Table 1
Means (M) and Standard Deviations (SD), as Well as Pearson Correlations1 Between Predictor Variables (1–6) at Baseline and Knowledge Sharing Behavior after 18 Months (Variables 7–8), and Background Variables (9–10). Reliability, Cronbach α, in the Diagonal.
| Variables | 1. | 2. | 3. | 4. | 5. | 6. | 7. | 8. | 9. | 10. | M | SD | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | Autonomy support, manager (baseline) | .94 | –.74*** | .26*** | –.25*** | –.15** | –.19** | .14* | .17* | –.02 | .01 | 5.48 | 1.37 |
| 2. | Controlling style, manager (baseline) | .96 | –.24*** | .28*** | .12* | .17** | –.02 | –.15* | –.05 | .04 | 2.21 | 1.34 | |
| 3. | Autonomy orientation, DH (baseline) | .80 | –.18** | –.58*** | –.25*** | .25*** | .20*** | –.14 | .05 | 6.20 | 0.82 | ||
| 4. | Control orientation, DH (baseline) | .87 | .36*** | .48*** | –.05 | –.23*** | –.05 | –.03 | 3.60 | 1.54 | |||
| 5. | Impersonal orientation, DH (baseline) | .76 | .36*** | –.19** | –.26*** | .08 | .02 | 1.95 | 0.94 | ||||
| 6. | Fear of failure at work, DH (baseline) | .95 | –.35*** | –.36*** | –.19** | –.06 | 1.94 | 0.63 | |||||
| 7. | Knowledge sharing PI, DH (18 months) | .85 | .71*** | –.09 | –.04 | 4.12 | 1.14 | ||||||
| 8. | Knowledge sharing OC, DH (18 months) | .92 | .15* | .05 | 5.00 | 1.10 | |||||||
| 9. | Age (baseline) | — | –.08 | 42.71 | 12.62 | ||||||||
| 10. | Education2 (baseline) | — | 3.95 | 0.32 | |||||||||
[i] Note: 1 * p < .05, ** p < .01, *** p < .001; N = 299 (M+ FIML analysis). Two-tailed tests of significance. DH = dental hygienist. OC = Organizational Communications. PI = Personal Interactions. Skewness values were all between –2.0 and 2.0. Test-retest intercorrelations over 18 months were for autonomy support (.53), controlling style (.66), autonomy orientation (.51), control orientation (.65), impersonal orientation (.68), fear of failure (.76), and knowledge sharing (.74).
Table 2
Fit Indices, Entropy, and Model Comparisons for Estimated Latent Profile Analyses Models.
| Model | AIC | BIC | SSA-BIC | Entr | LMR | BLRT |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2 Profile | 4975.75 | 5046.06 | 4985.80 | 0.88 | <.001 | <.001 |
| 3 Profile | 4823.72 | 4919.93 | 4837.47 | 0.86 | .10 | <.001 |
| 4 Profile | 4748.77 | 4870.89 | 4766.23 | 0.81 | .10 | <.001 |
| 5 Profile | 4694.65 | 4842.66 | 4715.81 | 0.93 | .56 | <.001 |
[i] Note: AIC = Akaike Information Criterion; BIC = Bayesian Information Criterion; SSA-BIC = Sample Size Adjusted Bayesian Information Criterion; LMR = p-value for Adjusted Lo-Mendell-Rubin likelihood ratio test; BLRT = p-value for bootstrap likelihood ratio test.
Table 3
Mean Values and Standard Deviations for Study Variables in the Four Profiles and Outcomes.
| Profile 1 | Profile 2 | Profile 3 | Profile 4 | Effect size, d | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Controlled (15.7% N = 47) | Self-determined (41.8% N = 125) | Helpless (15.4% N = 46) | Mixed (27.1% N = 81) | |||||||
| Predictor variables (BL) | M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | P1 vs. P2 | P1 vs. P3 | P1 vs. P4 | P2 vs. P3 | P2 vs. P4 | P3 vs. P4 |
| Autonomy Orientation | 6.22 (0.79) | 6.63 (0.42) | 4.92 (0.77) | 6.24 (0.55) | –0.75 | 1.67 | –0.03 | 3.19 | 0.82 | –2.07 |
| Controlling Orientation | 4.49 (1.55) | 2.43 (1.10) | 3.95 (1.01) | 4.70 (1.06) | 1.66 | 0.41 | –0.17 | –1.41 | –2.09 | –0.72 |
| Impersonal Orientation | 1.77 (0.71) | 1.39 0.48) | 3.03 (0.85) | 2.31 (0.94) | 0.69 | –1.62 | –0.64 | –2.72 | –1.33 | 0.79 |
| Autonomy support, manager | 3.44 (1.25) | 6.16 (0.85) | 4.67 (1.05) | 6.10 (0.77) | –2.79 | –1.07 | –2.75 | 1.64 | 0.07 | –1.63 |
| Controlling manager | 4.61 (0.94) | 1.48 (0.57) | 2.88 (0.91) | 1.58 (0.60) | 4.57 1.17 | 1.88 –0.19 | 4.10 –0.54 | –2.08 –1.52 | –0.18 –1.89 | 1.79 –0.36 |
| Fear of failure | 2.07 (0.65) | 1.51 (0.39) | 2.19 (0.56) | 2.39 (0.56) | ||||||
| Outcome variables (18 months) | X2 (p–value) Effect size d | |||||||||
| Knowledge sharing; organization communications | 4.96 (1.27) | 5.38 (1.05) | 4.53 (0.72) | 4.74 (1.11) | 2.77 (<.05) –0.38 | 2.38 (.06) 0.41 | 0.96 (.17) 0.19 | 22.29 (<.001) 0.88 | 10.09 (<.001) 0.60 | 0.44 (.26) –0.21 |
| Knowledge sharing; personal interactions | 4.00 (1.33) | 4.51 (1.09) | 3.53 (0.69) | 3.90 (1.13) | 3.53 (<.03) –0.44 | 2.32 (.07) 0.40 | 0.31 (.39) 0.09 | 27.01 (<.001) 0.94 | 8.65 (.002) 0.56 | 1.42 (.12) –0.32 |
[i] Note: One-tailed tests of significance. BL = Baseline.
Figure 1
Standardized Means for Variables in Profiles 1–4 Based on the Latent Profile Analysis.