Occurrence of microcystins and anatoxin-a in eutrophic lakes of Saint Petersburg, Northwestern Russia

Ekaterina Chernova; Iana Russkikh; Ekaterina Voyakina; Zoya Zhakovskaya

doi:10.1515/ohs-2016-0040

Figures & Tables

Seasonal changes in the total phytoplankton and cyanobacterial biomass in the studied lakes from May to October 2010-2012. A, B, C, Sestroretskij Razliv Lake in 2010, 2011 and 2012, respectively; D, E, F, Lower Suzdal Lake in 2010, 2011 and 2012, respectively

Concentration of extracellular and intracellular cyanotoxins, three main toxin variants, and biomass of dominant species in samples from Lake Sestroretskij Razliv_ MC = microcystin, dm = desmethyl, didm = double desmethyl, *denotes trace concentration (below 50 pg per injection), nd = values below LOD, DW = on a dry-weight basis

Sampling period (number of events)	Concentration of extracellular cyanotoxins in water (µg l )		Concentration of intracellular cyanotoxins in biomass (µg g DW)		Dominant species according to the number of cells	Cyanobacterial biomass (mg l )
Sampling period (number of events)	Total	Three main toxin variants	Total	Three main toxin variants	Dominant species according to the number of cells	Cyanobacterial biomass (mg l )
2010	seasonal median 1.61 (min. 0.11, max 41.37, N=8)		seasonal median 132 (min. 8, max 380, N=8)
June-July (2)	0.10-0.19	dmMC-LR (0.01-0.06), MC-LR (0.03-0.15), MC-YR *	8-51	MC-RR (4-20), MC-LR (2-20)	Dolichospermum flos-aquae, Aphanizomenon flos-aquae, Microcystis wesenbergii, Dolichospermum planctonica	0.73-4.47
July-Aug. (2)	0.16-2.60	dmMC-RR (0.01-1.03), MC-LR (0.08-0.87), MC-YR (nd-0.24)	11-23	MC-RR (6), didmMC-RR (nd-6)	Dolichospermum planctonica	3.19-13.96
Aug.-Sept. (3)	0.61-41.37	dmMC-RR (0.46-38.54), dmMC-LR (0.05-1.65), MC-LR (0.03-1.41)	213-380	MC-RR (51-100), MC-LR (34-80), didmMC-RR (14-104)	Dolichospermum planctonica, Microcystis spp., Aphanizomenon flos-aquae	1.00-5.44
Oct. (1)	13.38	dmMC-RR (6.54), MC-LR (2.80), MC-RR (2.16)	255	dmMC-LR (133), MC-LR (74), dmMC-YR (15)	Aulacoseira italica	0.02
2011	seasonal median 0.08 (min.< 0.003, max 0.70, N=7)		seasonal median 463 (min. < 0.08, max 2095, N=7)
June-Sept. (7)	< 0.10-0.70	MC-RR (nd-0.26), MC-LR (nd-0.21), dmMC-RR (nd-0.28)	< 0.08-2095	MC-LR (nd-306), MC-YR (nd-345), dmMC-RR (nd-1245)	Microcystis spp., Aphanizomenon flos-aquae	2.19-61.94
2012	seasonal median 0.06 (min.< 0.003, max 1.24, N=9)		seasonal median 490 (min. 45, max 2294, N=8)
May (1)	0.06	MC-LR (0.02), MC-RR (0.04)	1377	MC-RR (578), dmMC-RR (349), MC-LR (244)	Microcystis spp., Aphanizomenon flos-aquae	2.33
mid-June (1)	1.24	MC-RR (0.74), MC-LR (0.50)	1859	MC-LR (734), MC-RR (807), MC-LF (112)	Planktothrix agardhii	7.11
end of June (1)	0.12	MC-LR (0.07), MC-RR (0.05)	298	MC-RR (215), MC-LR (78)	Microcystis spp.	0.45
July (2)	<0.10-0.87	MC-LR (0.01-0.31), MC-RR (0.03-0.44), MC-YR (0.01-0.06)	260-489	MC-LR (51-116), MC-RR (186-334), MC-YR (20-36)	Aphanizomenon flos-aquae, Microcystis spp.	2.10-4.84
Aug.-Sept. (4)	<0.10-0.92	MC-LR (nd-0.40), MC-RR (nd-0.29), MC-YR (0.06-0.23)	45-2294	MC-RR (6-995), [L-Ser ]MC-RR (nd-973), MC-LR (8-344)	Microcystis spp.	1.43-11.34

Detected concentrations of extracellular MCs in water and intracellular MCs in biomass samples, cell number and biomass of observed cyanobacterial species in Sestroretskij Razliv Lake in 2011_ * denotes to cell number or biomass <1%_ Aph_ = Aphanizomenon, M_ = Microcystis, D_ = Dolichospermum, P_ = Planktothrix; NA = data not available, ND = not detected (concentration below LOD)

Sestroretskij Razliv Lake, 2011		MC-LR	dmMC-LR	[D-Glu-OCH MC-LR]	MC-RR	dmMC-RR	MC-YR	MC-WR	MC-LW	Total MCs	Cell number of cyanobacterial species, x 10 cells l , (N,%)	Biomass of observed cyanobacterial species, mg l , (B,%)
02 Jun	Water, µg l		0.004			0.003	0.070			0.077	Aph. flos-aquae 5.20 (18%), M. aeruginosa 4.80 (16%), D. smithii 1.20 (4%), D. sp. 1.10 (4%), D. circinale 0.80 (3%), D. spiroides 0.80 (3%), Limnothrix planctonica 0.80 (3%), Aphanocapsa planctonica 0.60 (2%), D. crassum 0.50 (2%), M. wesenbergii 0.28 (1%), D. flos-aquae 0.28 (1%)	Aph. flos-aquae 1.15 (15%), M. aeruginosa 0.31 (4%), D. smithii 0.27 (3%), D. spp. 0.24 (3%), D. spiroides 0.18 (2%), Aphanocapsa planctonica 0.13 (2%), D. crassum 0.11 (2%), D. circinalis 0.08 (1%), M. wesenbergii,* D. flos-aquae,* Limnothrix planctonica*
02 Jun	Bio,µg g dw									ND
27 Jun	Water, µg l									ND	Aph. flos-aquae 8.40 (45%), M. aeruginosa 4.20(23%), D. spiroides 0.98 (5%), M. wesenbergii 0.96 (5%), Woronichinia naegeliana 0.60 (3%), D. smithii 0.50 (3%), D. circinale*	Aph. flos-aquae 1.86 (21%), M. aeruginosa 0.27 (3%), D. spiroides 0.22 (2%), D. smithii 0.11 (1%), M. wesenbergii,* Woronichinia naegeliana,* D. circinale *
27 Jun	Bio,µg g dw									ND
18 Jul	Water, µg l	0.211			0.086	0.044				0.341	M. aeruginosa 576.00 (73%), M. viridis 96.00 (12%), Aph. flos-aquae 64.00 (8 %), M. wesenbergii 57.60 (7%), D. planctonica,* D. spiroides,* Woronichinia naegeliana*	M. aeruginosa 37.70 (60%), M. viridis 6.28 (10%), Aph. flos-aquae 14.14 (23 %), M. wesenbergii 3.77 (6%), D. planctonica,* D. spiroides,* Woronichinia naegeliana*
18 Jul	Bio,µg g dw	264	20	8	188	20	62	17	10	593
01 Aug	Water, µg l		0.008		0.022	0.018				0.048	M. wesenbergii 45.60 (46%), M. aeruginosa 40.80 (41%), Aph. flos-aquae 10.40 (10%), Woronichinia naegeliana,* D. smithii,* D. crassum,* D. spiroides,* Snowella lacustris,* D. circinalis *	M. wesenbergii 10.07 (54%), M. aeruginosa 2.67 (14%), Aph. flos-aquae 2.30 (12%), Woronichinia naegeliana,* D. smithii,* D. crassum,* D. spiroides,* Snowella lacustris,* D. circinalis *
01 Aug	Bio,µg g dw	119	7	5	84	7	29	9	2	266
22 Aug	Water, µg l	0.024			0.025					0.049	M. aeruginosa 21.60 (58%), M. wesenbergii 11.20 (30%), Aph. flos-aquae 0.20 (1%), Woronichinia naegeliana,* Cuspidothrix elenkinii,* D. crassum*	M. aeruginosa 1.41 (29%), M. wesenbergii 0.73 (14%), Aph. flos-aquae,* Woronichinia naegeliana,* Cuspidothrix elenkinii,* D. crassum*
22 Aug	Bio,µg g dw	196	5	5	175	1	62	19		463
19 Sep	Water, µg l	0.066	0.017		0.071	0.004	0.014			0.172	M. aeruginosa 45.60 (61%), Aphanocapsa planctonica 12.00 (16%), M. wesenbergii 8.40 (11%), Aph. flos-aquae 6.00 (8%), P. agardhii 2.10 (3%), D. crassum,* M. viridis,* D. spiroides*	M. aeruginosa 2.98 (45%), Aph. flos-aquae 1.33 (20%), Aphanocapsa planctonica 0.79 (12%), M. wesenbergii 0.55 (8%), P. agardhii 0.14 (2%), D. crassum,* M. viridis,* D.spiroides*
19 Sep	Bio,µg g dw	159	11		335	1245	345			2095
22 Sep	Water, µg l	0.046	0.012		0.263	0.278	0.097			0.696	NA	NA
22 Sep	Bio,µg g dw	306	21		142	43	29			541	NA	NA

Detected concentrations of extracellular MCs in water and intracellular MCs in biomass samples, cell number and biomass of observed cyanobacterial species in Lower Suzdal Lake in 2010_ * denotes to cell number or biomass <1%_ Aph_ = Aphanizomenon, M_ = Microcystis, D_ = Dolichospermum, P_ = Planktothrix; NA = data not available

Lower Suzdal Lake, 2010		MC- LR	dmMC-LR	]MC-LR [L-Ser	MC-RR	dmMC-RR	]MC-RR [L-Ser	MC-YR	dmMC-YR	MC-WR	Total MCs	Anatoxin-a	Cell number of cyanobacterial species, x 10 cells l , (N,%)	Biomass of cyanobacterial species, mg l , (B,%)
11 Jun	Water, µg l	0.135	0.047	0.022		0.006	0.176				0.386		Aph. flos-aquae 0.03 (1%)	Aph. flos-aquae *
11 Jun	Bio, µg g dw	5			2						7		Aph. flos-aquae 0.03 (1%)	Aph. flos-aquae *
28 Jun	Water, µg l					0.007	0.007				0.014	0.160	P. agardhii 100.80 (58%), Aph. flos-aquae 70.40 (40%), D. planctonica,* M. aeruginosa,* Merismopedia punctate*	Aph. flos-aquae 6.91 (37%), P. agardhii 6.60 (35%), D. planctonica,* M. aeruginosa,* Merismopedia punctate*
28 Jun	Bio, µg g dw	2			2						4
15 Jul	Water, µg l	0.089	0.079	0.255	0.021	0.357	0.315	0.564			1.680	0.540	P. agardhii 99.60 (94%), M. wesenbergii 2.40 (3%), D. planctonica 0.65 (1%), Aphanocapsa planctonica 0.60 (1%), Synechocystis crassa*	P. agardhii 6.52 (33%), M. wesenbergii 0.16 (1%), D. planctonica 0.14 (1%), Aphanocapsa planctonica,* Synechocystis crassa*
15 Jul	Bio, µg g dw	5	3		2	11			7	2	30
02 Aug	Water, µg l	0.010	0.036	0.023		0.005	0.230				0.304		P. agardhii 4.20 (78%), M. wesenbergii 0.33 (6%), Cuspidothrix elenkini,* D. planctonica*	P. agardhii 0.27 (14%), M. wesenbergii 0.02 (1%), Cuspidothrix elenkini,* D. planctonica*
02 Aug	Bio, µg g dw	3	3		6	6		1	2	8	29
16 Aug	Water, µg l	0.035	0.078	0.047	0.018	0.081	0.079	0.098			0.436		NA	NA
16 Aug	Bio, µg g dw	67	10		98	1		22	31	5	234		NA	NA
09 Sep	Water, µg l	0.031	0.115		0.025	0.262	0.131				0.564		M. wesenbergii 1.80 (68%), Aph. flos-aquae 0.04 (1%), P. agardhii 0.02 (1%)	M.wesenbergii 0.12 (2%), P. agardhii,* Aph. flos-aquae*
09 Sep	Bio, µg g dw	1									1			M.wesenbergii 0.12 (2%), P. agardhii,* Aph. flos-aquae*
27 Sep	Water, µg l	0.049	0.454	0.123	0.199	0.954	0.874	0.089	0.143		2.885		M. wesenbergii 0.30 (5%), P. agardhii 0.15 (3%), Aph. flos-aquae, D. planctonica**	Aph. flos-aquae, M. wesenbergii*, P. agardhii, D. planctonica*
27 Sep	Bio, µg g dw					12			6		18

Abundance and biomass of the observed taxonomic groups in the studied lakes in the period of 2010-2012

S1A
Sestroretskij Razliv Lake, 2010
Date	Groups	Abundance (×10 cell l )	Abundance (%)	Biomass (mg l )	Biomass (%)
16-Jun-2010	Cyanoprokaryota	60.8	96	4.47	42
	Cryptophyceae	1.1	2	2.70	26
	All groups	63.3	100	10.55	100
1-Jul-2010	Cyanoprokaryota	6.4	41	0.73	2
	Cryptophyceae	1.8	12	3.73	11
	Diatomophyceae	5.0	32	9.80	29
	Chlorophyta	2.3	15	19.47	57
	All groups	15.5	100	34.13	100
23-Jul-2010	Cyanoprokaryota	8.3	43	3.19	9
	Chlorophyta	10.9	56	30.89	88
	All groups	19.4	100	35.09	100
05-Aug-2010	Cyanoprokaryota	72.2	86	13.96	19
	Chlorophyta	10.0	12	56.71	75
	All groups	83.5	100	75.26	100
16-Aug-2010	Cyanoprokaryota	62.5	67	5.44	12
	Chlorophyta	12.0	13	32.28	70
	All groups	93.7	100	46.36	100
21-Sep-2010	Cyanoprokaryota	15.0	89	1.05	19
	Cryptophyceae	1.5	3	9.05	63
	All groups	16.9	100	5.47	100
7-Oct-2010	Cyanoprokaryota	0.2	5	0.02	0.4
	Cryptophyceae	0.8	30	1.57	29
	Diatomophyceae	2.1	65	2.98	56
	All groups	3.2	100	5.34	100

Detected concentrations of extracellular MCs in wat er and intracellular MCs in biomass samples, cell number and biomass of obse rved cyanobacterial species in Sestroretskij Razliv Lake in 2010_

Sestroretskij Razliv Lake, 2010		MC-LR	dmMC-LR	didmMC-LR	[L-Ser⁷]MC-LR	[L-MeSer][-MC-LR]	MC-RR	dmMC-RR	didm-MC-RR	[L-Ser]-MC-RR	MC-YR	dmMC-YR	MC-LF	MC-HtyR	MC-YA	Total MCs	Cell number of cyanobacterial species, × 10⁶ cells l^–1, (N,%)	Biomass of cyanobacterial species, mg l^–1, (B,%)
16 Jun	Water, µg l^–1	0.153	0.009		0.006		0.014						0.007			0.189	Aph. flos-aquae 36.8 (58 %), D. flos-aquae 20.8 (33%), D. planctonica 1.3 (2%), D. spiroides 1.05 (2%), D. crassum 0.8 (1 %), Snowella lacustris*	Aph. flos-aquae 2.41 (23 %), D. flos-aquae 1.36 (13%), D. planctonica 0.29 (3%), D. spiroides 0.23 (2%), D. crassum 0.18 (2 %), Snowella lacustris*
16 Jun	Bio, µg g^–1 dw	20			3	3	20		1	1	1					51
01 Jul	Water, µg l^–1	0.028	0.055				0.003				0.025					0.111	M. wesenbergii 4.40 (28%), Aph. flos-aquae 1.00 (6%), P. agardhii 0.60 (4%), D. planctonica 0.26 (2%), D. spiroides ,* D. crassum *	M. wesenbergii 0.29 (1%), Aph. flos-aquae 0.22 (1%), P. agardhii,* D. planctonicum,* D. spiroides*
01 Jul	Bio, µg g^–1 dw	2	2				4									8
23 Jul	Water, µg l^–1	0.054	0.028					0.012								0.094	D. planctonica 5.6 (29%), D. spiroides 1.05 (5%), Aph. flos-aquae 0.4 (2%), Limnothrix planctonica 0.4 (2%), M. aeruginosa 0.52 (3%), M. wesenbergii 0.36 (2%)	D. planctonica 2.93 (8%), D. spiroides,* Aph. flos-aquae,* Limnothrix planctonica,* M. aeruginosa,* M. wesenbergii *
23 Jul	Bio, µg g^–1 dw	3	2				6				1					11
05 Aug	Water, µg l^–1	0.874	0.238		0.053		0.158	1.032			0.241		0.003			2.599	D. planctonica 52.00 (62%), Limnothrix planctonica 9.20 (11%), Aph. flos-aquae 2.80 (3%), D. crassum 2.70 (3 %), M. wesenbergii 2.40 (3%), Cuspidothrix issatschenk 1.80 (2%), D. spiroides 1.10 (1%), M. aeruginosa *	D. planctonica 11.49 (15%), D. crassum 1.49 (2%), Limnothrix planctonica,* Aph. flos-aquae,* M. wesenbergii,* Cuspidothrix issatschenk,* D. spiroides,* M. aeruginosa *
05 Aug	Bio, µg g^–1 dw	3							2					1		23
16 Aug	Water, µg l^–1	0.830	0.945			0.042	0.840	38.542			0.165		0.006			41.370	Limnothrix planctonica 18.60 (20%), D. planctonica 15.70 (17%), Aph. flos-aquae 12.60 (13%), D. spiroides 7.50 (8%), M. wesenbergii 4.80 (5%), M. aeruginosa 2.50 (3%), P. agardhii 0.75 (1%)	Aph. flos-aquae 2.78 (6%), D. planctonicum 1.03 (2%), Limnothrix planctonica 0.61 (1%), D. spiroides 0.49 (1%), M. wesenbergii,* M. aeruginosa,* P. agardhii *
16 Aug	Bio, µg g^–1 dw	80	0				100		49	8	19	3				256
06 Sep	Water, µg l^–1	1.410	1.650		0.020		0.451	12.490			0.036					16.057	NA	NA
06 Sep	Bio, µg g^–1 dw	34	53	1			51		14		10	14			36	213	NA	NA
21 Sep	Water, µg l^–1	0.030	0.050		0.055		0.017	0.459								0.611	M. wesenbergii 7.20 (43%), M. aeruginosa 6.40 (38%), P. agardhii 0.60 (4%), Aph. flos-aquae 0.48 (3%), Planktolyngbya limnetica 0.3 (2%)	M. wesenbergii 0.47 (9%), M. aeruginosa 0.42 (8%), Aph. flos-aquae 0.11 (2%), P. agardhii,* Planktolyngbya limnetica *
21 Sep	Bio, µg g^–1 dw	47	27				90		104		33	13		65		380
07 Oct	Water, µg l^–1	2.802	1.425				2.160	6.543			0.248	0.200				13.378	M. aeruginosa 0.08 (3%), D. spiroides 0.06 (2%), Aph. flos-aquae *	M. aeruginosa,* D. spiroides,* Aph. flos-aquae*
07 Oct	Bio, µg g^–1 dw	74	133	3			14		3		14	15				255		M. aeruginosa,* D. spiroides,* Aph. flos-aquae*

The number and structure of microcystin (MC) variants identified in Sestroretskij Razliv and in Lower Suzdal Lake in 2010–2012

Year	MCs in Razliv (total variants 14)	MCs in Suzdal (total variants 9)
2010	dmMC-LRMC-LRdidmMC-RRdmMC-RRMC-RRMC-YR,[L-Ser⁷]MC-LR[L-MeSer⁷]MC-LRMC-YAMC-HtyRMC-LF	dmMC-LRMC-LR[L-Ser⁷]MC-LRdmMC-RRMC-RR[L-Ser⁷]MC-RRMC-YRMC-WR
2011	dm-MC-LRMC-LRdm-MC-RRMC-RRMC-YRMC-WRMC-LW	dm-MC-LRMC-LRdm-MC-RRMC-RRdmMC-YRMC-YRMC-LW
2012	dmMC-LRMC-LRdidmMC-RRdmMC-RRMC-RR[L-Ser⁷]MC-RRdmMC-YRMC -YRMC-LF	MC-LRdmMC-RRMC-RRMC-YR

Detected concentrations of extracellular MCs in water and intracellular MCs in biomass samples, cell number and biomass of observed cyanobacterial species in Sestroretskij Razliv Lake in 2012_ * denotes to cell number or biomass <1%_ Aph_ = Aphanizomenon, M_ = Microcystis, D_ = Dolichospermum, P_ = Planktothrix; NA = data not available, ND = not detected (concentration below LOD)

Sestroretskij Razliv Lake, 2012		MC-LR	dmMC-LR	MC-RR	didmMC-RR	dmMC-RR	]MC-RR [L-Ser	MC -YR	dmMC-YR	MC-LF	Total MCs	Cell number of cyanobacterial species, x 10 cells l , (N,%)	Biomass of cyanobacterial species, mg l , (B,%)
28 May	Water, µg l	0.015		0.035							0.050	M. aeruginosa 8.40 (28%), Aph. flos-aquae 4.20 (14%), D. circinalis 3.80 (13%), M. wesenbergii 1.60 (5%), D. spiroides 0.41 (1%), D. planctonica 0.40 (1%), Cuspidothrix elenkinii 0.40 (1%), Limnothrix planctonica, D.crassum* *	M. aeruginosa 0.55 (2%), Aph. flos-aquae 0.93(4%), D. circinale 0.37 (1%), M. wesenbergii,* D. spiroides,* D. planctonica,* Cuspidothrix elenkinii,* Limnothrix planctonica,* D. crassum*
28 May	Bio, µg g dw	244	71	578	16	349		81	37	1	1377
14 Jun	Water, µg l	0.495		0.735		0.005		0.008			1.243	Limnothrix planctonica 43.20 (37%), P. agardhii 28.80 (24%), Planktolyngbia spp. 8.00 (7%), D. spiroides 7.20 (6%), M. aeruginosa 4.20 (4%), D. circinalis 4.00 (3%), M. wesenbergii 3.60 (3%), D. planctonica 2.40 (2%), D. crassum 1.10 (1%), Aph. flos-aquae 0.80 (1%)	Limnothrix planctonica 1.84 (7%), P. agardhii 1.88 (7%), D. planctonica 1.26 (5%), D. spiroides 0.47 (2%), D. circinalis 0.39 (2%), M. aeruginosa 0.27 (1%), Planktolyngbia spp. 0.34 (1%), M. wesenbergii,* D. crassum, Aph. flos-aquae* *
14 Jun	Bio, µg g dw	743	78	807	12	89		6	22	112	1859
24 Jun	Water, µg l	0.067		0.054							0.121	M. wesenbergii 2.80 (38%), Aph. flos-aquae 0.90 (12%), D. spiroides 0.55 (7%), M. aeruginosa 0.30 (4 %), Limnothrix planctonica 0.20 (3%), D. viguerii 0.06 (1%), P. agardhii *	M. wesenbergii 0.18 (4%), Aph. flos-aquae 0.20 (4%), D. spiroides,* M. aeruginosa,* Limnothrix planctonica,* D. viguerii,* P. agardhii*
24 Jun	Bio, µg g dw	78		215				5			298
5 Jul	Water, µg l	0.014		0.030				0.009			0.053	Aph. flos-aquae 6.40 (38%), M. aeruginosa 4.80 (28%), M. wesenbergii 4.80 (28%), D. spiroides 0.43 (3%), Cryptomonas rostrate 0.14 (1%), D. planctonica ,* Synechocystis crassum*	Aph. flos-aquae 1.41 (38%), M. aeruginosa 0.31 (9%), M. wesenbergii 0.31 (9%), D. spiroides,* D. planctonica,* Synechocystis crassum*
5 Jul	Bio, µg g dw	116		334		3		36			489
20 Jul	Water, µg l	0.315		0.438		0.053		0.061			0.867	Aph. flos-aquae 30.40 (52%), M. wesenbergii 13.60 (23%), M. viridis 10.40 (18%), M. aeruginosa 4.20 (7%), P.agardhii,* D. planctonica,* D. spiroides*	Aph. flos-aquae 2.98 (47%), M. wesenbergii 0.89 (14%), M. viridis 0.68 (11%), M. aeruginosa 0.27 (4%), P. agardhii,* D. planctonica,* D. spiroides*
20 Jul	Bio, µg g dw	51		186		3		20			260
2 Aug	Water, µg l	0.399		0.289				0.228			0.916	M. viridis 10.80 (51%), M. wesenbergii 6.00 (28%), M. aeruginosa 3.60 (17%), Aph. flos-aquae 0.40 (2%), D. spiroides,* Synechocystis crassa*	M. viridis 0.71 (28%), M. wesenbergii 0.39 (15%), M. aeruginosa 0.24 (9%), Aph. flos-aquae 0.09 (3%), D. spiroides *
2 Aug	Bio, µg g dw	308		880		2	973	131			2294
13 Aug	Water, µg l										ND	M. aeruginosa 8.00 (40%), M. wesenbergii 8.00 (40%), M. viridis 1.60 (8%), Aph. flos-aquae 1.30 (7%), Limnothrix planctonica*	M. aeruginosa 0.52 (13%), M. wesenbergii 0.52(13%), Aph. flos-aquae 0.29 (7%), M. viridis 0.10 (3%), Limnothrix planctonica*
13 Aug	Bio, µg g dw	344		995		2	1	124			1466
3 Sep	Water, µg l							0.058			0.058	M. viridis 76.80 (43%), M. wesenbergii 57.60 (32%), M. aeruginosa 38.40 (22%), Aph. flos-aquae*	M. viridis 5.03 (24%), M. wesenbergii 3.77 (18%), M. aeruginosa 2.51 (12%), Aph. flos-aquae*
3 Sep	Bio, µg g dw	14	2	35		11		7	1		70
13 Sep	Water, µg l										ND	M. wesenbergii 43.20 (59%), M. aeruginosa 16.00 (22%), M. viridis 4.80 (7%), Aph. flos-aquae 4.00 (5%), D. crassum,* Woronichinia naegeliana*	M. wesenbergii 2.83 (18%), M. aeruginosa 1.05(7%), M. viridis 0.31 (2%), Aph. flos-aquae 0.39 (2%), D. crassum,* Woronichinia naegeliana*
13 Sep	Bio, µg g dw	8	7	6	1	14		3	6		45

Detected concentrations of extracellular MCs in water and intracellular MCs in biomass samples, cell number and biomass of observed cyanobacterial species in Lower Suzdal Lake in 2011_ * denotes to cell number or biomass <1%_ Aph_ = Aphanizomenon, M_ = Microcystis, D_ = Dolichospermum, P_ = Planktothrix; NA = data not available

Lower Suzdal Lake, 2011		MC-LR	dmMC-LR	MC-RR	dmMC-RR	MC-YR	dmMC-YR	MC-LW	Total ??s	Anatoxin-a	Cell number of cyanobacterial species, x 10 cells l , (N,%)	Biomass of cyanobacterial species, mg l , (B,%)
6 Jun	Water, µg l		0.006	0.008	0.002				0.016		P. agardhii 4.50 (54%), M. aeruginosa 1.38 (17%), Aph. flos-aquae 0.60 (7%), M. wesenbergii 0.15 (2%), Aphanocapsa planctonica 0.12 (1%)	P. agardhii 0.29 (5%), M. aeruginosa 0.09 (2%), Aph. flos-aquae 0.04(1%), M. wesenbergii,* Aphanocapsa planctonica*
6 Jun	Bio, µg g dw
4 Jul	Water, µg l			0.007					0.007	0.139	Limnothrix planctonica 67.20 (52%), P. agardhii 38.40 (30%), Aph. flos-aquae 16.00 (12 %), Aphanocapsa incerta 2.40 (2%), M. wesenbergii 1.80 (1 %), Cuspidothrix elenkinii 1.20 (1%), D. planctonica*	Limnothrix planctonica 2.86 (29%), P. agardhii 2.51 (30%), Aph. flos-aquae 1.57 (16 %), Aphanocapsa incerta 0.16 (2%), M. wesenbergii 0.12 (1 %), Cuspidothrix elenkinii 0.20 (2%), D. planctonica*
4 Jul	Bio, µg g dw			1	3				4	30
11 Jul	Water, µg l			0.008					0.008	0.266	P. agardhii 31.20 (60%), Aph. flos-aquae 18.00 (35%), M. wesenbergii 0.60 (1%), Aphanocapsa planctonica 0.42 (1%), Limnothrix planctonica,* D. planctonica,* D. spiroides*	P. agardhii 0.51 (9%), Aph. flos-aquae 1.18 (20%), M. wesenbergii,* Aphanocapsa planctonica,* Limnothrix planctonica,* D. planctonica,* D. spiroides*
11 Jul	Bio, µg g dw							4	4
21 Jul	Water, µg l	0.054	0.009	0.203	0.138				0.404		P. agardhii 168.00 (79%), Aph. flos-aquae 16.00 (8%), Limnothrix planctonica 16.00 (8%), Cuspidothrix elenkinii 6.40 (3%), M. wesenbergii 4.80 (2%), D. planctonica,* D. spiroides*	P. agardhii 11.00 (53%), Aph. flos-aquae 3.53 (17%), Limnothrix planctonica 0.68 (3%), Cuspidothrix elenkinii 1.09 (5%), M. wesenbergii 0.31 (2%), D. planctonica,* D. spiroides*
21 Jul	Bio, µg g dw	225	17	71	24	351	3	7	698
5 Aug	Water, µg l	0.006		0.006					0.012	0.240	NA	NA
5 Aug	Bio, µg g dw	33	15	28	23	16	5		121		NA	NA
5 Sep	Water, µg l	0.0011	0.007	0.018	0.029				0.065		P. agardhii 432.00 (98.5%), M. aeruginosa 2.40 (1%), M. wesenbergii,* Aphanocapsa planctonica,* Woronichinia naegeliana,* Snowella lacustris,* D. circinalis*	P. agardhii 7.07 (56%), M. aeruginosa 0.16 (1%), M. wesenbergii 0.10 (1%), Aphanocapsa planctonica,* Woronichinia naegeliana,* Snowella lacustris,* D. circinalis*
5 Sep	Bio, µg g dw	41	13	32	35	19			142
29 Sep	Water, µg l				0.070				0.007		P. agardhii 336.00 (97%), Aphanocapsa planctonica 4.80 (1%), Woronichinia karelica 3.90 (1%), Aphanocapsa holsatica,* M. aeruginosa,* M. wesenbergii*	P. agardhii 8.25 (77%), Aphanocapsa planctonica 0.31 (3%), Woronichinia karelica 0.13 (1%), Aphanocapsa holsatica,* M. aeruginosa,* M. wesenbergi*
29 Sep	Bio, µg g dw	28	26	31	34		2		121

Concentration of extracellular and intracellular cyanotoxins, three main toxin variants, and biomass of dominant species in samples from Lower Suzdal Lake_ MC = microcystin, AN = anatoxin-a, dm = desmethyl, *denotes trace concentration (below 50 pg per injection), nd = values below LOD, DW = on a dry-weight basis_

Sampling period (number of events)	Concentration of extracellular cyanotoxins in water (µg l )		Concentration of intracellular cyanotoxins in biomass (µg g DW)		Dominant species according to the number of cells	Cyanobacterial biomass (mg l )
Sampling period (number of events)	Total	Three main toxin variants	Total	Three main toxin variants	Dominant species according to the number of cells	Cyanobacterial biomass (mg l )
2010	seasonal median 0.44 (min. 0.01, max 2.89, N=7)		seasonal median 18 (min. 1, max 234, N=7)
mid-June (1)	0.39	[L-Ser ]-MC-RR (0.18), MC-LR (0,14), dmMC-LR (0.05)	7	MC-LR (5), MC-RR (2)	Aphanizomenon flos-aquae (0.5%)	0.01
end of June-Aug. (4)	<0.10-1.68	dmMC-RR (0.01-0.36), [L-Ser ]-MC-RR (0.01-0.32), AN (nd-0.54)	4-234	MC-RR (2-98), MC-LR (2-7), MC-WR (2-8)	Planktothrix agardhii, Aphanizomenon flos-aquae	0.30-13.57
Sept. (2)	0.56-2.89	[L-Ser ]MC-RR (0.13-0.87), dmMC-RR (0.26-0.95), dmMC-LR (0.12-0.45)	1-18	dmMC-RR (nd-12), dmMC-YR (nd-6)	Microcystis spp.	0.03-0.13
2011	seasonal median 0.02 (min. 0.01, max 0.40, N=7)		seasonal median 120 (min.< 0.08, max 700, N=7)
June-July (4)	<0.10-0.40	AN (nd-0.27), MC-RR (0.01-0.20), dmMC-RR (nd-0.14)	< 0.08-698	MC-LR (nd-225), MC-YR (nd-351), MC-LW (4-7), AN (nd-30)	Aphanizomenon flos-aquae, Planktothrix agardhii	0.43-16.72
Aug.-Sept. (3)	<0.10-0.24	AN (nd-0.24), MC-RR, dmMC-RR	121-142	MC-LR (28-41), MC-RR (31-32), dmMC-RR (34-35)	Planktothrix agardhii	7.38-8.78
2012	seasonal median 0.05 (min.< 0.003, max 0.71, N=8)		seasonal median 250 (min. 50, max 1800, N=8)
June-July (5)	<0.10-0.70	dmMC-RR (0.05-0.60), MC-RR (nd-0.22), MC-LR (nd-0.21)	51-470	MC-RR (33-318), MC-LR (8-121), dmMC-RR (1-97)	Planktothrix agardhii	2.75-26.03
Aug.-Sept. (3)	<0.10	MC-RR, MC-LR	50-1796	MC-RR (15-1345), MC-LR (26-353), MC-YR (9-116)	Microcystis spp.	0.36-0.44

Detected concentrations of extracellular MCs in water and intracellular MCs in biomass samples, cell number and biomass of observed cyanobacterial species in Lower Suzdal Lake in 2012_ * denotes to cell number or biomass <1%_ Aph_ = Aphanizomenon, M_ = Microcystis, D_ = Dolichospermum, P_ = Planktothrix; NA = data not available

Lower Suzdal Lake, 2012		MC- LR	MC -RR	dmMC-RR	MC- YR	Total ??s	Cell number of cyanobacterial species, x10 cells l , (N,%)	Biomass of cyanobacterial species, mg l , (B,%)
05 Jun	Water, µg l		0.002	0.045		0.047	P. agardhii 40.80 (95%), M. aeruginosa 0.60 (1%), Aph. flos-aquae *	P.agardhii 2.67 (39%), M.aeruginosa,* Aph.flos-aquae*
05 Jun	Bio, µg g dw	21	33	97	10	161		P.agardhii 2.67 (39%), M.aeruginosa,* Aph.flos-aquae*
21 Jun	Water, µg l		0.010	0.618		0.628	P. agardhii 302.40 (95%), Aph. flos-aquae 4.80 (2%), M.aeruginosa,* M. wesenbergii*	P.agardhii 19.79 (62%), Aph.flos-aquae 1.06 (3%), M.aeruginosa,* M.wesenbergii*

	Bio, µg g dw	8	33	5	5	51
06 Jul	Water, µg l	0.031	0.124	0.528	0.022	0.705	P. agardhii 100.80 (92 %), Aph. flos-aquae 4.00 (4%), M.wesenbergii 0.60 (1%), M. aeruginosa,* Snowella lacustris*	P. agardhii 6.60 (51 %), Aph. flos-aquae 0.88 (7%), M.wesenbergii,* M.aeruginosa,* Snowella lacustris*
06 Jul	Bio, µg g dw	69	221	11	13	315
23 Jul	Water, µg l		0.010	0.048		0.058	P. agardhii 384.00 (94%), M. aeruginosa 12.00 (3%), Cuspidothrix elenkinii,* Aph. flos-aquae,* Limnothrix planctonica,* Synechocystis crassa*	P. agardhii 25.13 (39%), M. aeruginosa 0.79 (1%), Cuspidothrix elenkinii,* Aph. flos-aquae,* Limnothrix planctonica*
23 Jul	Bio, µg g dw	121	318	1	30	470
30 Jul	Water, µg l	0.208	0.218	0.099	0.020	0.545	P. agardhii 278.40 (94%), M. aeruginosa 6.40 (2%)	P. agardhii 18.22 (26%), M. aeruginosa 0.42 (1%)
30 Jul	Bio, µg g dw	46	131	2	12	191	P. agardhii 278.40 (94%), M. aeruginosa 6.40 (2%)	P. agardhii 18.22 (26%), M. aeruginosa 0.42 (1%)
16 Aug	Water, µg l	0.002				0.002	M. aeruginosa 5.60 (35%), Snowella lacustris 0.60 (4%), P.agardhii 0.27 (2%), Limnothrix planctonica 0.20 (1%), Cuspidothrix elenkinii ,* Aph. flos-aquae,* Oscillatoria tenuis ,* Synechocystis crassa*	M. aeruginosa 0.37 (1%), Snowella lacustris,* P.agardhii,* Limnothrix planctonica,* Cuspidothrix elenkinii,* Aph. flos-aquae*
16 Aug	Bio, µg g dw	26	15		9	50
06 Sep	Water, µg l	0.003	0.003			0.006	M. aeruginosa 3.60 (61%), M. wesenbergii 1.40 (24%), P. agardhii 0.30 (5%), Snowella lacustris 0.12 (2%), Aph. flos-aquae 0.04 (1%)	M. aeruginosa 0.24 (3%), M. wesenbergii 0.09 (1%), P.agardhii ,* Snowella lacustris,* Aph. flos-aquae*
06 Sep	Bio, µg g dw	353	1345	2	96	1796
12 Sep	Water, µg l		0.004			0.004	NA	NA
12 Sep	Bio, µg g dw	262	695	2	116	1075	NA	NA

Occurrence of microcystins and anatoxin-a in eutrophic lakes of Saint Petersburg, Northwestern Russia

Figures & Tables

Figure 1

Abundance and biomass of the observed taxonomic groups in the studied lakes in the period of 2010-2012

Detected concentrations of extracellular MCs in wat er and intracellular MCs in biomass samples, cell number and biomass of obse rved cyanobacterial species in Sestroretskij Razliv Lake in 2010_

The number and structure of microcystin (MC) variants identified in Sestroretskij Razliv and in Lower Suzdal Lake in 2010–2012

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