Soil aggregation and soil organic matter in conventionally and organically farmed Austrian Chernozems / Bodenaggregation und organische Substanz in konventionell und biologisch bewirtschafteten österreichischen Tschernosemböden

Sandén, Taru; Lair, Georg J.; van Leeuwen, Jeroen P.; Gísladóttir, Guðrún; Bloem, Jaap; Ragnarsdóttir, Kristín Vala; Steffens, Markus; Blum, Winfried E.H.

doi:10.1515/boku-2017-0004

Figures & Tables

The distributions of micro- (<20 µm, and 20-250 µm) and macroaggregates (>250 µm) in A) 0-15 cm, and B) 30-40cm.Abbildung 1. Die Verteilung der Mikro- (<20 µm und 20-250 µm) und Makroaggregate (>250 µm) in A) 0-15 cm und B) 30-40cm.

The C and N distribution within particle-size fractions and C:N ratios of different soil fractions in A, C, E) 0-15 cm, and B, D, F) 30-40 cm. (Note: The C content of each fraction was calculated by taking total soil C as the sum of the C associated with all separate particle-size fractions, including POM fractions).Abbildung 2. Verteilung von C und N in den Korngrößenfraktionen und das C/N-Verhältnis der verschiedenen Bodenfraktionen in A, C, E) 0-15 cm und B, D, F) 30-40 cm. (Anmerkung: Der C-Gehalt jeder Fraktion wurde berechnet, indem der gesamte C aus der Summe des mit allen Korngrößenfraktionen, einschließlich POM-assoziierten C, berechnet wurde).

Mean weight diameter (MWD) of ultrasound stable sand corrected aggregates (<5 mm), free particulate organic matter (fPOM) and occluded particulate organic matter (oPOM) in the studied sites (n=3)_Tabelle 2_ Mittlerer gewichteter Durchmesser (MWD) von Ultraschallstabilen Aggregaten (<5 mm), freier partikulärer organischer Substanz ((fPOM)) und okkludierter partikulärer organischer Substanz (oPOM) an den untersuchten Standorten (n=3)_

	Depth (cm)	Org-OB	Con-OB	Org-LA	Con-LA
fPOM (g kg^-1)	0-15	3.57	3.36	5.86	3.85
	30-40	1.57	2.52	2.84	2.22
oPOM (g kg^-1)	0-15	3.34	3.05	3.79	2.46
	30-40	1.51	1.86	1.27	1.35
MWD (mm)	0-15	7.64	9.98	3.82	4.50
	30-40	6.65	8.85	8.42	11.9

Pearson correlation coefficients between the free particulate organic matter (fPOM), occluded particulate organic matter (oPOM), soil aggregate fractions, mean weight diameter (MWD) and soil properties (n=12)_Tabelle 3_ Korrelationskoeffizienten (nach Pearson) zwischen der freien partikulären organischen Substanz ((fPOM)), der okkludierten partikulären organischen Substanz (oPOM), Bodenaggregatgrößen, mittlerem gewichteten Durchmesser (MWD) und allgemeinen Bodenparametern (n=12)_

	0-15 cm						30-40 cm
	fPOM	oPOM	<20µm	20-250 µm	>250 µm	MWD(mm)	fpOM	oPOM	<20µm	>250 µm	>250 µm	MWD(mm)

sand	-0.385	0.111	-0.364	-0.643*	0.697*	0.622*	0.052	0.373	0.059	0.407	-0.401	-0.592*
silt	0.407	-0.110	0.413	0.615*	-0.717**	-0.644*	-0.029	-0.282	-0.111	-0.373	0.410	0.586*
clay	0.196	-0.105	0.020	0.711**	-0.475	-0.398	-0.119	-0.597*	0.138	-0.423	0.268	0.465
PH (H₂O)	0.723**	0.296	0.352	0.527	-0.620*	-0.601*	0.186	-0.447	0.214	0.004	-0.164	-0.041
OC	-0.050	-0.357	-0.018	0.467	-0.284	-0.261	-0.279	-0.132	-0.190	-0.168	0.297	0.401
N_t	-0.109	-0.060	-0.299	0.640*	-0.181	-0.115	-0.301	0.021	-0.319	-0.053	0.295	0.313
CaCO₃	0.466	-0.036	0.354	0.580*	-0.650*	-0.593*	0.022	-0.634*	0.333	-0.502	0.185	0.393
K	0.336	0.189	0.190	-0.010	-0.144	-0.125	0.249	0.008	-0.243	-0.120	0.283	0.308
P	-0.611*	-0.040	-0.427	-0.698*	0.784**	0.762*	-0.027	0.702*	-0.591*	0.278	0.203	0.073
CEC	0.020	0.004	-0.194	0.512	-0.181	-0.131	-0.147	-0.211	-0.321	-0.048	0.292	0.330
BD	-0.104	-0.194	0.111	-0.381	0.162	0.103	0.388	0.505	-0.319	0.000	0.229	0.091
Fe_d	-0.648*	-0.117	-0.404	-0.544	0.668*	0.636*	-0.300	0.242	-0.168	0.189	-0.032	-0.183
Mn_d	-0.682*	-0.216	-0.255	-0.435	0.485	0.468	-0.196	0.554	-0.582*	0.326	0.159	0.040
Al_d	-0.727**	0.283	-0.394	-0.392	0.565	0.563	-0.294	0.003	0.083	0.082	-0.128	-0.152
Fe_o	-0.651*	-0.403	-0.239	-0.594*	0.576	0.576*	0.274	0.600*	-0.688*	0.141	0.390	0.338
Mn_o	-0.689*	-0.245	-0.183	-0.427	0.425	0.411	-0.154	0.467	-0.425	0.191	0.157	0.081
Al_o	-0.641*	-0.215	-0.285	-0.454	0.519	0.513	-0.373	0.313	-0.284	0.163	0.080	-0.041
Funeal biomass	-0.194	-0.419	-0.260	0.164	0.099	0.102
Active fungi	-0.433	-0.053	-0.438	-0.523	0.678*	0.707*
Bacterial biomass	0.679*	0.547	0.263	0.275	-0.390	-0.439
Mineralizable N	0.872***	0.275	0.504	0.499	-0.719**	-0.734**
Hot-water extractable carbon (HWC)	0.789**	0.111	0.328	0.679*	-0.699*	-0.682*

Integrated chemical shift regions (% of total signal intensity) obtained by 13C CPMAS NMR spectroscopy for the extracted free particulate organic matter (fPOM), occluded particulate organic matter (oPOM), and bulk soil for the studied sites_Tabelle 4 Integral der chemischen Verschiebungen (% der Gesamtsignalintensität) in 13C CPMAS NMR-Spektrokopie für die extrahierte freie partikuläre organische Substanz (fPOM), die okkludierte partikuläre organische Substanz (oPOM) und den Gesamtboden der untersuchten Flächen_

	Depth (cm)	Org-OB	Con-OB	Org-LA	Con-LA
fPOM
Alkyl-C (%)	0-15	15.0	16.7	15.8	16.0
	30-40	15.0	19.0	16.0	17.0
O-Alkyl-C (%)	0-15	49.3	48.7	53.0	43.4
	30-40	37.0	38.1	45.0	48.0
Aryl-C (%)	0-15	23.9	23.1	21.4	26.5
	30-40	33.0	29.4	27.0	25.0
Carboxyl-C (%)	0-15	11.8	11.8	9.84	14.1
	30-40	15.0	13.4	12.0	10.0
Alkyl-C/O-Alkyl-C	0-15	0.34	0.34	0.30	0.37
	30-40	0.41	0.50	0.36	0.35

oPOM
Alkyl-C (%)	0-15	20.1	19.4	18.1	19.0
	30-40	22.5	25.0	17.0	20.0
O-Alkyl-C (%)	0-15	44.6	48.5	46.0	43.5
	30-40	41.5	36.0	36.0	38.0
Aryl-C (%)	0-15	23.9	22.2	24.9	27.1
	30-40	24.4	26.0	32.0	30.0
Carboxyl-C (%)	0-15	11.5	9.92	11.0	10.3
	30-40	11.5	13.0	15.0	12.0
Alkyl-C/O-Alkyl-C	0-15	0.45	0.40	0.39	0.44
	30-40	0.54	0.69	0.47	0.53

Bulk soil
Alkyl-C (%)	0-15	21.4	23.5	20.9	21.4
	30-40	21.9	23.3	19.7	21.4
O-Alkyl-C (%)	0-15	35.6	36.4	36.2	35.4
	30-40	32.5	33.6	29.9	31.6
Aryl-C (%)	0-15	26.4	24.6	27.7	28.3
	30-40	28.1	26.5	32.6	30.5
Carboxyl-C (%)	0-15	16.7	15.5	15.2	14.9
	30-40	17.5	16.6	187.9	16.5
Alkyl-C/O-Alkyl-C	0-15	0.60	0.65	0.58	0.61
	30-40	0.68	0.69	0.66	0.68

Physicochemical and biological properties of the bulk soils studied (n=3)_ Different letters indicate significant differences (Tukey’s post-hoc test, p<0_05)_Tabelle 1_ Physiko-chemische und biologische Eigenschaften der Gesamtböden (n=3)_ Unterschiedliche Buchstaben zeigen statistisch signifikante Unterschiede (Tukey’s Post-Hoc-Test, p<0,05)_

		Obersiebenbrunn	Obersiebenbrunn	Lassee	Lassee
	Depth (cm)	Org-OB	Con-OB	Org-LA	Con-LA
Physical soil properties
sand (g kg^-1)	0-15	444^a	414^a	216^b	194^b
	30-40	426^a	404^a	195^b	153^b
silt (g kg^-1)	0-15	412^b	447^b	617^a	636^a
	30-40	420^b	442^b	602^a	653^a
clay (g kg^-1)	0-15	144	139	167	170
	30-40	154	155	203	194
Chemical soil properties
pH (H₂O)	0-15	7.96^b	7.92^b	8.12^a	8.04^ab
	30-40	8.14^b	8.14^b	8.39^a	8.18^ab
OC (g kg^-1)	0-15	18.0	15.2	18.6	20.0
	30-40	13.1	14.0	13.7	17.3
Nt (g kg^-1)	0-15	1.43	1.37	1.50	1.47
	30-40	1.13	1.17	0.97	1.37
CaCo₃(g kg^-1)	0-15	68.3^b	65.3^b	196^a	197^a
	30-40	143^b	126^b	240^a	219^a
CAL-extractable K (mg kg^-1)	0-15	70.8^b	219^a	205^a	115^a
	30-40	41.7	67.9	97.5	97.6
CAL-extractable P (mg kg^-1)	0-15	107	125	89.4	88.5
	30-40	44.2	34.6	29.3	43.8
CEC (mmolc kg^-1)	0-15	193	183	210	244
	30-40	175	174	180	246
BD (g cm^-3)	0-15	1.54	1.45	1.38	1.40
	30-40	1.44	1.53	1.46	1.44
Fe_d (g kg^-1)	0-15	5090	5150	3250	3910
	30-40	4690^a	4870^a	3530^b	3920^b
Mn_d (g kg^-1)	0-15	310	315	218	259
	30-40	234	251	177	238
Al_d (g kg^-1)	0-15	554^a	575^a	396^b	492^ab
	30-40	499	575	435	480
Fe_o (g kg^-1)	0-15	972	1060	844	940
	30-40	749	868	848	902
Mn_o (g kg^-1)	0-15	280	295	197	239
	30-40	211	228	136	228
Al_o (g kg^-1)	0-15	1290^a	1380^a	1010^b	1160^ab
	30-40	1230^a	1290^a	934^b	1140^ab
Biological soil properties
Fungi (µg C g^-1 dry soil)	0-15	12.7	12.7	10.9	15.1
Active fungi (% of hyphal length)	0-15	2.49^b	14.0^a	0.72^b	1.79^b
Bacterial biomass (µg C g^-1 dry soil)	0-15	44.4	38.3	68.9	38.3
Mineralizable N (mg kg^-1)	0-15	8.07^b	9.40^b	31.0^a	15.2^ab
HWC (µg C g^-1)	0-15	317^b	346^b	510^a	403^ab

Soil aggregation and soil organic matter in conventionally and organically farmed Austrian Chernozems / Bodenaggregation und organische Substanz in konventionell und biologisch bewirtschafteten österreichischen Tschernosemböden

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