Impact of Teleconnection Patterns on the Thermal Growing Season in Central and Northern Europe

Filip Miś; Arkadiusz M. Tomczyk

doi:10.14746/quageo-2026-0012

.blurhash-client-img { display: none !important; }

Impact of Teleconnection Patterns on the Thermal Growing Season in Central and Northern Europe

Quaestiones Geographicae

AHEAD OF PRINT

By: Filip Miś and Arkadiusz M. Tomczyk

Open Access

|May 2026

Aasa A., Jaagus J., Ahas R., Sepp M., 2004. The influence of atmospheric circulation on plant phenological phases in Central and Eastern Europe. International Journal of Climatology 24: 1551–1564. DOI 10.1002/joc.1066.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Barnston A.G., Livezey R.E., 1987. Classification, seasonality and persistence of low frequency atmospheric circulation patterns. Monthly Weather Review 115: 1083–1126. DOI 10.1175/1520-0493(1987)115<;1083:CSAPOL>2.0.CO;2.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Bielec-Bąkowska Z., Piotrowicz K., Krępa-Adolf E., 2018. Trends in the frost-free season with parallel circulation and air mass statistics in Poland. Időjárás 122(4): 375–392. DOI 10.28974/idojaras.2018.4.2.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Carter T.R., 1998. Changes in the thermal growing season in Nordic countries during the past century and prospects for the future. Agricultural and Food Science 7(2): 161–179. DOI 10.23986/afsci.72857.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Chmielewski F.M., Rötzer T., 2001. Response of tree phenology to climate change across Europe. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 108: 101–112. DOI 10.1016/S0168-1923(01)00233-7.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Comas-Bru L., McDermott F., 2014. Impacts of the EA and SCA patterns on the European twentieth century NAO-winter climate relationship. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society 140(679): 354–363. DOI 10.1002/qj.2158.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Cornes R.C., van der Schrier G., Squintu A.A., 2019. A reappraisal of the thermal growing season length across Europe. International Journal of Climatology 39: 1787–1795. DOI 10.1002/joc.5913.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Craig P.M., Allan R.P., 2022. The role of teleconnection patterns in the variability and trends of growing season indices across Europe. International Journal of Climatology 42(2): 1072–1091. DOI 10.1002/joc.7290.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
D’Odorico P., Yoo J.C., Jaeger S., 2002. Changing seasons: An effect of the North Atlantic Oscillation? Journal of Climate 15: 435–445. DOI 10.1175/1520-0442(2002)015<;0435:CSAE-OT>2.0.CO;2.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Dong M., Jiang Y., Zheng C., Zhang D., 2012. Trends in the thermal growing season throughout the Tibetan Plateau during 1960–2009. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 166: 201–206. DOI 10.1016/j.agrformet.2012.07.013.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Frich P.A.L.V., Alexander L.V., Della-Marta P., Gleason B., Haylock M., Tank A.K., Peterson T., 2002. Observed coherent changes in climatic extremes during the second half of the twentieth century. Climate Research 19(3): 193–212. DOI 10.3354/cr019193.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Fu Y.H., Piao S., Op de Beeck M., Cong N., Zhao H., Zhang Y., Menzel A., Janssens I.A., 2014. Recent spring phenology shifts in western Central Europe based on multiscale observations. Global Ecology and Biogeography: A Journal of Macroecology 23: 1255–1263. DOI 10.1111/geb.12210.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Gao T.Y., Yu J., Paek H., 2017. Impacts of four northern-hemisphere teleconnection patterns on atmospheric circulations over Eurasia and the Pacifc. Theoretical and Applied Climatology 129: 815–831. DOI 10.1007/s00704-016-1801-2.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Gormsen A.K., Hense A., Toldam-Andersen T.B., Braun P., 2005. Large-scale climate variability and its effects on mean temperature and flowering time of Prunus and Betula in Denmark. Theoretical and Applied Climatology 82: 41–50. DOI 10.1007/s00704-005-0122-7.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Hájková L., Hubálek Z., Kožnarová V., Bartošová L., Možný M., 2018. Flowering of allergenically important plant species in relation to the North Atlantic Oscillation system and thermal time in the Czech Republic. Aerobiologia 34(2): 157–169. DOI 10.1007/s10453-017-9504-4.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Haylock M.R., Hofstra N., Klein Tank A.M.G., Klok E.J., Jones P.D., New M., 2008. A European daily high-resolution gridded data set of surface temperature and precipitation for 1950-2006. Journal of Geophysical Research 113: D20119. DOI 10.1029/2008JD010201.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Hubálek Z., 2016. The North Atlantic Oscillation system and plant phenology. International Journal of Biometeorology 60: 749–756. DOI 10.1007/s00484-015-1070-2.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Hurrell J.W., 1995. Decadal trends in the North Atlantic Oscillation: Regional temperatures and precipitation. Science 269(5224): 676–679. DOI 10.1126/science.269.5224.676.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Ionita M., 2014. The impact of the East Atlantic/Western Russia pattern on the hydroclimatology of Europe from mid-winter to late spring. Climate 2(4): 296–309. DOI 10.3390/cli2040296.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
IPCC., 2021. Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (Masson-Delmotte V., Zhai P, Pirani A., Connors S.L., Péan C., Berger S., Caud N., Chen Y., Goldfarb L., Gomis M.I., Huang M., Leitzell K., Lonnoy E., Matthews J.B.R., Maycock T., Waterfield K.T., Yelekçi O., Yu R., & Zhou B., Eds.). Cambridge University Press. DOI 10.1017/9781009157896.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Irannezhad M., Kløve B., 2015. Do atmospheric teleconnection patterns explain variations and trends in thermal growing season parameters in Finland? International Journal of Climatology 35(15): 4619-4630. DOI 10.1002/joc.4311.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Kalvāne G., Romanovskaja D., Briede A., Bakšienė E., 2009. Influence of climate change on phenological phases in Latvia and Lithuania. Climate Research 39: 209–219. DOI 10.3354/cr00813.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Karlsen S.R., Elvebakk A., Høgda K.A., Johansen B., 2006. Satellite-based mapping of the growing season and bioclimatic zones in Fennoscandia. Global Ecology and Biogeography: A Journal of Macroecology 15(4): 416–430. DOI 10.1111/j.1466-822X.2006.00234.x.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Körner C., Möhl P., Hiltbrunner E., 2023. Four ways to define the growing season. Ecology Letters 26(8): 1277–1292. DOI 10.1111/ele.14260.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Linderholm H.W., Walther A., Chen D., 2008. Twentieth-century trends in the thermal growing season in the Greater Baltic Area. Climatic Change 87: 405–419. DOI 10.1007/s10584-007-9327-3.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Liu Y., Wang L., Zhou W., Chen W., 2014. Three Eurasian teleconnection patterns: Spatial structures, temporal variability, and associated winter climate anomalies. Climate Dynamics 42: 2817–2839. DOI 10.1007/s00382-014-2163-z.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
López-Moreno J.I., Vicente-Serrano S.M., 2008. Positive and negative phases of the wintertime North Atlantic Oscillation and drought occurrence over Europe: A multitemporal-scale approach. Journal of Climate 21(6): 1220–1243. DOI 10.1175/2007JCLI1739.1.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Menzel A., 2003. Plant phenological anomalies in Germany and their relation to air temperature and NAO. Climatic Change 57: 243–263. DOI 10.1023/A:1022880418362.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Menzel A., Jakobi G., Ahas R., Scheifinger H., Estrella N., 2003. Variations of the climatological growing season (1951–2000) in Germany compared with other countries. International Journal of Climatology 23(7): 793–812. DOI 10.1002/joc.915.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Miś F., Tomczyk A.M., 2025. Spatial and temporal differentiation of the thermal growing season in Central and Northern Europe. Theoretical and Applied Climatology 156(2): 1–14. DOI 10.1007/s00704-025-05382-6.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Molga M., 1980. Meteorologia rolnicza. PWRiL, Warszawa.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
NOAA., 2025. Online: www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/monitoring/monthly-report/global/202506/2025-year-to-date-temperatures-versus-previous-years (accessed 28.1o.2025)
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Park T., Ganguly S., Tømmervik H., Euskirchen E.S., Høgda K.A., Karlsen S.R., Brovkin V., Nemani R.R., Myneni R.B., 2016. Changes in growing season duration and productivity of northern vegetation inferred from long-term remote sensing data. Environmental Research Letters 11: 084001. DOI 10.1088/1748-9326/11/8/084001.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Riaz S.M.F., Iqbal M.J., Hameed S., 2017. Impact of the North Atlantic Oscillation on winter climate of Germany. Tellus A: Dynamic Meteorology and Oceanography 69(1): 1406263. DOI 10.1080/16000870.2017.1406263.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Rodrigo F.S., 2021. Exploring combined influences of seasonal East Atlantic (EA) and North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) on the temperature-precipitation relationship in the Iberian Peninsula. Geosciences 11(5): 211. DOI 10.3390/geosciences11050211.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Rust H.W., Richling A., Bissolli P., Ulbrich U., 2015. Linking teleconnection patterns to European temperature: A multiple linear regression model. DOI 10.1127/metz/2015/0642.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Siłuch M., Dąbrowska A., Bartoszek K., 2016. The onset of growing season based on meteorological and remotely sensed data as well as phenological observations of the common hazel. Acta Scientiarum Polonorum. Formatio Circumiectus 15(2): 117–125. (in Polish). DOI 10.15576/ASP. FC/2016.15.2.117.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Smith D.M., Scaife A.A., Eade R., Knight J.R., 2016. Seasonal to decadal prediction of the winter North Atlantic Oscillation: Emerging capability and future prospects. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society 142(695): 611–617. DOI 10.1002/qj.2479.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Song Y., Linderholm H.W., Chen D., Walther A., 2010. Trends of the thermal growing season in China, 1951–2007. International Journal of Climatology: Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society 30(1): 33–43. DOI 10.1002/joc.6793.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Stenseth N.C., Mysterud A., Ottersen G., Hurrell J.W., Chan K.S., Lima M., 2002. Ecological effects of climate fluctuations. Science 297(5585): 1292-1296. DOI 10.1126/science.1071281.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Strong C., McCabe G.J., 2017. Observed variations in U.S. frost timing linked to atmospheric circulation patterns. Nature Communications 8: 15307. DOI 10.1038/ncomms15307.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Szyga-Pluta K., Tomczyk A.M., Bednorz E., Piotrowicz K., 2022. Assessment of climate variations in the growing period in Central Europe since the end of eighteenth century. Theoretical and Applied Climatology 149(3): 1785–1800. DOI 10.1007/s00704-022-04141-1.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Szyga-Pluta K., Tomczyk A.M., Piotrowicz K., Bednorz E., 2023. Patterns in the multiannual course of growing season in Central Europe since the end of the 19th century. Quaestiones Geographicae 42(1): 59–74. DOI 10.14746/quageo-2023-0005.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Tomczyk A.M., Szyga-Pluta K., Bednorz E., 2019. The effect of macro-scale circulation types on the length of the growing season in Poland. Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics 131: 1315–1325. DOI 10.1007/s00703-018-0639-9.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Walther A., Linderholm H.W., 2006. A comparison of growing season indices for the Greater Baltic Area. International Journal of Biometeorology 51: 107–118. DOI 10.1007/s00484-006-0048-5.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Walther G.R., Post E., Convey P., Menzel A., Parmesan C., Beebee T.J.C., Fromentin J.M., Hoeth-Guldberg O., Bairlein F., 2002. Ecological responses to recent climate change. Nature 416: 389–395. DOI 10.1038/416389a.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Wypych A., Ustrnul Z., Sulikowska A., Chmielewski F.M., Bochenek B., 2017. Spatial and temporal variability of the frost-free season in Central Europe and its circulation background. International Journal of Climatology 37: 3340–3352. DOI 10.1002/joc.4920.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article

Authors

Metrics

Articles in this issue

DOI: https://doi.org/10.14746/quageo-2026-0012 | Journal eISSN: 2081-6383 | Journal ISSN: 2082-2103

Journal RSS Feed

Language: English

Submitted on: Jun 23, 2025

Published on: May 4, 2026

Published by: Adam Mickiewicz University

In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

Publication frequency: 4 issues per year

Keywords:

growing season,

teleconnection patterns,

Europe,

vegetation

Related subjects:

Geosciences,

Geography

© 2026 Filip Miś, Arkadiusz M. Tomczyk, published by Adam Mickiewicz University
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

AHEAD OF PRINT