Table 1
Scales, reliability, and sample items of the questionnaire used in this study
|
Scalea |
N items |
Cronbach’s α |
Sample item |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Intrinsic motivation |
5 |
0.79 |
Doing research is fun |
|
Extrinsic motivation |
4 |
0.77 |
I think doing research improves my chances for my preferred residency spot |
|
General self-efficacy |
3 |
0.78 |
I trust my ability to solve problems |
|
Academic self-efficacy |
3 |
0.84 |
If I try I can deal with the most difficult parts of the course |
|
Research self-efficacy |
3 |
0.88 |
I feel I am competent enough to do research |
|
Perceptions of research |
5 |
0.83 |
It is important for medical professionals to have scientific skills |
|
Interest curiosity |
5 |
0.80 |
I enjoy investigating new ideas |
|
Deprivation curiosity |
5 |
0.84 |
If I am busy with a problem, I won’t rest until I have the answer |
|
Need for challenge |
3 |
0.81 |
I desire an extra challenge on top of the curriculum |
aAll items were answered on a 7-point Likert scale
Table 2
Description of scores on factors measured in the questionnairea
|
N |
Mean |
SD |
Min |
Max |
≥6 (%) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Intrinsic motivation |
314 |
5.49 |
0.79 |
2.8 |
7.0 |
30.1 |
|
Extrinsic motivation |
315 |
5.66 |
0.80 |
3.0 |
7.0 |
42.5 |
|
General self-efficacy |
315 |
5.48 |
0.76 |
2.7 |
7.0 |
35.2 |
|
Academic self-efficacy |
315 |
5.43 |
0.93 |
2.3 |
7.0 |
36.4 |
|
Research self-efficacy |
314 |
4.85 |
0.97 |
2.0 |
7.0 |
18.1 |
|
Perceptions of research |
315 |
5.53 |
0.81 |
2.4 |
7.0 |
34.9 |
|
Interest curiosity |
315 |
5.46 |
0.77 |
3.2 |
7.0 |
28.1 |
|
Deprivation curiosity |
315 |
4.80 |
1.02 |
1.6 |
7.0 |
16.2 |
|
Need for challenge |
314 |
4.10 |
1.18 |
1.0 |
7.0 |
0.6 |
aBased on a 7-point Likert scale
Table 3
Effects on intrinsic and extrinsic motivation: crude and adjusted for gender and agea
|
Intrinsic motivation |
Extrinsic motivation | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Crude β(95% CI) |
Adjusted β(95% CI) |
Crude β(95% CI) |
Adjusted β(95% CI) | |
|
General self-efficacy |
0.257(0.154–0.360) |
0.298(0.192–0.404) |
0.169(0.053–0.285) |
0.213(0.095–0.331) |
|
Academic self-efficacy |
0.217(0.132–0.302) |
0.320(0.168–0.340) |
0.123(0.028–0.218) |
0.156(0.059–0.253) |
|
Research self-efficacy |
0.370(0.297–0.444) |
0.384(0.310–0.457) |
0.199(0.109–0.288) |
0.209(0.120–0.298) |
|
Perceptions of research |
0.430(0.339–0.520) |
0.438(0.350–0.527) |
0.330(0.226–0.433) |
0.338(0.235–0.441) |
|
Interest curiosity |
0.447(0.354–0.540) |
0.444(0.350–0.539) |
0.252(0.140–0.365) |
0.250(0.138–0.362) |
|
Deprivation curiosity |
0.256(0.182, 0.331) |
0.245(0.169–0.320) |
0.187(0.102–0.271) |
0.182(0.097–0.267) |
|
Need for challenge |
0.310(0.250–0.370) |
0.316(0.257–0.376) |
0.189(0.117–0.262) |
0.191(0.119–0.264) |
aAll p-values were below 0.05, all but three p-values were below 0.01
Table 4
Cumulative model of explained variance of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation for research
|
Intrinsic motivation |
Extrinsic motivation | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Model |
Variable |
β |
SE |
p |
cum. R² |
β |
SE |
p |
cum. R² |
|
1 |
Research self-efficacy |
0.495 |
0.037 |
0.000 |
0.245 |
0.239 |
0.045 |
0.000 |
0.057 |
|
2 |
Research self-efficacy |
0.459 |
0.041 |
0.000 |
0.250 |
0.219 |
0.050 |
0.000 |
0.059 |
|
Academic self-efficacy |
0.083 |
0.043 |
0.128 |
0.045 |
0.053 |
0.461 | |||
|
3 |
Research self-efficacy |
0.464 |
0.044 |
0.000 |
0.251 |
0.208 |
0.053 |
0.001 |
0.060 |
|
Academic self-efficacy |
0.094 |
0.052 |
0.153 |
0.022 |
0.063 |
0.762 | |||
|
General self-efficacy |
−0.020 |
0.066 |
0.770 |
0.043 |
0.080 |
0.572 | |||
|
4 |
Research self-efficacy |
0.375 |
0.043 |
0.000 |
0.329 |
0.162 |
0.055 |
0.015 |
0.081 |
|
Academic self-efficacy |
0.048 |
0.050 |
0.440 |
−0.001 |
0.063 |
0.984 | |||
|
General self-efficacy |
−0.062 |
0.062 |
0.336 |
0.021 |
0.080 |
0.782 | |||
|
Interest curiosity |
0.316 |
0.050 |
0.000 |
0.164 |
0.064 |
0.008 | |||
|
5 |
Research self-efficacy |
0.372 |
0.043 |
0.000 |
0.329 |
0.144 |
0.055 |
0.033 |
0.088 |
|
Academic self-efficacy |
0.050 |
0.050 |
0.426 |
0.014 |
0.064 |
0.854 | |||
|
General self-efficacy |
−0.064 |
0.063 |
0.328 |
0.011 |
0.080 |
0.882 | |||
|
Interest curiosity |
0.307 |
0.061 |
0.000 |
0.098 |
0.077 |
0.187 | |||
|
Deprivation curiosity |
0.015 |
0.044 |
0.802 |
0.114 |
0.056 |
0.114 | |||
|
6 |
Research self-efficacy |
0.304 |
0.043 |
0.000 |
0.374 |
0.099 |
0.057 |
0.149 |
0.107 |
|
Academic self-efficacy |
−0.032 |
0.050 |
0.615 |
−0.040 |
0.066 |
0.600 | |||
|
General self-efficacy |
−0.023 |
0.061 |
0.717 |
0.038 |
0.080 |
0.620 | |||
|
Interest curiosity |
0.231 |
0.061 |
0.000 |
0.049 |
0.079 |
0.523 | |||
|
Deprivation curiosity |
−0.027 |
0.043 |
0.657 |
0.086 |
0.056 |
0.231 | |||
|
Need for challenge |
0.277 |
0.037 |
0.000 |
0.179 |
0.048 |
0.011 | |||
|
7 |
Research self-efficacy |
0.258 |
0.044 |
0.000 |
0.396 |
0.043 |
0.057 |
0.537 |
0.140 |
|
Academic self-efficacy |
−0.037 |
0.050 |
0.553 |
−0.046 |
0.064 |
0.537 | |||
|
General self-efficacy |
−0.024 |
0.060 |
0.705 |
0.037 |
0.078 |
0.621 | |||
|
Interest curiosity |
0.181 |
0.062 |
0.005 |
−0.012 |
0.080 |
0.873 | |||
|
Deprivation curiosity |
−0.030 |
0.043 |
0.618 |
0.083 |
0.055 |
0.242 | |||
|
Need for challenge |
0.243 |
0.037 |
0.000 |
0.138 |
0.048 |
0.050 | |||
|
Perceptions of research |
0.184 |
0.050 |
0.001 |
0.225 |
0.065 |
0.001 | |||