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Design of Fault-tolerant Structures for Underwater Sensor Networks Based on Markov Chains

Journal of Automation, Mobile Robotics and Intelligent Systems
Volume 19 (2025): Issue 1 (March 2025)
By:
Open Access
|Mar 2025

Figures & Tables

Figure 1.

Generalized functional structure of the hierarchical underwater sensor network.
Generalized functional structure of the hierarchical underwater sensor network.

Figure 2.

Schematic hierarchical structure of the USN with X0 = 13 and imax = 3.
Schematic hierarchical structure of the USN with X0 = 13 and imax = 3.

Figure 3.

A homogeneous Markov chain for calculating the probability of failure of the i-th level of the USN.
A homogeneous Markov chain for calculating the probability of failure of the i-th level of the USN.

Figure 4.

A homogeneous Markov chain for calculating the probability of failure of the last (highest) level of the USN.
A homogeneous Markov chain for calculating the probability of failure of the last (highest) level of the USN.

Figure 5.

A block diagram of the designing method of fault-tolerant structures for USNs.
A block diagram of the designing method of fault-tolerant structures for USNs.

Figure 6.

Changing of the real value NΣ during the implementation of the method.
Changing of the real value NΣ during the implementation of the method.

Main parameters of the USN’s structure at the 1st iteration

iType of hierarchy levelpmiXiXicNi max
0Initial sensors0.025168781
1UUVs0.0125841045
2Buoys0.0142924
3Terrestrial communication nodes0.001216955
4Main terrestrial communication node0.00051113914

Changing of the vector X during the implementation of the method

Number of iterationVector XNΣmaxR
1{16,8,4,2,1}439
2{32,8,4,2,1}535
3{32,8,8,2,1}635
4{32, 16, 8, 2, 1}761

Main parameters of the USN’s structure at the 4th iteration

iType of hierarchy levelpmiXiXicNi max
0Initial sensors0.02532161245
1UUVs0.01251681569
2Buoys0.01841307
3Terrestrial communication nodes0.001216955
4Main terrestrial communication node0.00051113914

Main parameters of the initial USN’s structure

iType of hierarchy levelpMiXiXic
0Initial sensors0.025168
1UUVs0.012584
2Buoys0.0142
3Terrestrial communication nodes0.00121
4Main terrestrial communication node0.000511

Main parameters of the USN’s structure at the 2nd iteration

iType of hierarchy levelpmiXiXicNi max
0Initial sensors0.02532161245
1UUVs0.0125841045
2Buoys0.0142924
3Terrestrial communication nodes0.001216955
4Main terrestrial communication node0.00051113914

Main parameters of the USN’s structure at the 3rd iteration

iType of hierarchy levelpmiXiXicNi max
0Initial sensors0.02532161245
1UUVs0.0125841045
2Buoys0.01841307
3Terrestrial communication nodes0.001216955
4Main terrestrial communication node0.00051113914
DOI: https://doi.org/10.14313/jamris-2025-006 | Journal eISSN: 2080-2145 | Journal ISSN: 1897-8649
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Language: English
Page range: 49 - 64
Submitted on: Feb 1, 2024
Accepted on: Sep 4, 2024
Published on: Mar 31, 2025
Published by: Łukasiewicz Research Network – Industrial Research Institute for Automation and Measurements PIAP
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 4 times per year
Keywords:
underwater sensor network,
fault tolerance,
hierarchical structure,
structure designing method,
Markov chains
Related subjects:
Computer sciences,
Artificial intelligence,
Engineering,
Electrical engineering,
Control engineering, metrology and testing,
Mechanical engineering,
Fundamentals of mechanical engineering

© 2025 Maksim Maksimov, Oleksiy Kozlov, Serhii Retsenko, Viktoriia Kryvda, published by Łukasiewicz Research Network – Industrial Research Institute for Automation and Measurements PIAP
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.

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