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Fig. 9.
Comparison of mean hepatic SWE measurements in neonates and infants
| Author | Hepatic SWE measurements, mean (±SD) | Method, age group | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Right lobe | Left lobe | ||||
| m/s | kPa | m/s | kPa | ||
| Our research | 1.43 (0.11) | 6.04 (0.57) | 1.41 (0.12) | 5.86 (1.02) | 2D-SWE, neonates |
| Palabiyik et al.(31) | 1.70 (0.24) | 2D-SWE, neonates | |||
| Franchi-Abella et al.(32) | 5.65 (1.42) | SSWE, infant subgroup | |||
| Fontanilla et al.(33) | 1.02 (0.13) | 1.12 (0.11) | ARFI (pSWE), neonate subgroup | ||
| Galina et al.(34) | 4.63 (0.6) | 2D-SWE, neonates, infants and children <2 years | |||
| Allison et al.(14) | 6.23 (1.98) | SSI, Preterm AGA infants without cholestasis | |||
| Zhou et al.(35) | 5.3 (1.0) | SSWE, infants <60 days of life | |||
Feasibility results for shear wave elastography of the liver, spleen and kidneys
| Organ | Number of examined neonates | Number of reliable results (measurements) | Number of unreliable results (measurements) | Rate of (%) reliable measurements feasibility | Rate of (%) unreliable measurements |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Right liver lobe | 58 | 40 (200) | 18 (90) | 68.97 | 31.03 |
| Left liver lobe | 58 | 39 (195) | 19 (95) | 67.24 | 32.76 |
| Spleen | 56 | 51 (255) | 5 (25) | 91.07 | 8.93 |
| Right kidney | 56 | 50 (250) | 6 (30) | 89.29 | 10.71 |
| Left kidney | 56 | 48 (240) | 8 (40) | 85.71 | 14.29 |
Reliable SWE measurements of the liver, spleen, kidneys and splenic-hepatic elastography index (kPA)
| Right liver lobe | Left liver lobe | Spleen | Right kidney | Left kidney | Splenic-hepatic elastography index | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Reliable measurements (No.) | 40 | 39 | 51 | 50 | 48 | 33 |
| Mean | 6.04 | 5.86 | 16.99 | 11.34 | 10.81 | 2.82 |
| Confidence interval (−95.00%) | 5.73 | 5.52 | 16.09 | 10.75 | 10.29 | 2.56 |
| Confidence interval (+95.00%) | 6.35 | 6.19 | 17.89 | 11.93 | 11.33 | 3.08 |
| Median | 5.85 | 5.70 | 16.40 | 11.25 | 10.75 | 2.63 |
| Minimum | 4.10 | 3.90 | 12.10 | 7.00 | 7.40 | 1.75 |
| Maximum | 8.10 | 7.90 | 29.60 | 16.20 | 14.60 | 5.19 |
| Lower quartile | 5.40 | 5.00 | 15.00 | 9.80 | 9.50 | 2.44 |
| Upper quartile | 6.70 | 6.70 | 18.80 | 12.50 | 12.15 | 3.11 |
| 10th percentile | 5.00 | 4.60 | 13.70 | 9.20 | 8.20 | 2.07 |
| 90th percentile | 7.50 | 7.40 | 20.00 | 13.65 | 13.40 | 3.76 |
| Standard deviation (SD) | 0.97 | 1.02 | 3.21 | 2.08 | 1.80 | 0.73 |
| Standard error | 0.15 | 0.16 | 0.45 | 0.29 | 0.26 | 0.13 |
Correlation between the obtained SWE results for the right and left liver lobes and age, body weight and food intake interval
| Pair of variables | Significant (No.) | Spearman's Rho | t (N-2) | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Body weight at examination (g) / mean SWE for the right liver lobe (m/s) | 40 | 0.27 | 1.72 | 0.09 |
| Body weight at examination (g) / mean SWE for the right liver lobe (kPa) | 40 | 0.27 | 1.72 | 0.09 |
| Age (days of life) / mean SWE for the right liver lobe (m/s) | 40 | 0.57 | 4.27 | 0.0001 |
| Age (days of life) / mean SWE for the right liver lobe (kPa) | 40 | 0.57 | 4.23 | 0.0001 |
| Food intake interval (minutes) / mean SWE for the right liver lobe (m/s) | 40 | −0.13 | −0.81 | 0.42 |
| Food intake interval (minutes) / mean SWE for the right liver lobe (kPa) | 40 | −0.13 | −0.80 | 0.43 |
| Body weight at examination (g) / mean SWE for the left liver lobe (m/s) | 39 | 0.61 | 4.74 | 0.00003 |
| Body weight at examination (g) / mean SWE for the left liver lobe (kPa) | 39 | 0.62 | 4.78 | 0.00003 |
| Age (days of life) / mean SWE for the left liver lobe (m/s) | 39 | 0.68 | 5.63 | 0.000002 |
| Age (days of life) / mean SWE for the left liver lobe (kPa) | 39 | 0.68 | 5.64 | 0.000002 |
| Food intake interval (minutes) / mean SWE for the left liver lobe (m/s) | 39 | −0.09 | −0.55 | 0.58 |
| Food intake interval (minutes) / mean SWE for the left liver lobe (kPa) | 39 | −0.08 | −0.49 | 0.62 |
Correlation between the obtained SWE results for the spleen and age, body weight and food intake interval
| Pair of variables | Significant (No.) | Spearman's Rho | t (N-2) | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Body weight at examination (g) / mean SWE for spleen (m/s) | 51 | −0.14 | −0.96 | 0.34 |
| Body weight at examination (g) / mean SWE for spleen (kPa) | 51 | −0.13 | −0.89 | 0.38 |
| Age (days of life) / mean SWE for spleen (m/s) | 51 | −0.23 | −1.67 | 0.10 |
| Age (days of life) / mean SWE for spleen (kPa) | 51 | −0.22 | −1.56 | 0.12 |
| Food intake interval (minutes) / mean SWE for spleen (m/s) | 51 | −0.01 | −0.07 | 0.94 |
| Food intake interval (minutes) / mean SWE for spleen (kPa) | 51 | −0.02 | −0.12 | 0.90 |
Characteristics of the group of newborns
| Number (girls/boys) | 58 (36/22) |
| Gestational age (weeks) | 38–41 |
| Apgar score (scores) | 9–10 |
| Calendar age (days) min–max / mean (median) | 2–28 / 10 (4) |
| Birth weight (g) min–max/mean (median) | 2720–5250 / 3656 (3628) |
| Body weight at examination (g) min–max/mean (median) | 2530–5240 / 3697 (3690) |
| Body length at birth (cm) min–max/ mean (median) | 48–65 / 55 (55) |
| Body length at examination (cm) min–max/ mean (median) | 48–67 / 55 (55) |
| BMI at birth min–max/mean (median) | 10.23–16.1 / 12.18 (12.06) |
| BMI at examination min–max/mean (median) | 9.57–15.41 / 12.25 (12.04) |
| Feeding break (minutes) min–max/mean (median) | 60–300 / 114 (105) |
Reliable SWE measurements of the liver, spleen, kidneys and splenic-hepatic elastography index (m/s)
| Right liver lobe | Left liver lobe | Spleen | Right kidney | Left kidney | Splenic-hepatic elastography index | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Reliable measurements (No.) | 40 | 39 | 51 | 50 | 48 | 33 |
| Mean | 1.43 | 1.41 | 2.36 | 1.92 | 1.88 | 1.65 |
| Confidence interval (−95.00%) | 1.39 | 1.37 | 2.30 | 1.87 | 1.83 | 1.58 |
| Confidence interval (+95.00%) | 1.46 | 1.44 | 2.42 | 1.97 | 1.92 | 1.72 |
| Median | 1.41 | 1.40 | 2.33 | 1.92 | 1.88 | 1.61 |
| Minimum | 1.19 | 1.17 | 2.00 | 1.52 | 1.54 | 1.31 |
| Maximum | 1.66 | 1.64 | 3.10 | 2.31 | 2.20 | 2.25 |
| Lower quartile | 1.36 | 1.31 | 2.22 | 1.79 | 1.78 | 1.54 |
| Upper quartile | 1.51 | 1.50 | 2.48 | 2.03 | 2.00 | 1.74 |
| 10th percentile | 1.31 | 1.25 | 2.13 | 1.74 | 1.64 | 1.42 |
| 90th percentile | 1.59 | 1.58 | 2.58 | 2.12 | 2.09 | 1.90 |
| Standard deviation (SD) | 0.11 | 0.12 | 0.21 | 0.18 | 0.16 | 0.20 |
| Standard error | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0,02 | 0.04 |
Comparison of splenic SWE measurements
| Author | Splenic SWE measurements, mean (±SD) | Method, age group, comments | |
|---|---|---|---|
| m/s | kPa | ||
| Our research | 2.36 (0.21) | 16.99 (3.21) | 2D-SWE, neonates |
| Palabiyik et al.(31) | 2.03 (0.27) | 2D-SWE, neonates | |
| Lee et al.(36) | 2.02 (0.037) | ARFI, a subgroup of children <5 years | |
| Pawluś et al.(37) | 16.6 (2.5) | SSI, adults, convex transducer | |
Comparison of renal SWE measurements
| Author | Renal SWE measurements, mean (±SD) | Method, age group, comments | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Right kidney | Left kidney | ||||
| m/s | kPa | m/s | kPa | ||
| Our research | 1.92 (0.18) | 11.34 (3.21) | 1.88 (0.16) | 10.81 (1.80) | 2D-SWE, neonates |
| Palabiyik et al.(31) | 1.69 (0.33) | 1.70 (0.31) | 2D-SWE, neonates | ||
| Sohn et al.(20) | 1.80 (median) | 1.83 (median) | ARFI, children <2 years | ||
| Grass et al.(38) | 1.60 (0.47) | 1.56 (0.48) | pSWE, VTQ, children | ||
Correlation between the obtained SWE results for the right/left kidney and age, body weight and food intake interval
| Pair of variables | Significant (No.) | Spearman's Rho | t (N-2) | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Body weight at examination (g) / mean SWE for right kidney (m/s) | 50 | 0,02 | 0,12 | 0,90 |
| Body weight at examination (g) / mean SWE for right kidney (kPa) | 50 | 0,03 | 0,18 | 0,86 |
| Age (days of life) / mean SWE for right kidney (m/s) | 50 | 0,09 | 0,60 | 0,55 |
| Age (days of life) / mean SWE for right kidney (kPa) | 50 | 0,10 | 0,67 | 0,51 |
| Food intake interval (minutes) / mean SWE for right kidney (m/s) | 50 | 0,01 | 0,06 | 0,95 |
| Food intake interval (minutes) / mean SWE for right kidney (kPa) | 50 | 0,03 | 0,20 | 0,84 |
| Body weight at examination (g)/ mean SWE for left kidney (m/s | 48 | 0,03 | 0,17 | 0,86 |
| Body weight at examination (g) / mean SWE for left kidney (kPa) | 48 | 0,04 | 0,24 | 0,81 |
| Age (days of life) / mean SWE for left kidney (m/s) | 48 | 0,01 | 0,08 | 0,93 |
| Age (days of life) / mean SWE for left kidney (kPa) | 48 | 0,00 | −0,01 | 0,99 |
| Food intake interval (minutes) / mean SWE for left kidney (m/s) | 48 | −0,10 | −0,69 | 0,49 |
| Food intake interval (minutes) / mean SWE for left kidney (kPa) | 48 | −0,12 | −0,79 | 0,43 |