Fig. 1.
Fig. 2.
Fig. 3.
Fig. 4.
Fig. 5.
Fig. 6.
Fig. 7.
Statistical characteristics of heating degree-days (HDDs) in particular stations in Central Europe in the period 1961/62–2020/21_
| Station | Mean | Max | Min | σ | V | Trend |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| [°C] | [°C] (year) | [°C] | [%] | [°C per 10 years] | ||
| Debrecen | 2986 | 3541 (1963/64) | 2296 (2006/07) | 279.4 | 9.4 | –87.92* |
| Hamburg | 2964 | 3526 (1962/63) | 2171 (2006/07) | 267.5 | 9.0 | –55.86* |
| Köln | 2783 | 3471 (1962/63) | 1971 (2006/07) | 261.9 | 9.4 | –92.38* |
| Kraków | 3476 | 4113 (1995/96) | 2752 (2006/07) | 314.2 | 9.0 | –95.47* |
| Lublin | 3669 | 4375 (1986/87) | 2916 (2006/07) | 312.9 | 8.5 | –83.69* |
| München | 3053 | 3817 (1962/63) | 2286 (2006/07) | 263.2 | 8.6 | –85.53* |
| Potsdam | 3162 | 3850 (1962/63) | 2237 (2006/07) | 318.9 | 10.1 | –103.89* |
| Poznań | 3336 | 4118 (1962/63) | 2511 (2006/07) | 341.8 | 10.2 | –110.25* |
| Praha | 2810 | 3556 (1962/63) | 1963 (2006/07) | 301.4 | 10.7 | –113.16* |
| Szczecin | 3228 | 4044 (1962/63) | 2323 (2006/07) | 337.2 | 10.4 | –107.35* |
| Warszawa | 3485 | 4209 (1962/63) | 2651 (2006/07) | 350.7 | 10.1 | –117.38* |
| Wien | 2749 | 3470 (1962/63) | 2012 (2006/07) | 283.5 | 10.3 | –102.35* |
Statistical characteristics of the beginning, end, and duration of the heating season at selected stations in Central Europe in 1961/62–2020/21_
| Station | Start [date] | End [date] | Duration [days] | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | σ | V | Trend | Mean | σ | V | Trend | Mean | σ | V | Trend | |
| [days] | [%] | [per 10 years] | [days] | [%] | [per 10 years] | [days] | [%] | [per 10 years] | ||||
| Debrecen | 18.09 | 11.6 | 4.4 | 0.68 | 12.05 | 14.2 | 2.9 | –1.75 | 238.6 | 18.1 | 7.6 | –2.43* |
| Hamburg | 11.09 | 10.3 | 4.0 | –0.01 | 25.05 | 9.9 | 1.9 | –0.22 | 258.0 | 14.1 | 5.5 | –0.21 |
| Köln | 11.09 | 10.6 | 4.1 | –0.07 | 26.05 | 9.4 | 1.8 | –1.49* | 259.3 | 13.2 | 5.1 | –1.43 |
| Kraków | 09.09 | 9.6 | 3.8 | 1.26 | 25.05 | 11.1 | 2.2 | –1.79* | 260.1 | 14.8 | 5.7 | –3.05* |
| Lublin | 06.09 | 9.6 | 3.8 | 1.23 | 26.05 | 10.8 | 2.1 | –0.66 | 263.9 | 13.5 | 5.1 | –1.89* |
| München | 13.09 | 11.7 | 4.5 | –0.90 | 25.05 | 10.9 | 2.1 | –1.03 | 256.1 | 15.0 | 5.9 | –0.13 |
| Potsdam | 12.09 | 11.7 | 4.6 | 0.65 | 25.05 | 11.1 | 2.2 | –1.35 | 257.6 | 16.2 | 6.3 | –2.01 |
| Poznań | 09.09 | 10.1 | 4.0 | 1.48 | 23.05 | 12.3 | 2.4 | –1.59 | 258.3 | 15.8 | 6.1 | –3.07* |
| Praha | 17.09 | 11.7 | 4.5 | 0.69 | 16.05 | 14.7 | 2.9 | –2.63* | 243.6 | 19.1 | 7.9 | –3.32* |
| Szczecin | 09.09 | 10.9 | 4.3 | 1.12 | 26.05 | 10.4 | 2.0 | –1.31 | 260.9 | 15.3 | 5.8 | –2.43* |
| Warszawa | 09.09 | 11.5 | 4.5 | 1.97* | 22.05 | 13.7 | 2.7 | –1.52 | 256.5 | 17.3 | 6.8 | –3.50 |
| Wien | 24.09 | 9.9 | 3.7 | 0.59 | 15.05 | 15.2 | 3.0 | –2.56* | 235.4 | 15.3 | 6.5 | –3.16* |
Location of meteorological stations, number of populations of selected cities, and average long-term air temperature_
| Station | Country | φ [N] | λ [E] | H | Population in 2022* | Mean annual air temperature (1961–2020) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| [m a.s.l.] | [Thousand] | [°C] | ||||
| Debrecen | Hungary | 47°29' | 21°36' | 107 | 204.1 | 10.4 |
| Hamburg | Germany | 53°32' | 09°58' | 29 | 1739.1 | 9.7 |
| Köln | Germany | 50°52' | 07°09' | 92 | 1073.1 | 10.3 |
| Kraków | Poland | 50°04' | 19°48' | 237 | 755.0 | 8.4 |
| Lublin | Poland | 51°13' | 22°23' | 239 | 360.0 | 7.8 |
| München | Germany | 48°08' | 11°36' | 521 | 1260.4 | 9.7 |
| Potsdam | Germany | 52°23' | 13°04 | 81 | 183.4 | 9.3 |
| Poznań | Poland | 52°25' | 16°50' | 83 | 570.3 | 8.8 |
| Praha | Czech Republic | 50°05' | 14°25' | 190 | 1165.6 | 10.7 |
| Szczecin | Poland | 53°23' | 14°37' | 1 | 407.8 | 9.0 |
| Warszawa | Poland | 52°09' | 20°57' | 106 | 1702.1 | 8.4 |
| Wien | Austria | 48°15' | 16°21 | 198 | 1691.5 | 10.9 |