Figure 1
Post-simulation session survey results
| Teacher group (n = 16) | Hot-seat group (n = 16) | Observer group (n = 16) | P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| The reality of the simulation sessiona | 4.25 ± 0.58 | 4.37 ± 0.62 | 4.12 ± 0.50 | 0.466 |
| Knowledge gain during preparation perioda | 4.50 ± 0.63 | 3.87 ± 0.88 | 4.19 ± 0.65 | 0.065 |
| Knowledge gain during simulation sessiona | 4.00 ± 0.63 | 4.31 ± 0.47 | 4.19 ± 0.54 | 0.287 |
| Knowledge gain during debriefinga | 4.31 ± 0.70 | 4.37 ± 0.50 | 4.31 ± 0.70 | 0.951 |
| Overall adequate knowledge gaina | 4.18 ± 0.54 | 4.12 ± 0.62 | 4.06 ± 0.44 | 0.808 |
| Overall satisfactiona | 4.37 ± 0.50 | 4.31 ± 0.47 | 4.18 ± 0.46 | 0.511 |
Within group score comparison between pretest, posttest, and retention test for the teacher, hot-seat, and observer groups
| Group | Within group comparison | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Pretest vs posttest score | Pretest vs retention test score | Posttest vs retention test score | |
| Teacher groupa | 3.12 ± 0.39, P < 0.001 | 2.06 ± 0.73, P = 0.039 | 1.06 ± 0.62, P = 0.325 |
| Hot-seat groupa | 1.23 ± 0.39, P = 0.02 | 1.06 ± 0.49, P = 0.146 | 0.18 ± 0.51, P = 1 |
| Observer groupa | 1.37 ± 0.65, P = 0.156 | 1.19 ± 0.61, P = 0.208 | 0.19 ± 0.52, P = 1 |
Mean knowledge score comparison among the teaching, hot-seat, and observer groups: pretest, immediate posttest, and retention test
| Teacher group (n = 16) | Hot-seat group (n = 17) | Observer group (n = 16) | P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pretest scorea | 13.93 ± 1.48 | 14.41 ± 1.94 | 13.37 ± 2.39 | 0.338 |
| Posttest scorea | 17.06 ± 1.23 | 15.64 ± 1.54 | 14.75 ± 2.57 | 0.004* |
| Retention test scorea | 16.00 ± 2.00 | 15.47 ± 1.87 | 14.56 ± 2.16 | 0.135 |
| g1a | 0.51 ± 0.22 | 0.18 ± 0.32 | 0.17 ± 0.47 | 0.012*,** |
| g2a | 0.28 ± 0.44 | 0.12 ± 0.43 | 0.10 ± 0.57 | 0.529 |
Participants’ demographic data
| Teacher group (n = 16) | Hot-seat group (n = 17) | Observer group (n = 16) | P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | ||||
| 25–30 | 15 | 17 | 16 | 0.35 |
| >30 | 1 | |||
| Sex | ||||
| Male | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0.99 |
| Female | 14 | 15 | 14 | |
| Grade point average | ||||
| 2.5–3.0 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 0.86 |
| 3.0–3.5 | 12 | 11 | 10 | |
| >3.5 | 3 | 3 | 4 | |
| Postgraduate year | ||||
| 2 | 9 | 6 | 9 | 0.38 |
| 3 | 7 | 11 | 7 | |
| Simulation experience | ||||
| 1–2 times | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0.52 |
| 3–5 times | 12 | 11 | 10 | |
| >5 times | 3 | 4 | 6 | |