Skip to main content
Have a personal or library account? Click to login
Charting Out Safety Training Goals for Developing a Pedagogical Model for Immersive Virtual Reality Safety Training: A Qualitative Study Cover

Charting Out Safety Training Goals for Developing a Pedagogical Model for Immersive Virtual Reality Safety Training: A Qualitative Study

By:  and    
Open Access
|May 2025

References

  1. Amiel, T., & Reeves, T. (2008). Design-Based Research and Educational Technology: Rethinking Technology and the Research Agenda. Educational Technology & Society, 11(4), 2940. https://www.learntechlib.org/p/75072/
  2. Anderson, L. W., & Krathwohl, D. R. (2001). A taxonomy for learning, teaching, and assessing: A revision of Bloom’s taxonomy of educational objectives. Longman.
  3. Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. W. H. Freeman.
  4. Bengtsson, M. (2016). How to plan and perform a qualitative study using content analysis. NursingPlus Open, 2, 814. 10.1016/j.npls.2016.01.001
  5. Bhargava, A., Lucaites, K. M., Hartman, L. S., Solini, H., Bertrand, J. W., Robb, A. C., Pagano, C. C., & Babu, S. V. (2020). Revisiting affordance perception in contemporary virtual reality. Virtual Reality, 24(4), 713724. 10.1007/s10055-020-00432-y
  6. Billett, S. (1996). Situated learning: Bridging sociocultural and cognitive theorising. Learning and Instruction, 6(3), 263280. 10.1016/0959-4752(96)00006-0
  7. Billett, S. (2013). Recasting transfer as a socio-personal process of adaptable learning. Educational Research Review, 8, 513. 10.1016/j.edurev.2012.05.004
  8. Billett, S. (2021). Mediating worklife learning and the digitalisation of work. British Journal of Educational Technology, 52(4), 15801593. 10.1111/bjet.13115
  9. Burke, M. J., Holman, D., & Birdi, K. (2006). A Walk on the Safe Side: The Implications of Learning Theory for Developing Effective Safety and Health Training. In G. P. Hodgkinson & J. K. Ford (Eds.), International Review of Industrial and Organizational Psychology 2006 (pp. 144). Wiley Publishing. 10.1002/9780470696378.ch1
  10. Casey, T., Turner, N., Hu, X., & Bancroft, K. (2021). Making safety training stickier: A richer model of safety training engagement and transfer. Journal of Safety Research, 78, 303313. 10.1016/j.jsr.2021.06.004
  11. Çeken, B., & Taşkın, N. (2022). Multimedia learning principles in different learning environments: a systematic review. Smart Learning Environments, 9, 19. 10.1186/s40561-022-00200-2
  12. Checa, D., & Bustillo, A. (2020). A review of immersive virtual reality serious games to enhance learning and training. Multimedia Tools and Applications, 79(9–10), 55015527. 10.1007/s11042-019-08348-9
  13. Creswell, J. W. (2009). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (3rd ed.). Sage Publications, Inc.
  14. Cummings, J. J., & Bailenson, J. N. (2016). How Immersive Is Enough? A Meta-Analysis of the Effect of Immersive Technology on User Presence. Media Psychology, 19(2), 272309. 10.1080/15213269.2015.1015740
  15. Decker, S., Fey, M., Sideras, S., Caballero, S., Rockstraw, L. (Rocky), Boese, T., Franklin, A. E., Gloe, D., Lioce, L., Sando, C. R., Meakim, C., & Borum, J. C. (2013). Standards of Best Practice: Simulation Standard VI: The Debriefing Process. Clinical Simulation in Nursing, 9(6), S2629. 10.1016/j.ecns.2013.04.008
  16. Dieckmann, P. (2009). Simulation settings for learning in acute medical care. In P. Dieckmann (Ed.), Using simulations for education, training and research (pp. 40138). Pabst Science Publishers.
  17. Dieckmann, P., Gaba, D., & Rall, M. (2007). Deepening the theoretical foundations of patient simulation as social practice. Simulation in Healthcare: The Journal of the Society for Simulation in Healthcare, 2(3), 183193. 10.1097/SIH.0b013e3180f637f5
  18. Dieckmann, P., & Ringsted, C. (2013). Simulation-based training in healthcare. In K. Forrest, J. McKimm, & S. Edgar (Eds.), Essential simulation in clinical education (pp. 4358). John Wiley & Sons. 10.1002/9781118748039.ch4
  19. Eppich, W., & Cheng, A. (2015). Promoting excellence and reflective learning in simulation (PEARLS): Development and rationale for a blended approach to health care simulation debriefing. Simulation in Healthcare, 10(2), 106115. 10.1097/SIH.0000000000000072
  20. Feng, Q., Luo, H., Li, W., Chen, Y., & Zhang, J. (2021). The Moderating Effect of Debriefing on Learning Outcomes of IVR-Based Instruction: An Experimental Research. Applied Sciences (Switzerland), 11(21), 10426. 10.3390/app112110426
  21. Gaba, D. M. (2004). The future vision of simulation in health care. BMJ Quality & Safety, 13(SUPPL. 1), i2i10. 10.1136/qshc.2004.009878
  22. Gao, Y., Gonzalez, V., & Yiu, T. (2019). The effectiveness of traditional tools and computer-aided technologies for health and safety training in the construction sector: A systematic review. Computers & Education, 138, 101115. 10.1016/j.compedu.2019.05.003
  23. Gibson, J. J. (2014). The Ecological Approach to Visual Perception: Classic Edition. Psychology Press. 10.4324/9781315740218
  24. Harris, D. J., Bird, J. M., Smart, P. A., Wilson, M. R., & Vine, S. J. (2020). A Framework for the Testing and Validation of Simulated Environments in Experimentation and Training. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 605. 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00605
  25. Hsieh, H. F., & Shannon, S. E. (2005). Three Approaches to Qualitative Content Analysis. Qualitative Health Research, 15(9), 12771288. 10.1177/1049732305276687
  26. Kilteni, K., Groten, R., & Slater, M. (2012). The sense of embodiment in virtual reality. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, 21(4), 373387. 10.1162/PRES_a_00124
  27. Kraiger, K., Ford, J. K., & Salas, E. (1993). Application of cognitive, skill-based, and affective theories of learning outcomes to new methods of training evaluation. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78(2), 311328. 10.1037/0021-9010.78.2.311
  28. Krathwohl, D. R., Bloom, B. S., & Masia, B. B. (1973). Taxonomy of educational objectives: The classification of educational goals. Handbook II: Affective domain. Longman.
  29. Lawson, A. P., & Martella, A. M. (2023). Critically reflecting on the use of immersive virtual reality in educational settings: What is known and what has yet to be shown? Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching, 6(2), 121133. 10.37074/jalt.2023.6.2.35
  30. Lee, K. M. (2004). Presence, explicated. Communication Theory, 14(1), 2750. 10.1111/j.1468-2885.2004.tb00302.x
  31. Lehikko, A., Nykänen, M., Lukander, K., Uusitalo, J., & Ruokamo, H. (2024). Exploring Interactivity Effects on Learners’ Sense of Agency, Cognitive Load and Learning Outcomes: A Mixed-Methods Study. Computers & Education: X Reality, 4, 100066. 10.1016/j.cexr.2024.100066
  32. Lehikko, A., Nykänen, M., & Ruokamo, H. (2023). Developing a Pedagogical Model for Immersive Virtual Reality Safety Training: A Discussion Script to Support Learning Transfer. In T. Cherner & A. Fegely (Eds.), Bridging the XR Technology-to-Practice-Gap: Methods and Strategies for Blending Extended Realities into Classroom Instruction, Vol. 1 (pp. 215228). Association for the advancement of computing in education. https://www.learntechlib.org/p/222242/
  33. Lehikko, A., Nykänen, M., & Ruokamo, H. (2025). Conceptualizing a pedagogical model for immersive virtual reality safety training: pedagogical practices in trainer interviews. Educational Technology Research and Development. 10.1007/S11423-025-10490-1
  34. Lehikko, A., Ruokamo, H., & Nykänen, M. (2022). Developing a Pedagogical Model for Immersive Virtual Reality in Teaching and Learning. In E. Langran (Ed.), Society for Information Technology & Teacher Education International Conference 2022 Proceedings (pp. 19901994). Association for the advancement of computing in education. https://www.learntechlib.org/p/220982/
  35. Luo, H., Li, G., Feng, Q., Yang, Y., & Zuo, M. (2021). Virtual reality in K-12 and higher education: A systematic review of the literature from 2000 to 2019. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 37(3), 887901. 10.1111/jcal.12538
  36. Makransky, G., Borre-Gude, S., & Mayer, R. E. (2019). Motivational and cognitive benefits of training in immersive virtual reality based on multiple assessments. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 35, 691707. 10.1111/jcal.12375
  37. Makransky, G., & Lilleholt, L. (2018). A structural equation modeling investigation of the emotional value of immersive virtual reality in education. Educational Technology Research and Development, 66(5), 11411164. 10.1007/s11423-018-9581-2
  38. Martín-Gutiérrez, J., Mora, C. E., Añorbe-Díaz, B., & González-Marrero, A. (2017). Virtual technologies trends in education. Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, 13(2), 469486. 10.12973/eurasia.2017.00626a
  39. Mayer, R. E. (2024). The Past, Present, and Future of the Cognitive Theory of Multimedia Learning. Educational Psychology Review, 36(1), 125. 10.1007/s10648-023-09842-1
  40. Meyer, O. A., Omdahl, M. K., & Makransky, G. (2019). Investigating the effect of pre-training when learning through immersive virtual reality and video: A media and methods experiment. Computers & Education, 140, 103603. 10.1016/j.compedu.2019.103603
  41. Moore, S. L., Howard, C. D., Boling, E., Leary, H., & Hodges, C. B. (2023). Research methods for design knowledge: clarifying definitions, characteristics, and areas of confusion. Educational Technology Research and Development. 10.1007/s11423-023-10271-8
  42. Morélot, S., Garrigou, A., Dedieu, J., & N’Kaoua, B. (2021). Virtual reality for fire safety training: Influence of immersion and sense of presence on conceptual and procedural acquisition. Computers & Education, 166, 104145. 10.1016/j.compedu.2021.104145
  43. Nebel, S., Beege, M., Schneider, S., & Rey, G. D. (2020). A Review of Photogrammetry and Photorealistic 3D Models in Education From a Psychological Perspective. Frontiers in Education, 5, 530126. 10.3389/FEDUC.2020.00144
  44. Norman, D. (2013). The Design of Everyday Things. Basic Books.
  45. Pham, T. T., Lingard, H., & Zhang, R. P. (2023). Factors influencing construction workers’ intention to transfer occupational health and safety training. Safety Science, 167, 106288. 10.1016/J.SSCI.2023.106288
  46. Pritchard, S. C., Zopf, R., Polito, V., Kaplan, D. M., & Williams, M. A. (2016). Non-hierarchical Influence of Visual Form, Touch, and Position Cues on Embodiment, Agency, and Presence in Virtual Reality. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 1649. 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01649
  47. Radianti, J., Majchrzak, T. A., Fromm, J., & Wohlgenannt, I. (2020). A systematic review of immersive virtual reality applications for higher education: Design elements, lessons learned, and research agenda. Computers & Education, 147, 103778. 10.1016/j.compedu.2019.103778
  48. Rey-Becerra, E., Barrero, L. H., Ellegast, R., & Kluge, A. (2023). Improvement of short-term outcomes with VR-based safety training for work at heights. Applied Ergonomics, 112, 104077. 10.1016/J.APERGO.2023.104077
  49. Rudolph, J. W., Raemer, D. B., & Simon, R. (2014). Establishing a Safe Container for Learning in Simulation: The Role of the Presimulation Briefing. Simulation in Healthcare, 9(6), 339349. 10.1097/SIH.0000000000000047
  50. Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist, 55(1), 6878. 10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.68
  51. Säljö, R. (2004). Learning and technologies, people and tools in co-ordinated activities. International Journal of Educational Research, 41(6), 489494. 10.1016/j.ijer.2005.08.013
  52. Sellberg, C., Nordenström, E., & Säljö, R. (2024). The development of visual expertise in a virtual environment: A case of maritime pilots in training. Frontline Learning Research, 12(1), 1633. 10.14786/flr.v12i1.1217
  53. Skulmowski, A. (2023). Ethical issues of educational virtual reality. Computers & Education: X Reality, 2, 100023. 10.1016/j.cexr.2023.100023
  54. Stenberdt, A. V., & Makransky, G. (2023). Mastery experiences in immersive virtual reality promote pro-environmental waste-sorting behavior. Computers & Education, 198, 104760. 10.1016/j.compedu.2023.104760
  55. Sutherland, R., Lindström, B., & Lahn, L. (2009). Sociocultural Perspectives on Technology-Enhanced Learning and Knowing. In N. Balacheff, S. Ludvigsen, T. de Jong, A. Lazonder, & S. Barnes (Eds.), Technology-Enhanced Learning (pp. 3953). Springer. 10.1007/978-1-4020-9827-7_3
  56. Sweller, J. (2020). Cognitive load theory and educational technology. Education Technology Research and Development, 68, 116. 10.1007/s11423-019-09701-3
  57. Twining, P., Heller, R. S., Nussbaum, M., & Tsai, C. C. (2017). Some guidance on conducting and reporting qualitative studies. Computers & Education, 106, A1A9. 10.1016/j.compedu.2016.12.002
  58. Tynjälä, P. (2013). Toward a 3-P Model of Workplace Learning: A Literature Review. Vocations and Learning, 6(1), 1136. 10.1007/s12186-012-9091-z
  59. van der Wal, N. J., Bakker, A., Moes, A., & Drijvers, P. (2021). Fostering Techno-Mathematical Literacies in Higher Technical Education: Reflections on Challenges and Successes of Design-Based Implementation Research. In Z. A. Philippakos, E. Howell, & A. Pellegrino (Eds.), Design-based research in education: theory and applications (1st ed., pp. 296316). The Guilford Press.
  60. Vygotsky, L. (1978). Mind in Society. Development of Higher Psychological Processes. Harvard University Press.
  61. Wahl, A. M. (2020). Expanding the concept of simulator fidelity: the use of technology and collaborative activities in training maritime officers. Cognition, Technology and Work, 22(1), 209222. 10.1007/s10111-019-00549-4
DOI: https://doi.org/10.16993/dfl.237 | Journal eISSN: 2001-7480
Language: English
Page range: 9 - 21
Submitted on: Aug 27, 2024
Accepted on: May 20, 2025
Published on: May 28, 2025
Published by: Stockholm University Press
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

© 2025 Anu Lehikko, Heli Ruokamo, published by Stockholm University Press
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.