Bio-polishing sludge adsorbents for dye removal

Zaini, Muhammad Abbas Ahmad; Alias, Norulaina; Yunus, Mohd. Azizi Che

doi:10.1515/pjct-2016-0065

Abstract

The objective of this work is to evaluate the removal of methylene blue dye by bio-polishing sludge-based adsorbents. The adsorbents were characterized according to the specific surface area, pH upon the treatment and surface functional groups. The adsorption of dye was carried out at room temperature, and the adsorption data were analyzed using the isotherm and kinetics models. The bio-polishing sludge is rich in ash content, and the presence of surface functional groups varied with the treatment strategies. The specific surface area of adsorbents is between 7.25 and 20.8 m²/g. Results show that the maximum removal of methylene blue by sludge adsorbents was observed to have the following order: untreated sludge (SR) > zinc chloride-treated (SZ) > microwave-dried (SW) = potassium carbonate-treated (SK) > acid-washed (SH). The maximum adsorption capacities for SR and SZ as predicted by the Langmuir model are 170 and 135 mg/g, respectively. Although SR demonstrates a higher maximum removal than SZ, the latter exhibits greater removal intensity and rate constant even at high dye concentration. The bio-polishing sludge is a promising adsorbent for dye wastewater treatment.

References

1. MPOB. (2008). Number of mills and capacity. Retrieved August 10, 2014, from http://econ.mpob.gov.my/economy/annual/stat2008/ei_processing08.htm
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
2. Wu, T.Y., Mohammad, A.W., Jahim, J.M. & Anuar, N. (2010). Pollution control technologies for the treatment of palm oil mill effluent (POME) through end-of-pipe processes. J. Environ. Manage. 91(7), 1467–1490. DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2010.02.008.10.1016/j.jenvman.2010.02.00820231054
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
3. Ujang, Z., Salmiati & Salim, M.R. (2010). Microbial biopolymerization production from palm oil mill effluent. In M. Elnashar (Ed.), Biopolymers (pp. 473–494). Shanghai: InTech.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
4. Rupani, P.F., Singh, R.P., Ibrahim, M.H. & Esa, N. (2010). Review of current palm oil mill effluent (POME) treatment methods: Vermicomposting as a sustainable practice. World Appl. Sci. J. 11(1), 70–81.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
5. Gobi, K., Mashitah, M.D. & Vadivelu, V.M. (2011). Adsorptive removal of methylene blue using novel adsorbent from palm oil mill effluent waste activated sludge: Equilibrium, thermodynamics and kinetic studies. Chem. Eng. J. 171(3), 1246–1252. DOI:10.1016/j.cej.2011.05.036.10.1016/j.cej.2011.05.036
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
6. Onyia, C.O., Uyub, A.M., Akunna, J.C., Norulaini, N.A. & Omar, A.K.M. (2001). Increasing the fertilizer value of palm oil mill sludge: bioaugmentation in nitrification. Water Sci. Technol. 44(10), 157–162.10.2166/wst.2001.0608
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
7. Smith, K.M., Fowler, G.D., Pullket, S. & Graham, N.J.D. (2009). Sewage sludge-based adsorbents: A review of their production, properties and use in water treatment applications. Water Res. 43(10), 2569–2594. DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2009.02.038.10.1016/j.watres.2009.02.03819375772
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
8. Zaini, M.A.A., Zakaria, M., Setapar, S.H.M. & Yunus, M.A.C. (2013). Sludge-adsorbents from palm oil mill effluent for methylene blue removal. J. Environ. Chem. Eng. 1(4), 1091–1098. DOI: 10.1016/j.jece.2013.08.026.10.1016/j.jece.2013.08.026
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
9. Langmuir, I. (1916). The constitution and fundamental properties of solids and liquids. Part 1. Solid. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 38(11), 2221–2295. DOI: 10.1021/ja02268a002.10.1021/ja02268a002
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
10. Langmuir, I. (1918). The adsorption of gases on plane surfaces of glass, mica and platinum. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 40(9), 1361–1403. DOI: 10.1021/ja02242a004.10.1021/ja02242a004
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
11. Freundlich, H.M.F. (1906). About the adsorption in solution (Uber die adsorption in losungen). Z. Phys. Chem. 57A, 385–470.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
12. Redlich, O. & Peterson, D.L. (1959). A useful adsorption isotherm. J. Phys. Chem. 63(6), 1024. DOI: 10.1021/j150576a611.10.1021/j150576a611
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
13. Lagergren, S. (1898). About the theory of so-called adsorption of soluble substances (Kungliga svenska vetenskapsakademiens). Handlingar 24, 1–39.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
14. Ho, Y.S. & McKay, G. (1998). A comparison of chemisorption kinetics models applied to pollutant removal on various sorbents. Process Saf. Environ. 76(4), 332–340. DOI: 10.1205/095758298529696.10.1205/095758298529696
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
15. Zaini, M.A.A., Yoshihara, K., Okayama, R., Machida, M. & Tatsumoto, H. (2008). Effect of out-gassing of ZnCl₂-activated cattle manure compost (CMC) on adsorptive removal of Cu(II) and Pb(II) ions. TANSO 234, 220–226.10.7209/tanso.2008.220
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
16. Zaini, M.A.A., Okayama, R. & Machida, M. (2009). Adsorption of aqueous metal ions on cattle-manure-compost based activated carbons. J. Hazard. Mater. 170(2–3), 1119–1124. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.05.090.10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.05.09019541418
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
17. Ketcha, J.M., Dina, D.J.D., Ngomo, H.M. & Ndi, N.J. (2012). Preparation and characterization of activated carbons obtained from maize cobs by zinc chloride activation. Am. Chem. Sci. J. 2(4), 136–160. DOI: 10.9734/ACSJ/2012/1806.10.9734/ACSJ/2012/1806
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
18. Zaini, M.A.A., Cher, T.Y., Zakaria, M., Kamaruddin, M.J., Setapar S.H.M. & Yunus M.A.C. (2014). Palm oil mill effluent sludge ash as adsorbent for methylene blue dye removal. Desalin. Water Treat. 52(19–21), 3654–3662. DOI: 10.1080/19443994.2013.854041.10.1080/19443994.2013.854041
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
19. Liu, T., Li, Y., Du, Q., Sun, J., Jiao, Y., Yang, G., Wang, Z., Xia, Y., Zhang, W., Wang, K., Zhu, H. & Wu, D. (2012). Adsorption of methylene blue from aqueous solution by graphene. Coll. Surf. B Biointerfaces 90, 197–203. DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2011.10.019.10.1016/j.colsurfb.2011.10.01922036471
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
20. Liao, P., Ismael, Z.M., Zhang, W., Yuan, S., Tong, M., Wang, K. & Bao, J. (2012). Adsorption of dyes from aqueous solution by microwave modified bamboo charcoal. Chem. Eng. J. 195–196, 339–346. DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2012.04.092.10.1016/j.cej.2012.04.092
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
21. Liu, Z. & Liu, Y. (2015). Structure and properties of forming adsorbents prepared from different particle sizes of coal fly ash. Chin. J. Chem. Eng. 23(1), 290–295. DOI: 10.1016/j.cjche.2014.09.037.10.1016/j.cjche.2014.09.037
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
22. Foo, K.Y. & Hameed, B.H. (2012). Factors affecting the carbon yield and adsorption capability of the mangosteen peel activated carbon prepared by microwave assisted K₂CO₃ activation. Chem. Eng. J. 180, 66–74. DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2011.11.002.10.1016/j.cej.2011.11.002
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
23. Zaini, M.A.A., Ngiik, T.C., Kamaruddin, M.J., Setapar, S.H.M. & Yunus M.A.C. (2014). Zinc chloride-activated waste carbon powder for decolourization of methylene blue. J. Tek. Sci. Eng. 67(2), 37–44. DOI: 10.11113/jt.v67.2731.10.11113/jt.v67.2731
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
24. Theydan, S.K. & Ahmed, M.J. (2012). Adsorption of methylene blue onto biomass-based activated carbon by FeCl₃ activation: Equilibrium, kinetics and thermodynamic studies. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrol. 97, 116–122. DOI: 10.1016/j.jaap.2012.05.008.10.1016/j.jaap.2012.05.008
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
25. Li, Y., Du, Q., Liu, T., Peng, X., Wang, J., Sun, J., Wang, Y., Wu, S., Wang, Z., Xia, Y. & Xia, L. (2013). Comparative study of methylene blue dye adsorption onto activated carbon, graphene oxide and carbon nanotubes. Chem. Eng. Res. Des. 91(2), 361–368. DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2012.07.007.10.1016/j.cherd.2012.07.007
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
26. Ahmed, M.J. & Dhedan, S.K. (2012). Equilibrium isotherms and kinetics modeling of methylene blue adsorption on agricultural wastes-based activated carbons. Fluid Phase Equilibr. 317, 9–14. DOI: 10.1016/j.fluid.2011.12.026.10.1016/j.fluid.2011.12.026
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
27. Foo, K.Y. & Hameed, B.H. (2012). Adsorption characteristics of industrial solid waste derived activated carbon prepared by microwave heating for methylene blue. Fuel Process. Technol. 99, 103–109. DOI: 10.1016/j.fuproc.2012.01.031.10.1016/j.fuproc.2012.01.031
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
28. Foo, K.Y. & Hameed, B.H. (2012). Microwave-assisted preparation and adsorption performance of activated carbon from biodiesel industry solid reside: Influence of operational parameters. Bioresour. Technol. 103(1), 398–404. DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2011.09.116.10.1016/j.biortech.2011.09.11622050840
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
29. Lin, L., Zhai, S.R., Xiao, Z.Y., Song, Y., An, Q.D. & Song, X.W. (2013). Dye adsorption of mesoporous activated carbons produced from NaOH-pretreated rice husks. Bioresour. Technol. 136, 437–443. DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2013.03.048.10.1016/j.biortech.2013.03.04823567714
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
30. Foo, K.Y. & Hameed, B.H. (2012). Mesoporous activated carbon from wood sawdust by K₂CO₃ activation using microwave heating. Bioresour. Technol. 111, 425–432. DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.01.141.10.1016/j.biortech.2012.01.14122386466
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
31. Chiu, K.L. & Ng, D.H.L. (2012). Synthesis and characterization of cotton-made activated carbon fiber and its adsorption of methelyne blue in water treatment. Biomass Bioenerg. 46, 102–110. DOI: 10.1016/j.biombioe.2012.09.023.10.1016/j.biombioe.2012.09.023
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
32. Foo, K.Y. & Hameed, B.H. (2012). Coconut husk derived activated carbon via microwave induced activation: Effects of activation agents, preparation parameters and adsorption performance. Chem. Eng. J. 184, 57–65. DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2011.12.084.10.1016/j.cej.2011.12.084
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
33. Malina, J. & Radenovic, A. (2014). Kinetic aspects of methylene blue adsorption on blast furnace sludge. Chem. Biochem. Eng. Q. 28(4), 491–498. DOI: 10.15255/CABEQ.2014.19366.10.15255/CABEQ.2014.19366
Search in Google Scholar Back to article

Bio-polishing sludge adsorbents for dye removal

Abstract

Paradigm

My account