An Examination of the Techniques for Sequence Determination of Original Writing Ink and Toner Printing

Forensic Document Examiners frequently conduct examinations to determine the sequence in which intersecting entries were written. This paper arises from casework and subsequent research undertaken to determine the reliability of various techniques for the removal of toner in a sequence examination. Tests were conducted using a Canon Color Image Runner C1022i printer and a variety of different writing instruments. The test intersections were prepared using a standardized template with varying sequences of ink before toner and ink after toner. The techniques being tested included using different sharp tools for the removal of the toner as well as a process of pre-treating the document through freezing. The techniques being tested are destructive in nature and therefore this study is being completed primarily as a theoretical exercise.