Table 1
Descriptive statistics and correlations.
| VARIABLES | MEAN | SD | MIN | MAX | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. Transformational leadership | 5.04 | 1.61 | 1 | 7 | (0.96) | |||
| 2. Engaging leadership | 3.64 | 1.02 | 1 | 5 | 0.814* | (0.98) | ||
| 3. Emotional exhaustion | 0.41 | 0.35 | 0 | 1 | –0.303* | –0.315* | (0.78) | |
| 4. Lack of sleep | 0.39 | 0.48 | 0 | 1 | –0.193* | –0.207* | 0.685* | (0.69) |
[i] Legend. Variables are standardized (factor scores), *p < 0.001, (Cronbachs alfa).
Table 2
Transformational leadership’s effect on emotional exhaustion (N = 721).
| MODEL 1 | MODEL 2 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| β | t | β | T | |
| Linear | –0.303** | –8.522 | –0.238** | –4.973 |
| Quadratic | 0.097* | 2.029 | ||
| R2adj | 0.090** | 0.094** | ||
[i] Note. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.001, ns = not statistically significant.
Figure 1
Transformational leadership’s effect on emotional exhaustion.
Table 3
Transformational leadership effect on sleep deprivation (N = 766).
| MODEL 1 | MODEL 2 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| β | t | β | T | |
| Linear | –0.193** | –5.285 | –0.125* | –2.530 |
| Quadratic | 0.103* | 2.085 | ||
| R2adj | 0.036** | 0.041** | ||
[i] Note. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.001, ns = Not statistically significant.
Figure 2
Transformational leadership’s effect on sleep quality.
Table 4
Engaging leadership effect on emotional exhaustion (N = 721).
| MODEL 1 | MODEL 2 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| β | t | β | T | ||
| Linear | –0.315** | –8.910 | –0.271** | –6.131 | |
| Quadratic | 0.075ns | 1.691 | |||
| R2adj | 0.098** | 0.101** | 0.100** | ||
Table 5
Engaging leadership effect on sleep deprivation (N = 766).
| MODEL 1 | MODEL 2 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| β | t | β | T | |
| Linear | –0.207** | –5.673 | –0.201** | –4.397 |
| Quadratic | 0.011ns | 0.238 | ||
| R2adj | 0.042** | 0.040** | ||
[i] Note. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.001, ns = Not statistically significant.
Table 6
Engaging leadership’s incremental validity: emotional exhaustion.
| MODEL 1 | MODEL 2 | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| β | t | T | VIF | β | t | T | VIF | |
| TL | –0.303** | –8.522 | 1.00 | 1.00 | –0.137* | –2.253 | 0.337 | 2.963 |
| EL | –0.204** | –3.357 | 0.337 | 2.963 | ||||
| R2adj | 0.09** | 0.103** | ||||||
| DR2 | 0.014** | |||||||
[i] Note. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.001; T: Tolerance; VIF: Variance Inflation Factor.
Table 7
Engaging leadership’s incremental validity: sleep deprivation through hierarchical.
| MODEL 1 | MODEL 2 | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| β | t | T | VIF | β | t | T | VIF | |
| TL | –0.193** | –5.285 | 1.00 | 1.00 | –0.074 | –1.174 | 0.337 | 2.963 |
| EL | –0.148* | –2.341 | 0.337 | 2.963 | ||||
| R2adj | 0.036** | 0.042** | ||||||
| DR2 | 0.007* | |||||||
[i] Note. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.001; T: Tolerance; VIF: Variance Inflation Factor.
Table 1
Fit Statistic confirmatory factor model and a two dimensional confirmatory factor model.
| MODEL | χ² | DF | BIC | RMSEA | CFI | TLI | SRMR |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 factor | 733,99 | 189 | 10583 | 0.119 | 0.850 | 830 | 0.049 |
| 2 factor | 460,90 | 188 | 10182 | 0.085 | 0.925 | 0.916 | 0.036 |
[i] Note: Mplus 8.1 was used with a MLR estimator to compare whether LF and TL were two-factor or one-factor. Both the BIC and the strong significant drop in χ² of the two-factor model indicate that a two-factor solution is more appropriate.