Left ventricular measurements using tissue Doppler imaging
| Variable | Time point | SG | CG | P value* | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean blood pressure (mmHg) | 1 | 47 range (34–64) | P** value | 60.5 range (45–74) | P** value | <0.001 |
| 2 | 52 range (39–92) | <0.001 | 57 range (37–88) | 0.88 | 0.14 | |
| Heart rate (beats/min) | 1 | 100 range (74–160) | P** value | 125 range (96–156) | P** value | 0.004 |
| 2 | 144 range (106–187) | <0.001 | 121.5 range (90–159) | 0.81 | <0.001 | |
| E’ LV (cm/s) | 1 | 4.9 range (2.4–8.8) | P** value | 6.3 range (4.7–8.4) | P** value | <0.001 |
| 2 | 6.1 range (3.11–10.3) | <0.001 | 5.9 range (3.18–8.04) | 0.19 | 0.24 | |
| A’ LV (cm/s) | 1 | 7.4 range (3.4–11.6) | P** value | 7.52 range (5–10) | P** value | 0.64 |
| 2 | 7.98 range (4.6–15.9) | 0.006 | 7.71 range (4.93–13.8) | 0.87 | 0.20 | |
| E’/A’ LV ratio | 1 | 0.71 range (0.31–1.38) | P value** | 0.85 range (0.62–1.40) | P value** | 0.01 |
| 2 | 0.75 range (0.42–1.13) | 0.14 | 0.76 range (0.42–1.02) | 0.10 | 0.76 | |
| S’LV(cm/s) | 1 | 4.97 range (2.94–11.9) | P** value | 5.11 range (3.3–11.6) | P** value | 0.69 |
| 2 | 5.79 range (3.77–8.74) | 0.003 | 5.04 range (3.36–8.36) | 0.60 | 0.003 | |
| MPI | 1 | 0.41 range (0.14–0.9) | P** value | 0.37 range (0.23–0.58) | P** value | 0.30 |
| 2 | 0.31 range (0.18–0.6) | <0.001 | 0.31 range (0.15–0.51) | 0.08 | 0.30 | |
Clinical characteristics of neonates
| SG (n = 55) | CG (n = 58) | P value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CG1 (n = 14) | CG2 (n = 44) | SG/CG1 | SG/CG2 | ||
| Gestational age (weeks) ± SD | 38.7 ± 1.7 (range: 35.1–41.1) | 39 ± 0.9 (range: 37–41) | 39.1 ± 1.0 (range: 37–41.6) | 0.69 | 0.25 |
| Male sex (n; %) | 30 (54%) | 7 (50%) | 27 (61%) | 0.76 | 0.54 |
| Birth weight (g) (mean ± SD) | 3255.5 ± 455.1 (range: 2300–4150) | 3788.6 ± 417.5 (range: 3200–4400) | 3714.3 ± 409 (range: 2980–4680) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Cesarean delivery (n; %) | 20 (36%) | 10 (71%) | 19 (44%) | 0.07 | 0.24 |
| Vacuum (n; %) | 6 (11%) | N/A | 1 (2%) | 0.07 | 0.24 |
| 1-min Apgar score (median) | 3 (range: 0–10) | 10 (range: 8–10) | 10 (range: 10) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| 5-min Apgar score (median) | 6 (range: 3–10) | 10 (range: 10) | 10 (range: 10) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| 10-min Apgar score (median) | 7 (range: 3–10) | 10 (range: 10) | 10 (range: 10) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| pH (umbilical cord), median | 6.9 (range: 6.6–7.5) | 7.3 (range: 7.3–7.4) | 7.3 (range: 7.3–7.4) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| pCO2 (umbilical cord), median | 73.4 (range: 23.6–153) | 43 (range: 34–66) | 40.7 (range: 31–69) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| BE (umbilical cord), median | −15 (range: −29 –(+0.3)) | −0.8 (range: 2.4–(2.0)) | −2.3 (range: −5.8–(3.5)) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| pH (1 h), median | 7.1 (range: 6.7–7.4) | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| Intubation 1 DOL (n; %) | 36 (65%) | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| Non-intubation | 19 (35%) | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| CPAP 1 DOL (n; %) | 27 (49%) | 1 (7%) | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| Mechanical ventilation (days) (median) | 4 (range: 1–8) | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| NCPAP (days) (median) | 2 (range: 1–9) | 1 (range:1) | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| Seizure (n; %) | 14 (25%) | 0 | 0 | N/A | N/A |
| iNO (n; %) | 3 (5%) | 0 | 0 | N/A | N/A |
| MAS (n; %) | 3 (5%) | 0 | 0 | N/A | N/A |
| Surfactant (n; %) | 9 (16%) | 0 | 0 | N/A | N/A |
| Meningitis (n; %) | 2 (4%) | 0 | 0 | N/A | N/A |
| INF (n; %) | 0 | 0 | 0 | N/A | N/A |
| Pneumonia (n; %) | 8 (14%) | 0 | 0 | N/A | N/A |
| Hemorrhagic infarction (n; %) | 1 (2%) | 0 | 0 | N/A | N/A |
| Metabolic disease (n; %) | 0 | 0 | 0 | N/A | N/A |
| Abnormal MRI head | 11 (20%) | 0 | 0 | N/A | N/A |
| Death (n; %) | 0 | 0 | 0 | N/A | N/A |
Left ventricular echocardiographic measurements using pulsed wave Doppler
| Variable | Time point | SG | CG | P value* | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean blood pressure (mmHg) | 1 | 47 range (34–64) | P value** | 60 range (45–74) | P value** | <0.001 |
| 2 | 52 range (39–92) | <0.001 | 57 range (37–88) | 0.87 | 0.13 | |
| Heart rate (beats/min) | 1 | 100 range (76–160) | P value** | 122 range (97–149) | P value** | 0.007 |
| 2 | 139 range (96–179) | <0.001 | 121 range (98–163) | 0.85 | <0.001 | |
| E mv (cm/s) | 1 | 37.5 range (19.4–59.6) | P value** | 45 range (34.9–60.4) | P value** | 0.003 |
| 2 | 49.4 range (13.5–67.5) | <0.001 | 45.4 range (32.2–66.2) | 0.70 | 0.09 | |
| A mv (cm/s) | 1 | 41.9 range (18.1–78.1) | P value** | 48.5 range (33.1–82.5) | P value** | 0.04 |
| 2 | 58.7 range (33.5–92) | <0.001 | 52.5 range (38.8–85.6) | 0.08 | 0.15 | |
| E/A ratio | 1 | 0.91 range (0.54–1.7) | P value** | 0.95 range (0.73–1.11) | P value** | 0.40 |
| 2 | 0.88 range (0.24–1.3) | 0.25 | 0.91 range (0.46–1.03) | 0.09 | 0.97 | |
| MPI | 1 | 0.42 range (0.25–0.88) | P value** | 0.35 range (0.23–0.47) | P value** | 0.006 |
| 3 | 0.36 range (0.24–0.60) | 0.002 | 0.34 range (0.17–0.44) | 0.62 | 0.04 | |
| MAPSE | 1 | 0.71 range (0.5–1.1) | P value** | 0.89 range (0.75–1.1) | P value** | <0.001 |
| 2 | 0.83 range (0.58–1.1) | <0.001 | 0.83 range (0.67–1.1) | 0.06 | 0.69 | |
| IVSd (mm) | 1 | 0.34 range (0.27–0.47) | P value** | 0.34 range (0.3–0.44) | P value** | 0.93 |
| 2 | 0.35 range (0.28–0.59) | 0.81 | 0.36 range (0.28–0.50) | 0.02 | 0.03 | |
| LVPWd (mm) | 1 | 0.33 range (0.25–0.48) | P value** | 0.31 range (0.27–0.38) | P value** | 0.23 |
| 2 | 0.32 range (0.21–0.57) | 0.27 | 0.32 range (0.24–0.46) | 0.37 | 0.89 | |
| LVIDd (mm) | 1 | 1.73 range (1.37–2.1) | P value** | 1.9 range (1.8–2.1) | P value** | <0.001 |
| 2 | 1.89 range (1.6–2.2) | <0.001 | 1.9 range (1.7–2.28) | 0.63 | 0.18 | |
| CO LVOT (L/min/kg) | 1 | 0.4 range (0.2–0.9) | P value** | 0.6 range (0.5–0.8) | P value** | <0.001 |
| 2 | 0.7 range (0.3–1.56) | <0.001 | 0.6 range (0.3–1.5) | 0.61 | 0.02 | |
| FS% | 1 | 34.6 range (28.6–47) | P value** | 32.85 range (30–38.9) | P value** | 0.19 |
| 2 | 34 range (27–54) | 0.28 | 33.5 range (29–44) | 0.81 | 0.52 | |