Table 1
Descriptive statistics of the items
| Item code | Item | M | SD | Skewness | Kurtosis | Corrected item-to-total correlation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| VP7 | My commitment to achieve the goals in this class was strong relative to the goals in my other classes. | 3.19 | 1.247 | -.169 | -.898 | 0.447 |
| VP8 | I set up goals for my learning. | 2.93 | 1.283 | .025 | -1.002 | 0.429 |
| VP10 | I was confident that I could avoid obstacles while doing my work. | 3.16 | 1.222 | -.190 | -.841 | 0.449 |
| VP11 | I was prepared to work hard to achieve my goals no matter what my other classes required. | 2.95 | 1.265 | -.190 | -.978 | 0.434 |
| VP12 | I was able to prepare a study plan that listed concrete tasks. | 2.40 | 1.188 | -.190 | -.669 | 0.434 |
| VC18 | I kept my feelings under control while working to complete this class. | 2.89 | 1.267 | -.190 | -1.023 | 0.506 |
| VC19 | I added more effort to stay on task if my focus on my goal in this class began to decline. | 3.13 | 1.226 | -.190 | -.858 | 0.511 |
| VC27 | I was able to avoid being distracted by competing goals. | 3.21 | 1.195 | -.190 | -.808 | 0.570 |
| VC28 | I was able to create a setting free of uncontrollable distractions. | 3.01 | 1.248 | -.190 | -.978 | 0.605 |
| VC29 | I was able to know when to stop looking for more information to prepare for an exam | 3.21 | 1.349 | -.190 | -1.119 | 0.474 |
| VC36 | I didn’t let social pressure affect my performance. | 3.15 | 1.297 | -.190 | -1.002 | 0.485 |
| VC37 | I anticipated personal or social events that might cause me to get behind. | 2.96 | 1.306 | -.190 | -1.038 | 0.521 |
| VC42 | When my motivation decreased, I was able to think of things to do to build it back up again. | 3.17 | 1.275 | -.190 | -.982 | 0.538 |
Table 2
Exploratory factor analysis results for VFLS
| Dimensions and items | Factor loadings | |
|---|---|---|
| Factor 1 | Factor 2 | |
| Dimension 1: Volition Planning | ||
| 1. My commitment to achieve the goals in this class was strong relative to the goals in my other classes. | 0.640 | |
| 2. I set up goals for my learning. | 0.737 | |
| 3. I was confident that I could avoid obstacles while doing my work. | 0.628 | |
| 4. I was prepared to work hard to achieve my goals no matter what my other classes required. | 0.723 | |
| 5. I was able to prepare a study plan that listed concrete tasks. | 0.658 | |
| Dimension 2: Volition Control | ||
| 6. I kept my feelings under control while working to complete this class. | 0.657 | |
| 7. I added more effort to stay on task if my focus on my goal in this class began to decline. | 0.594 | |
| 8. I was able to avoid being distracted by competing goals. | 0.697 | |
| 9. I was able to create a setting free of uncontrollable distractions. | 0.706 | |
| 10. I was able to know when to stop looking for more information to prepare for an exam | 0.525 | |
| 11. I didn’t let social pressure affect my performance. | 0.695 | |
| 12. I anticipated personal or social events that might cause me to get behind. | 0.617 | |
| 13. When my motivation decreased, I was able to think of things to do to build it back up again | 0.622 | |
| Eigen values | 3.412 | 2.484 |
| Total variance (%) | 26.464 | 19.108 |
| Cumulative variance (%) | 26.246 | 45.354 |
| Cronbach’s alpha | 0.732 | 0.809 |
| Cronbach’s alpha (total) | 0.825 | |
| Items per factor | 5 | 8 |
Table 3
CFA results of VFLS for calibration and validation samples
| Factors and Items | Calibration sample (n=291) | Validation sample (n=303) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| FL | R2 | CR | AVE | FL | R2 | CR | AVE | |
| Factor 1: Volition Planning | 0.78 | 0.42 | 0.77 | 0.40 | ||||
| My commitment to achieve the goals in this class was strong relative to the goals in my other classes. | 0.56 | 0.31 | 0.60 | 0.36 | ||||
| I set up goals for my learning. | 0.56 | 0.31 | 0.71 | 0.50 | ||||
| I was confident that I could avoid obstacles while doing my work | 0.68 | 0.47 | 0.59 | 0.35 | ||||
| I was prepared to work hard to achieve my goals no matter what my other classes required. | 0.70 | 0.49 | 0.67 | 0.46 | ||||
| I was able to prepare a study plan that listed concrete tasks. | 0.68 | 0.47 | 0.56 | 0.32 | ||||
| Factor 2: Volition Control | 0.84 | 0.40 | 0.84 | 0.40 | ||||
| I kept my feelings under control while working to complete this class. | 0.62 | 0.39 | 0.65 | 0.43 | ||||
| I added more effort to stay on task if my focus on my goal in this class began to decline. | 0.62 | 0.38 | 0.59 | 0.35 | ||||
| I was able to avoid being distracted by competing goals. | 0.66 | 0.44 | 0.75 | 0.56 | ||||
| I was able to create a setting free of uncontrollable distractions. | 0.69 | 0.47 | 0.76 | 0.58 | ||||
| I was able to know when to stop looking for more information to prepare for an exam. | 0.49 | 0.24 | 0.45 | 0.20 | ||||
| I didn’t let social pressure affect my performance. | 0.62 | 0.39 | 0.63 | 0.40 | ||||
| I anticipated personal or social events that might cause me to get behind. | 0.68 | 0.46 | 0.57 | 0.33 | ||||
| When my motivation decreased, I was able to think of things to do to build it back up again. | 0.62 | 0.38 | 0.59 | 0.35 | ||||
[i] FL = Standardized factor loading; CR = composite reliability; AVE = average variance extracted.