Negative Sensitivity of Southern Ocean Circumpolar Transport to Increased Wind Stress Controlled by Residual Overturning
References
- Allison, L.C., Johnson, H.L. and Marshall, D.P. (2011) Spin-up and adjustment of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current and global pycnocline. Journal of Marine Research, 69(2–3): 167–189. DOI: 10.1357/002224011798765330
- Allison, L.C., Johnson, H.L., Marshall, D.P. and Munday, D.R. (2010) Where do winds drive the Antarctic Circumpolar Current? Geophysical Research Letters, 37(12):
L12605 . DOI: 10.1029/2010GL043355 - Alnæs, M.S., Blechta, J., Hake, J., Kehlet, B., Logg, A., Richardson, C., Ring, J., Rognes, M.E. and Wells, G.N. (2015) The FEniCS project version 1.5. Archive of Numerical Software 3(100): 9–23. 10.11588/ans.2015.100.20553
- Alnæs, M.S., Logg, A., Ølgaard, K.B., Rognes, M.E. and Wells, G.N. (2014) Unified Form Language: A domain-specific language for weak formulations of partial differential equations. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software, 40(2):
9 :1–9:37. DOI: 10.1145/2566630 - Ambaum, M.H.P. and Novak, L. (2014) A nonlinear oscillator describing storm track variability. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 140(685): 2680–2684. DOI: 10.1002/qj.2352
- Constantinou, N.C. and Hogg, A.M. (2019) Eddy saturation of the Southern Ocean: A baroclinic versus barotropic perspective. Geophysical Research Letters, 46(21): 12202–12212. DOI: 10.1029/2019GL084117
- Constantinou, N.C. and Young, W.R. (2017) Beta-plane turbulence above monoscale topography. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 827: 415–447. DOI: 10.1017/jfm.2017.482
- Evans, L.C. (1998) Partial differential equations. Providence, RI: American Mathematical Society.
- Farneti, R., Downes, S.M., Griffies, S.M., Marsland, S.J., Behrens, E., Bentsen, M., Bi, D., Biastoch, A., Böning, C.W., Bozec, A., Canuto, V.M., Chassignet, E., Danabasoglu, G., Danilov, S., Diansky, N., Drange, H., Fogli, P.G., Gusev, A., Hallberg, R.W., Howard, A., Ilicak, M., Jung, T., Kelley, M., Large, W.G., Leboissetier, A., Long, M., Lu, J., Masinam, S., Mishra, A., Navarra, A., Nurser, A.J.G., Patara, L., Samuels, B.L., Sidorenko, D., Tsujino, H., Uotila, P., Wang, Q. and Yeager, S.G. (2015) An assessment of Antarctic Circumpolar Current and Southern Ocean meridional overturning circulation during 1958-2007 in a suite of interannual CORE-II simulations. Ocean Modelling, 93: 84–120. DOI: 10.1016/j.ocemod.2015.07.009
- Ferrari, R., Jansen, M.F., Adkins, J.F., Burke, A., Stewart, A.L. and Thompson, A.F. (2014) Antarctic sea ice control on ocean circulation in present and glacial climates. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 111(24): 8753–8758. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1323922111
- Fox-Kemper, B., Adcroft, A.J., Böning, C.W., Chassignet, E.P., Curchitser, E.N., Danabasoglu, G., Eden, C., England, M.H., Gerdes, R., Greatbatch, R.J., Griffies, S.M., Hallberg, R.W., Hanert, E., Heimbach, P., Hewitt, H.T., Hill, C.N., Komuro, Y., Legg, S., Le Sommer, J., Masina, S., Marsland, S.J., Penny, S.G., Qiao, F., Ringler, T.D., Treguier, A.M., Tsujino, H., Uotila, P. and Yeager, S.G. (2019) Challenges and prospects in ocean circulation models. Frontiers in Marine Science, 6:
65 . DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2019.00065 - Fyfe, J.C., Saneko, O.A., Zickfield, K., Eby, M. and Weaver, A.J. (2007) The role of poleward-intensifying winds on Southern Ocean warming. Journal of Climate, 20(21): 5391–5400. DOI: 10.1175/2007JCLI1764.1
- Galbraith, E. and de Lavergne, C. (2019) Response of a comprehensive climate model to a broad range of external forcings: Relevant for deep ocean ventilation and the development of late Cenozoic ice ages. Climate Dynamics, 52: 623–679. DOI: 10.1007/s00382-018-4157-8
- Gent, P.R. and McWilliams, J.C. (1990) Isopycnal mixing in ocean circulation models. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 20(1): 150–155. DOI: 10.1175/1520-0485(1990)020<;0150:IMIOCM>2.0.CO;2
- Gent, P.R., Willebrand, J., McDougall, T.J. and McWilliams, J.C. (1995) Parameterizing eddy-induced tracer transports in ocean circulation models. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 25(4): 463–474. DOI: 10.1175/1520-0485(1995)025<;0463:PEITTI>2.0.CO;2
- Geuzaine, C. and Remacle, J.-F. (2009) Gmsh: a three-dimensional finite element mesh generator with built-in pre- and post- processing facilities. International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering, 79(11): 1309–1331. DOI: 10.1002/nme.2579
- Gill, A.E. (1968) A linear model of the Antarctic circumpolar current. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 32(3): 465–488. DOI: 10.1017/S0022112068000868
- Greatbatch, R.J. and Lamb, K.G. (1990) On parametrizing vertical mixing of momentum in non-eddy resolving ocean models. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 20(10): 1634–1637. DOI: 10.1175/1520-0485(1990)020<;1634:OPVMOM>2.0.CO;2
- Hallberg, R. and Gnanadesikan, A. (2006) The role of eddies in determining the structure and response of the wind-driven Southern Hemisphere overturning: Results from the Modeling Eddies in the Southern Ocean (MESO) projects. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 36(12): 2232–2252. DOI: 10.1175/JPO2980.1
- Hogg, A.M. (2010) An Antarctic Circumpolar Current driven by surface buoyancy forcing. Geophysical Research Letters, 37(23):
L23601 . DOI: 10.1029/2010GL044777 - Howard, E., Hogg, A.M., Waterman, S. and Marshall, D.P. (2015) The injection of zonal momentum by buoyancy forcing in a Southern Ocean model. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 45(1): 259–271. DOI: 10.1175/JPO-D-14-0098.1
- Huber, M. and Nof, D. (2006) The ocean circulation in the Southern Hemisphere and its climate impacts in the Eocene. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 231(1–2): 9–28. DOI: 10.1016/j.palaeo.2005.07.037
- Hughes, G.O. and Griffiths, R.W. (2006) A simple convective model of the global overturning circulation, including effects of entrainment into sinking regions. Ocean Modelling, 12(1–2): 46–79. DOI: 10.1016/j.ocemod.2005.04.001
- Jansen, M.F., Adcroft, A., Khani, S. and Kong, H. (2019) Toward an energetically consistent, resolution aware parameterization of ocean mesoscale eddies. Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems, 11(8): 2844–2860. DOI: 10.1029/2019MS001750
- Johnson, G.C. and Bryden, H.L. (1989) On the size of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current. Deep-Sea Research, 36(1): 39–53. DOI: 10.1016/0198-0149(89)90017-4
- Johnson, H.L., Marshall, D.P. and Sproson, D.A.J. (2007) Reconciling theories of a mechanically driven meridional overturning circulation with thermohaline forcing and multiple equilibria. Climate Dynamics, 29: 821–836. DOI: 10.1007/s00382-007-0262-9
- Jones, C.S. and Cessi, P. (2016) Interbasin transport of the meridional overturning circulation. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 46(4): 1157–1169. DOI: 10.1175/JPO-D-15-0197.1
- Klocker, A., Munday, D., Gayen, B., Roquet, F. and LaCasce, J.H. (2023) Deep-reaching global ocean overturning circulation generated by surface buoyancy forcing. Tellus A, 75(1): 392–409. DOI: 10.16993/tellusa.3231
- Klymak, J. (2018) Non-propagating form drag and turbulence due to stratified flow over large-scale abyssal hill topography. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 48(10): 2383–2395. DOI: 10.1175/JPO-D-17-0225.1
- Klymak, J., Balwada, D., Naveira Garabato, A.C. and Abernathey, R. (2021) Parameterizing nonpropagating form drag over rough bathymetry. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 51(5): 1489–1501. DOI: 10.1175/JPO-D-20-0112.1
- Kobras, M., Ambaum, M.H.P. and Lucarini, V. (2021) Eddy saturation in a reduced two-level model of the atmosphere. Geophysical and Astrophysical Fluid Dynamics, 116(1): 38–55. DOI: 10.1080/03091929.2021.1990912
- Large, W.G. and Yeager, S. (2009) The global climatology of an interannually varying air-sea flux data set. Climate Dynamics, 33: 341–364. DOI: 10.1007/s00382-008-0441-3
- Maddison, J.R., Marshall, D.P., Mak, J. and Maurer-Song, K. (2025) A two dimensional reduced order model for eddy saturation and frictional control in the Southern Ocean. Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems, 17(4):
e2024MS004682 . DOI: 10.1029/2024MS004682 - Mak, J., Avdis, A., David, T.W., Lee, H.S., Na, Y. and Yan, F.E. (2022b) On constraining the mesoscale eddy energy dissipation time-scale. Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems, 14(1):
e2022MS003223 . DOI: 10.1029/2022MS003223 - Mak, J., Maddison, J.R., Marshall, D.P. and Munday, D.R. (2018) Implementation of a geometrically informed and energetically constrained mesoscale eddy parameterization in an ocean circulation model. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 48(10): 2363–2382. DOI: 10.1175/JPO-D-18-0017.1
- Mak, J., Maddison, J.R., Marshall, D.P., Ruan, X. and Wang, Y. (2023) Scale-awareness in an eddy energy constrained mesoscale eddy parameterization. Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems, 15(12):
e2023MS003886 . DOI: 10.1029/2023MS003886 - Mak, J., Marshall, D.P., Maddison, J.R. and Bachman, S.D. (2017) Emergent eddy saturation from an energy constrained parameterisation. Ocean Modelling, 112: 125–138. DOI: 10.1016/j.ocemod.2017.02.007
- Mak, J., Marshall, D.P., Madec, G. and Maddison, J.R. (2022a) Acute sensitivity of global ocean circulation and heat content to eddy energy dissipation time-scale. Geophysical Research Letters, 49(8):
e2021GL097259 . DOI: 10.1029/2021GL097259 - Marshall, D.P., Ambaum, M.H.P., Maddison, J.R., Munday, D.R. and Novak, L. (2017) Eddy saturation and frictional control of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current. Geophysical Research Letters, 44(1): 286–292. DOI: 10.1002/2016GL071702
- Marshall, D.P., Maddison, J.R. and Berloff, P.S. (2012) A framework for parameterizing eddy potential vorticity fluxes. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 42(4): 539–557. DOI: 10.1175/JPO-D-11-048.1
- Marshall, D.P., Munday, D.R., Allsion, L.C., Hay, R.J. and Johnson, H.L. (2016) Gill’s model of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, revisited: The role of latitudinal variations in wind stress. Ocean Modelling, 97: 37–51. DOI: 10.1016/j.ocemod.2015.11.010
- Marshall, J., Olbers, D., Ross, H. and Wolf-Gladrow, D. (1993) Potential vorticity constraints on the dynamics and hydrography of the Southern Ocean. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 23(3): 465–487. DOI: 10.1175/1520-0485(1993)023<;0465:PVCOTD>2.0.CO;2
- Masich, J., Mazloff, M.R. and Chereskin, T.K. (2015) Topographic form stress in the Southern Ocean State Estimate. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 120(12): 7919–7933. DOI: 10.1002/2015JC011143
- Masich, J., Mazloff, M.R. and Chereskin, T.K. (2018) Interfacial form stress in the Southern Ocean State Estimate. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 123(5): 3368–3385. DOI: 10.1029/2018JC013844
- Meredith, M.P., Woodworth, P.L., Chereskin, T.K., Marshall, D.P., Allison, L.C., Bigg, G.R., Donahue, K., Heywood, K.J., Hughes, C.W., Hibbert, A., Hogg, A.M., Johnson, H.L., Jullion, L., King, B.A., Leach, H., Lenn, Y.-D., Morales Maqueda, M.A., Munday, D.R., Naviera Garabato, A.C., Provost, C., Sallée, J.-B. and Sprintall, J. (2011) Sustained monitoring of the Southern Ocean at Drake Passage: Past achievements and future priorities. Reviews of Geophysics, 49(4):
RG4005 . DOI: 10.1029/2010RG000348 - Munday, D.R., Johnson, H.L. and Marshall, D.P. (2013) Eddy saturation of equilibrated circumpolar currents. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 43(3): 507–532. DOI: 10.1175/JPO-D-12-095.1
- Munday, D.R., Johnson, H.L. and Marshall, D.P. (2015) The role of ocean gateways in the dynamics and sensitivity to wind stress of the early Antarctic Circumpolar Current. Paleoceanography, 30(3): 284–302. DOI: 10.1002/2014PA002675
- Munday, D.R., Sauermilch, I., Klocker, A. and Whittaker, J.M. (2024) Impact of deep water formation on Antarctic circumpolar transport during gateway opening. Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology, 39(5):
e2002PA004605 . DOI: 10.1029/2022PA004605 - Nadeau, L.-P. and Ferrari, R. (2015) The role of closed gyres in setting the zonal transport of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 45(6): 1491–1509. DOI: 10.1175/JPO-D-14-0173.1
- Nikurashin, M. and Vallis, G.K. (2012) A theory of the interhemispheric meridional overturning circulation and associated stratification. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 42(10): 1652–1667. DOI: 10.1175/JPO-D-11-0189.1
- Ong, E.Q.Y., Doddridge, E., Constantinou, N.C., Hogg, A.M. and England, M.H. (2024) Episodic Antarctic shelf intrusions of circumpolar deep water via canyons. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 54(5): 1195–1210. DOI: 10.1175/JPO-D-23-0067.1
- Rahmstorf, S. (2002) Ocean circulation and climate during the past 120,000 years. Nature, 419: 207–214. DOI: 10.1038/nature01090
- Rathgeber, F., Ham, D.A., Mitchell, L., Lange, M., Luporini, F., McRae, A.T.T., Bercea, G., Markall, G.R. and Kelly, P.H.J. (2017) Firedrake: Automating the finite element method by composing abstractions. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software, 43(24): 1–27. DOI: 10.1145/2998441
- Rintoul, S.R. (2018) The global influence of localized dynamics in the southern ocean. Nature, 558: 209–218. DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0182-3
- Sauermilch, I., Whittaker, J.M., Klocker, A., Munday, D.R., Hochmuth, K., LaCasce, J.H. and Biji, P.K. (2021) Gateway-driven weakening of ocean gyres leads to Southern Ocean cooling. Nature Communications, 12:
6465 . DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26658-1 - Scher, H.D., Whittaker, J.M., Williams, S.E., Latimer, J.C., Kordesch, W.E.C. and Delaney, M.L. (2015) Onset of Antarctic Circumpolar Current 30 million years ago as Tasmanian Gateway aligned with westerlies. Nature, 523: 580–583. DOI: 10.1038/nature14598
- Sinha, A. and Abernathey, R.P. (2016) Time scales of Southern Ocean eddy equilibration. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 46(9): 2785–2805. DOI: 10.1175/JPO-D-16-0041.1
- Stewart, A.L. and Hogg, A.M. (2017) Reshaping the Antarctic Circumpolar Current via Antarctic Bottom Water Export. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 47(10): 2577–2601. DOI: 10.1175/JPO-D-17-0007.1
- Stewart, A.L., Neumann, N.K. and Solodoch, A. (2022) “Eddy” saturation of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current by standing Waves. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 53(4): 1161–1181. DOI: 10.1175/JPO-D-22-0154.1
- Straub, D.N. (1993) On the transport and angular momentum balance of channel models of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 23(4): 776–782. DOI: 10.1175/1520-0485(1993)023<;0776:OTTAAM>2.0.CO;2
- Talley, L.D., Pickard, G.L., Emery, W.J. and Swift, J.H. (2011) Descriptive physical oceanography 6th edn. Academic Press. DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-7506-4552-2.10001-0
- Toggweiler, J.R., Russel, J.L. and Carson, S.R. (2006) Midlatitude westerlies, atmospheric CO2, and climate change during the ice ages. Paleoceanography, 21(2):
PA2005 . DOI: 10.1029/2005PA001154 - Toggweiler, J.R. and Samuels, B. (1995) Effect of Drake passage on the global thermohaline circulation. Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers, 42(4): 477–500. DOI: 10.1016/0967-0637(95)00012-U
- Torres, R., Waldman, R., Mak, J. and Séférian, R. (2023) Global estimation of the eddy kinetic energy dissipation from a diagnostic energy balance. Geophysical Research Letters, 50(20):
2023GL104688 . DOI: 10.1029/2023GL104688 - Vallis, G.K. (2006) Atmospheric and oceanic fluid dynamics. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511790447
- Wei, H., Wang, Y. and Mak, J. (2024) Parameterizing eddy buoyancy fluxes across prograde shelf/slope fronts using a slope-aware GEOMETRIC closure. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 54(2): 359–377. DOI: 10.1175/JPO-D-23-0152.1
- Xing, Q., Munday, D., Klocker, A., Sauermilch, I. and Whittaker, J. (2022) The sensitivity of the Eocene-Oligocene Southern Ocean to the strength and position of wind stress. Climate of the Past, 18(12): 2669–2693. DOI: 10.5194/cp-18-2669-2022
- Youngs, M.K., Flierl, G.R. and Ferrari, R. (2019) Role of residual overturning for the sensitivity of Southern Ocean isopycnal slopes to changes in wind forcing. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 49(11): 2867–2881. DOI: 10.1175/JPO-D-19-0072.1
- Youngs, M.K., Thompson, A.F., Lazar, A. and Richards, K.J. (2017) ACC meanders, energy transfer, and mixed barotropic–baroclinic instability. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 47(6): 1291–1305. DOI: 10.1175/JPO-D-16-0160.1
- Zhang, Y., de Boer, A.M., Lunt, D.J., Hutchinson, D.K., Ross, P., van de Flierdt, T., Sexton, P., Coxall, H.K., Steinig, S., Ladant, J.-B., Zhu, J., Donnadieu, Y., Zhang, Z., Chan, W.-L., Abe-Ouchi, A., Niezgodzki, I., Lohmann, G., Knorr, G., Poulsen, C.J. and Huber, M. (2022) Early Eocene ocean Meridional Overturning Circulation: The roles of atmospheric forcing and strait geometry. Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology, 37(3):
e2021PA004329 . DOI: 10.1029/2021PA004329
DOI: https://doi.org/10.16993/tellusa.4086 | Journal eISSN: 3035-9554
Language: English
Page range: 199 - 220
Submitted on: Aug 13, 2024
Accepted on: Sep 4, 2025
Published on: Sep 22, 2025
Published by: Stockholm University Press
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Keywords:
© 2025 Han Seul Lee, James R. Maddison, Julian Mak, David P. Marshall, Yan Wang, published by Stockholm University Press
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.