Naik, V., O’Connor, F.M., Paulot, F., Schulz, M., Scott, C.E., Séférian, R., Smith, C., Takemura, T., Tilmes, S., Tsigaridis, K. and Weber, J. (2021) Climate-driven chemistry and aerosol feedbacks in CMIP6 Earth system models. Atmospheric Chem. Phys., 21: 1105–1126. DOI: 10.5194/acp-21-1105-2021
- Tiitta, P., Leskinen, A., Kaikkonen, V.A., Molkoselkä, E.O., Mäkynen, A.J., Joutsensaari, J., Calderon, S., Romakkaniemi, S. and Komppula, M. (2022) Intercomparison of holographic imaging and single-particle forward light scattering in situ measurements of liquid clouds in changing atmospheric conditions. Atmospheric Meas. Tech., 15: 2993–3009. DOI: 10.5194/amt-15-2993-2022
- Tobo, Y., Prenni, A.J., DeMott, P.J., Huffman, J.A., McCluskey, C.S., Tian, G., Pöhlker, C., Pöschl, U. and Kreidenweis, S.M. (2013) Biological aerosol particles as a key determinant of ice nuclei populations in a forest ecosystem. J. Geophys. Res. Atmospheres, 118(17): 10,100–10,110. DOI: 10.1002/jgrd.50801
- Toll, V., Christensen, M., Quaas, J. and Bellouin, N. (2019) Weak average liquid-cloud-water response to anthropogenic aerosols. Nature, 572: 51–55. DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-1423-9
- Tröstl, J., Chuang, W.K., Gordon, H., Baltensperger, U. et al. (2016) The role of low-volatility organic compounds in initial particle growth in the atmosphere. Nature, 533: 527–531. DOI: 10.1038/nature18271
- Trump, E.R., Fountoukis, C., Donahue, N.M. and Pandis, S.N. (2015) Improvement of simulation of fine inorganic PM levels through better descriptions of coarse particle chemistry. Atmos. Environ., 102: 274–281. DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.11.059
- Tsigaridis, K., Daskalakis, N., Kanakidou, M., Zhang, X. et al. (2014) The AeroCom evaluation and intercomparison of organic aerosol in global models. Atmospheric Chem. Phys., 14: 10845–10895. DOI: 10.5194/acp-14-10845-2014
- Tsigaridis, K. and Kanakidou, M. (2018) The Present and Future of Secondary Organic Aerosol Direct Forcing on Climate. Curr. Clim. Change Rep., 4: 84–98. DOI: 10.1007/s40641-018-0092-3
- Tsimpidi, A.P., Karydis, V.A., Pandis, S.N. and Lelieveld, J. (2016) Global combustion sources of organic aerosols: model comparison with 84 AMS factor-analysis data sets. Atmospheric Chem. Phys., 16: 8939–8962. DOI: 10.5194/acp-16-8939-2016
- Tsimpidi, A.P., Karydis, V.A., Pandis, S.N. and Lelieveld, J. (2017) Global-scale combustion sources of organic aerosols: sensitivity to formation and removal mechanisms. Atmospheric Chem. Phys., 17: 7345–7364. DOI: 10.5194/acp-17-7345-2017
- Tsimpidi, A.P., Karydis, V.A., Pozzer, A., Pandis, S.N. and Lelieveld, J. (2014) ORACLE (v1.0): module to simulate the organic aerosol composition and evolution in the atmosphere. Geosci. Model Dev., 7: 3153–3172. DOI: 10.5194/gmd-7-3153-2014
- Tsimpidi, A.P., Karydis, V.A., Pozzer, A., Pandis, S.N. and Lelieveld, J. (2018) ORACLE 2-D (v2.0): an efficient module to compute the volatility and oxygen content of organic aerosol with a global chemistry–climate model. Geosci. Model Dev., 11: 3369–3389. DOI: 10.5194/gmd-11-3369-2018
- Tsimpidi, A.P., Karydis, V.A., Zavala, M., Lei, W., Molina, L., Ulbrich, I.M., Jimenez, J.L. and Pandis, S.N. (2010) Evaluation of the volatility basis-set approach for the simulation of organic aerosol formation in the Mexico City metropolitan area. Atmospheric Chem. Phys., 10: 525–546. DOI: 10.5194/acp-10-525-2010
- Tsimpidi, A.P., Scholz, S.M.C., Milousis, A., Mihalopoulos, N. and Karydis, V.A. (2025) Aerosol composition trends during 2000–2020: in-depth insights from model predictions and multiple worldwide near-surface observation datasets. Atmospheric Chem. Phys., 25: 10183–10213. DOI: 10.5194/acp-25-10183-2025
- Tunved, P., Cremer, R.S., Zieger, P. and Ström, J. (2021) Using correlations between observed equivalent black carbon and aerosol size distribution to derive size resolved BC mass concentration: a method applied on long-term observations performed at Zeppelin station, Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard. Tellus B Chem. Phys. Meteorol., 73. DOI: 10.1080/16000889.2021.1933775
- Tunved, P., Ström, J. and Krejci, R. (2013) Arctic aerosol life cycle: linking aerosol size distributions observed between 2000 and 2010 with air mass transport and precipitation at Zeppelin station, Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard. Atmospheric Chem. Phys., 13: 3643–3660. DOI: 10.5194/acp-13-3643-2013
- Twomey, S. (1959) The nuclei of natural cloud formation part II: The supersaturation in natural clouds and the variation of cloud droplet concentration. Geofis. Pura E Appl., 43: 243–249. DOI: 10.1007/BF01993560
- Twomey, S. (1974) Pollution and the planetary albedo. Atmospheric Environ. 1967, 8: 1251–1256. DOI: 10.1016/0004-6981(74)90004-3
- Usher, C.R., Michel, A.E., Stec, D. and Grassian, V.H. (2003) Laboratory studies of ozone uptake on processed mineral dust. Atmos. Environ., 37: 5337–5347. DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2003.09.014
- van Noije, T., Bergman, T., Le Sager, P., O’Donnell, D., Makkonen, R., Gonçalves-Ageitos, M., Döscher, R., Fladrich, U., von Hardenberg, J., Keskinen, J.-P., Korhonen, H., Laakso, A., Myriokefalitakis, S., Ollinaho, P., Pérez García-Pando, C., Reerink, T., Schrödner, R., Wyser, K. and Yang, S. (2021) EC-Earth3-AerChem: a global climate model with interactive aerosols and atmospheric chemistry participating in CMIP6. Geosci. Model Dev., 14: 5637–5668. DOI: 10.5194/gmd-14-5637-2021
- van Vuuren, D.P., Edmonds, J., Kainuma, M., Riahi, K., Thomson, A., Hibbard, K., Hurtt, G.C., Kram, T., Krey, V., Lamarque, J.-F., Masui, T., Meinshausen, M., Nakicenovic, N., Smith, S.J. and Rose, S.K. (2011) The representative concentration pathways: an overview. Clim. Change, 109:
5 . DOI: 10.1007/s10584-011-0148-z - Vassel, M., Ickes, L., Maturilli, M. and Hoose, C. (2019) Classification of Arctic multilayer clouds using radiosonde and radar data in Svalbard. Atmospheric Chem. Phys., 19: 5111–5126. DOI: 10.5194/acp-19-5111-2019
- Vehkamäki, H., Kulmala, M., Napari, I., Lehtinen, K.E.J., Timmreck, C., Noppel, M. and Laaksonen, A. (2002) An improved parameterization for sulfuric acid–water nucleation rates for tropospheric and stratospheric conditions. J. Geophys. Res. Atmospheres, 107: AAC 3-1–AAC 3-10. DOI: 10.1029/2002JD002184
- Vergara-Temprado, J., Miltenberger, A.K., Furtado, K., Grosvenor, D.P., Shipway, B.J., Hill, A.A., Wilkinson, J.M., Field, P.R., Murray, B.J. and Carslaw, K.S. (2018) Strong control of Southern Ocean cloud reflectivity by ice-nucleating particles. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 115: 2687–2692. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1721627115
- Vignati, E., Wilson, J. and Stier, P. (2004) M7: An efficient size-resolved aerosol microphysics module for large-scale aerosol transport models. J. Geophys. Res. Atmospheres, 109. DOI: 10.1029/2003JD004485
- Virtanen, A., Joutsensaari, J., Kokkola, H., Partridge, D.G., Blichner, S., Seland, Ø., Holopainen, E., Tovazzi, E., Lipponen, A., Mikkonen, S., Leskinen, A., Hyvärinen, A.-P., Zieger, P., Krejci, R., Ekman, A.M.L., Riipinen, I., Quaas, J. and Romakkaniemi, S. (2025) High sensitivity of cloud formation to aerosol changes. Nat. Geosci., 18: 289–295. DOI: 10.1038/s41561-025-01662-y
- Voliotis, A., Du, M., Wang, Y., Shao, Y., Alfarra, M.R., Bannan, T.J., Hu, D., Pereira, K.L., Hamilton, J.F., Hallquist, M., Mentel, T.F. and McFiggans, G. (2022) Chamber investigation of the formation and transformation of secondary organic aerosol in mixtures of biogenic and anthropogenic volatile organic compounds. Atmospheric Chem. Phys., 22: 14147–14175. DOI: 10.5194/acp-22-14147-2022
- Wang, C. and Crutzen, P.J. (1995) Impact of a simulated severe local storm on the redistribution of sulfur dioxide. J. Geophys. Res., 100: 11357–11367. DOI: 10.1029/95JD00697
- Wang, K., Zhang, Y., Tong, H., Han, J., Fu, P., Huang, R.-J., Zhang, H. and Hoffmann, T. (2024) Molecular-Level Insights into the Relationship between Volatility of Organic Aerosol Constituents and PM2.5 Air Pollution Levels: A Study with Ultrahigh-Resolution Mass Spectrometry. Environ. Sci. Technol., 58: 7947–7957. DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c10662
- Wang, M., Kong, W., Marten, R., Donahue, N.M. et al. (2020) Rapid growth of new atmospheric particles by nitric acid and ammonia condensation. Nature, 581: 184–189. DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2270-4
- Wang, M., Xiao, M., Bertozzi, B., Donahue, N.M. et al. (2022) Synergistic HNO3–H2SO4–NH3 upper tropospheric particle formation. Nature, 605: 483–489. DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-04605-4
- Wang, X., Gordon, H., Grosvenor, D.P., Andreae, M.O. and Carslaw, K.S. (2023) Contribution of regional aerosol nucleation to low-level CCN in an Amazonian deep convective environment: results from a regionally nested global model. Atmospheric Chem. Phys., 23: 4431–4461. DOI: 10.5194/acp-23-4431-2023
- Wang, X., Heald, C.L., Liu, J., Weber, R.J., Campuzano-Jost, P., Jimenez, J.L., Schwarz, J.P. and Perring, A.E. (2018) Exploring the observational constraints on the simulation of brown carbon. Atmospheric Chem. Phys., 18: 635–653. DOI: 10.5194/acp-18-635-2018
- Wang, X., Zhang, L. and Moran, M.D. (2010) Uncertainty assessment of current size-resolved parameterizations for below-cloud particle scavenging by rain. Atmospheric Chem. Phys., 10: 5685–5705. DOI: 10.5194/acp-10-5685-2010
- Wang, Y., Liu, X., Hoose, C. and Wang, B. (2014) Different contact angle distributions for heterogeneous ice nucleation in the Community Atmospheric Model version 5. Atmospheric Chem. Phys., 14: 10411–10430. DOI: 10.5194/acp-14-10411-2014
- Wang, Y., Xia, W. and Zhang, G.J. (2021) What rainfall rates are most important to wet removal of different aerosol types? Atmospheric Chem. Phys., 21: 16797–16816. DOI: 10.5194/acp-21-16797-2021
- Watson-Parris, D., Christensen, M.W., Laurenson, A., Clewley, D., Gryspeerdt, E. and Stier, P. (2022) Shipping regulations lead to large reduction in cloud perturbations. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 119:
e2206885119 . DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2206885119 - Weigel, R., Borrmann, S., Kazil, J., Minikin, A., Stohl, A., Wilson, J.C., Reeves, J.M., Kunkel, D., de Reus, M., Frey, W., Lovejoy, E.R., Volk, C.M., Viciani, S., D’Amato, F., Schiller, C., Peter, T., Schlager, H., Cairo, F., Law, K.S., Shur, G.N., Belyaev, G.V. and Curtius, J. (2011) In situ observations of new particle formation in the tropical upper troposphere: the role of clouds and the nucleation mechanism. Atmospheric Chem. Phys., 11: 9983–10010. DOI: 10.5194/acp-11-9983-2011
- Westervelt, D.M., Pierce, J.R. and Adams, P.J. (2014) Analysis of feedbacks between nucleation rate, survival probability and cloud condensation nuclei formation. Atmospheric Chem. Phys., 14: 5577–5597. DOI: 10.5194/acp-14-5577-2014
- Wex, H., Huang, L., Sheesley, R., Bossi, R. and Traversi, R. (2019) Annual concentrations of ice nucleating particles at different Arctic stations. PANGAEA. DOI: 10.5194/acp-19-5293-2019
- Wieder, J., Ihn, N., Mignani, C., Haarig, M., Bühl, J., Seifert, P., Engelmann, R., Ramelli, F., Kanji, Z.A., Lohmann, U. and Henneberger, J. (2022) Retrieving ice-nucleating particle concentration and ice multiplication factors using active remote sensing validated by in situ observations. Atmospheric Chem. Phys., 22: 9767–9797. DOI: 10.5194/acp-22-9767-2022
- Wildt, J., Mentel, T.F., Kiendler-Scharr, A., Hoffmann, T., Andres, S., Ehn, M., Kleist, E., Müsgen, P., Rohrer, F., Rudich, Y., Springer, M., Tillmann, R. and Wahner, A. (2014) Suppression of new particle formation from monoterpene oxidation by NOx. Atmospheric Chem. Phys., 14: 2789–2804. DOI: 10.5194/acp-14-2789-2014
- Williamson, C.J., Kupc, A., Axisa, D., Bilsback, K.R., Bui, T., Campuzano-Jost, P., Dollner, M., Froyd, K.D., Hodshire, A.L., Jimenez, J.L., Kodros, J.K., Luo, G., Murphy, D.M., Nault, B.A., Ray, E.A., Weinzierl, B., Wilson, J.C., Yu, F., Yu, P., Pierce, J.R. and Brock, C.A. (2019) A large source of cloud condensation nuclei from new particle formation in the tropics. Nature, 574: 399–403. DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-1638-9
- Willis, M.D., Burkart, J., Thomas, J.L., Köllner, F., Schneider, J., Bozem, H., Hoor, P.M., Aliabadi, A.A., Schulz, H., Herber, A.B., Leaitch, W.R. and Abbatt, J.P.D. (2016) Growth of nucleation mode particles in the summertime Arctic: a case study. Atmospheric Chem. Phys., 16: 7663–7679. DOI: 10.5194/acp-16-7663-2016
- Wilson, T.W., Ladino, L.A., Alpert, P.A., Breckels, M.N., Brooks, I.M., Browse, J., Burrows, S.M., Carslaw, K.S., Huffman, J.A., Judd, C., Kilthau, W.P., Mason, R.H., McFiggans, G., Miller, L.A., Nájera, J.J., Polishchuk, E., Rae, S., Schiller, C.L., Si, M., Temprado, J.V., Whale, T.F., Wong, J.P.S., Wurl, O., Yakobi-Hancock, J.D., Abbatt, J.P.D., Aller, J.Y., Bertram, A.K., Knopf, D.A. and Murray, B.J. (2015) A marine biogenic source of atmospheric ice-nucleating particles. Nature, 525: 234–238. DOI: 10.1038/nature14986
- Wong, J.P.S., Tsagkaraki, M., Tsiodra, I., Mihalopoulos, N., Violaki, K., Kanakidou, M., Sciare, J., Nenes, A. and Weber, R.J. (2019) Atmospheric evolution of molecular-weight-separated brown carbon from biomass burning. Atmospheric Chem. Phys., 19: 7319–7334. DOI: 10.5194/acp-19-7319-2019
- Wood, R. (2012) Stratocumulus Clouds. Mon. Wea. Rev., 140: 2373–2423. DOI: 10.1175/MWR-D-11-00121.1
- Wu, R., Vereecken, L., Tsiligiannis, E., Kang, S., Albrecht, S.R., Hantschke, L., Zhao, D., Novelli, A., Fuchs, H., Tillmann, R., Hohaus, T., Carlsson, P.T.M., Shenolikar, J., Bernard, F., Crowley, J.N., Fry, J.L., Brownwood, B., Thornton, J.A., Brown, S.S., Kiendler-Scharr, A., Wahner, A., Hallquist, M. and Mentel, T.F. (2021) Molecular composition and volatility of multi-generation products formed from isoprene oxidation by nitrate radical. Atmospheric Chem. Phys., 21: 10799–10824. DOI: 10.5194/acp-21-10799-2021
- Xiao, M., Hoyle, C.R., Dada, L., Dommen, J. et al. (2021) The driving factors of new particle formation and growth in the polluted boundary layer. Atmospheric Chem. Phys., 21: 14275–14291. DOI: 10.5194/acp-21-14275-2021
- Xiong, R., Li, J., Zhang, Y., Zhang, L., Jiang, K., Zheng, H., Kong, S., Shen, H., Cheng, H., Shen, G. and Tao, S. (2022) Global brown carbon emissions from combustion sources. Environ. Sci. Ecotechnology, 12:
100201 . DOI: 10.1016/j.ese.2022.100201 - Xu, H., Ren, Y., Zhang, W., Meng, W., Yun, X., Yu, X., Li, J., Zhang, Y., Shen, G., Ma, J., Li, B., Cheng, H., Wang, X., Wan, Y. and Tao, S. (2021a) Updated Global Black Carbon Emissions from 1960 to 2017: Improvements, Trends, and Drivers. Environ. Sci. Technol., 55: 7869–7879. DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c03117
- Xu, L. and Penner, J.E. (2012) Global simulations of nitrate and ammonium aerosols and their radiative effects. Atmospheric Chem. Phys., 12: 9479–9504. DOI: 10.5194/acp-12-9479-2012
- Xu, W., Fossum, K.N., Ovadnevaite, J., Lin, C., Huang, R.-J., O’Dowd, C. and Ceburnis, D. (2021b) The impact of aerosol size-dependent hygroscopicity and mixing state on the cloud condensation nuclei potential over the north-east Atlantic. Atmospheric Chem. Phys., 21: 8655–8675. DOI: 10.5194/acp-21-8655-2021
- Yan, C., Nie, W., Vogel, A.L., Worsnop, D.R. et al. (2020) Size-dependent influence of NOx on the growth rates of organic aerosol particles. Sci. Adv., 6:
eaay4945 . DOI 10.1126/sciadv.aay4945 - Yan, C., Yin, R., Lu, Y., Bianchi, F. et al. (2021) The Synergistic Role of Sulfuric Acid, Bases, and Oxidized Organics Governing New-Particle Formation in Beijing. Geophys. Res. Lett., 48:
e2020GL091944 . DOI: 10.1029/2020GL091944 - Yli-Juuti, T., Mielonen, T., Heikkinen, L., Arola, A., Ehn, M., Isokääntä, S., Keskinen, H.-M., Kulmala, M., Laakso, A., Lipponen, A., Luoma, K., Mikkonen, S., Nieminen, T., Paasonen, P., Petäjä, T., Romakkaniemi, S., Tonttila, J., Kokkola, H. and Virtanen, A. (2021) Significance of the organic aerosol driven climate feedback in the boreal area. Nat. Commun., 12:
5637 . DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25850-7 - Young, G., Lachlan-Cope, T., O’Shea, S.J., Dearden, C., Listowski, C., Bower, K.N., Choularton, T.W. and Gallagher, M.W. (2019) Radiative Effects of Secondary Ice Enhancement in Coastal Antarctic Clouds. Geophys. Res. Lett., 46: 2312–2321. DOI: 10.1029/2018GL080551
- Zaveri, R.A., Easter, R.C., Shilling, J.E. and Seinfeld, J.H. (2014) Modeling kinetic partitioning of secondary organic aerosol and size distribution dynamics: representing effects of volatility, phase state, and particle-phase reaction. Atmospheric Chem. Phys., 14: 5153–5181. DOI: 10.5194/acp-14-5153-2014
- Zhang, A., Wang, Y., Zhang, Y., Weber, R.J., Song, Y., Ke, Z. and Zou, Y. (2020) Modeling the global radiative effect of brown carbon: a potentially larger heating source in the tropical free troposphere than black carbon. Atmospheric Chem. Phys., 20: 1901–1920. DOI: 10.5194/acp-20-1901-2020
- Zhang, C., Hai, S., Gao, Y., Wang, Y., Zhang, S., Sheng, L., Zhao, B., Wang, S., Jiang, J., Huang, X., Shen, X., Sun, J., Lupascu, A., Shrivastava, M., Fast, J.D., Cheng, W., Guo, X., Chu, M., Ma, N., Hong, J., Wang, Q., Yao, X. and Gao, H. (2023) Substantially positive contributions of new particle formation to cloud condensation nuclei under low supersaturation in China based on numerical model improvements. Atmospheric Chem. Phys., 23: 10713–10730. DOI: 10.5194/acp-23-10713-2023
- Zhao, B., Donahue, N.M., Zhang, K., Mao, L., Shrivastava, M., Ma, P.-L., Shen, J., Wang, S., Sun, J., Gordon, H., Tang, S., Fast, J., Wang, M., Gao, Y., Yan, C., Singh, B., Li, Z., Huang, L., Lou, S., Lin, G., Wang, H., Jiang, J., Ding, A., Nie, W., Qi, X., Chi, X. and Wang, L. (2024) Global variability in atmospheric new particle formation mechanisms. Nature, 631: 98–105. DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07547-1
- Zhao, B., Shrivastava, M., Donahue, N.M., Gordon, H., Schervish, M., Shilling, J.E., Zaveri, R.A., Wang, J., Andreae, M.O., Zhao, C., Gaudet, B., Liu, Y., Fan, J. and Fast, J.D. (2020) High concentration of ultrafine particles in the Amazon free troposphere produced by organic new particle formation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U SA, 117: 25344–25351. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2006716117
- Zhao, X. and Liu, X. (2021) Global Importance of Secondary Ice Production. Geophys. Res. Lett., 48:
e2021GL092581 . DOI: 10.1029/2021GL092581 - Zhao, X. and Liu, X. (2022) Primary and secondary ice production: interactions and their relative importance. Atmospheric Chem. Phys., 22: 2585–2600. DOI: 10.5194/acp-22-2585-2022
- Zheng, G., Kuang, C., Uin, J., Watson, T. and Wang, J. (2020a) Large contribution of organics to condensational growth and formation of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) in the remote marine boundary layer. Atmospheric Chem. Phys., 20: 12515–12525. DOI: 10.5194/acp-20-12515-2020
- Zheng, Y., Thornton, J.A., Ng, N.L., Cao, H., Henze, D.K., McDuffie, E.E., Hu, W., Jimenez, J.L., Marais, E.A., Edgerton, E. and Mao, J. (2020b) Long-term observational constraints of organic aerosol dependence on inorganic species in the southeast US. Atmospheric Chem. Phys., 20: 13091–13107. DOI: 10.5194/acp-20-13091-2020
- Zhong, Q., Schutgens, N., van der Werf, G.R., Takemura, T., van Noije, T., Mielonen, T., Checa-Garcia, R., Lohmann, U., Kirkevåg, A., Olivié, D.J.L., Kokkola, H., Matsui, H., Kipling, Z., Ginoux, P., Le Sager, P., Rémy, S., Bian, H., Chin, M., Zhang, K., Bauer, S.E. and Tsigaridis, K. (2023) Threefold reduction of modeled uncertainty in direct radiative effects over biomass burning regions by constraining absorbing aerosols. Sci. Adv., 9:
eadi3568 . DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adi3568 - Zhou, C. and Penner, J.E. (2017) Why do general circulation models overestimate the aerosol cloud lifetime effect? A case study comparing CAM5 and a CRM. Atmospheric Chem. Phys., 17: 21–29. DOI: 10.5194/acp-17-21-2017
- Zhu, H., Martin, R.V., Croft, B., Zhai, S., Li, C., Bindle, L., Pierce, J.R., Chang, R.Y.-W., Anderson, B.E., Ziemba, L.D., Hair, J.W., Ferrare, R.A., Hostetler, C.A., Singh, I., Chatterjee, D., Jimenez, J.L., Campuzano-Jost, P., Nault, B.A., Dibb, J.E., Schwarz, J.S. and Weinheimer, A. (2023) Parameterization of size of organic and secondary inorganic aerosol for efficient representation of global aerosol optical properties. Atmospheric Chem. Phys., 23: 5023–5042. DOI: 10.5194/acp-23-5023-2023
- Zimmermann, F., Weinbruch, S., Schütz, L., Hofmann, H., Ebert, M., Kandler, K. and Worringen, A. (2008) Ice nucleation properties of the most abundant mineral dust phases. J. Geophys. Res. Atmospheres, 113. DOI: 10.1029/2008JD010655
- Zipfel, L., Andersen, H. and Cermak, J. (2022) Machine-Learning Based Analysis of Liquid Water Path Adjustments to Aerosol Perturbations in Marine Boundary Layer Clouds Using Satellite Observations. Atmosphere, 13:
586 . DOI: 10.3390/atmos13040586 - Zipfel, L., Andersen, H., Grosvenor, D.P. and Cermak, J. (2024) How Cloud Droplet Number Concentration Impacts Liquid Water Path and Precipitation in Marine Stratocumulus Clouds—A Satellite-Based Analysis Using Explainable Machine Learning. Atmosphere, 15:
596 . DOI: 10.3390/atmos15050596
© 2026 Ilona Riipinen, Sini Talvinen, Anouck Chassaing, Paraskevi Georgakaki, Xinyang Li, Carlos Pérez García-Pando, Tommi Bergman, Snehitha M. Kommula, Ulrike Proske, Angelos Gkouvousis, Alexandra P. Tsimpidi, Marios Chatziparaschos, Almuth Neuberger, Vlassis A. Karydis, Silvia M. Calderón, Sami Romakkaniemi, Daniel G. Partridge, Théodore Khadir, Lubna Dada, Twan van Noije, Stefano Decesari, Øyvind Seland, Paul Zieger, Frida Bender, Ken Carslaw, Jan Cermak, Montserrat Costa-Surós, Maria Gonçalves Ageitos, Yvette Gramlich, Ove W. Haugvaldstad, Eemeli Holopainen, Corinna Hoose, Oriol Jorba, Stylianos Kakavas, Maria Kanakidou, Harri Kokkola, Radovan Krejci, Thomas Kühn, Markku Kulmala, Philippe Le Sager, Risto Makkonen, Stella E. I. Manavi, Thomas F. Mentel, Alexandros Milousis, Stelios Myriokefalitakis, Athanasios Nenes, Tuomo Nieminen, Spyros N. Pandis, David Patoulias, Tuukka Petäjä, Johannes Quaas, Leighton Regayre, Susanne M. C. Scholz, Michael Schulz, Ksakousti Skyllakou, Ruben Sousse, Philip Stier, Manu Anna Thomas, Julie T. Villinger, Annele Virtanen, Klaus Wyser, Annica M. L. Ekman, published by Stockholm University Press
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.