Figure 1
Conceptual framework of the study.
Table 1
Summary of HE systems and population data, ranked on number of students
| Country | Population (Millions) | Number of HE students (Millions) | Number of HEIs |
|---|---|---|---|
| China | 1,404 | 37.8 | 2,914 (2,631 universities and colleges) |
| United States | 327 | 20.2 | 4,298 (2,818 universities) |
| Turkey | 83 | 7.5 | 205 (200 universities) |
| Germany | 83 | 2.8 | 396 (121 universities & 218 universities of applied sciences) |
| Spain | 47 | 2.2 | 3,375 (84 universities) |
| Australia | 25 | 1.5 | 176 (40 universities) |
| Canada | 38 | 1.4 | 234 (72 universities) |
| South Africa | 58 | 1.0* | 143 (43 universities) |
| South Korea | 52 | 0.7 | 359 (191 universities) |
| Japan | 127 | 0.7 | 1,200 (778 universities) |
Table 2
IDI 2017 Rank of the countries of this international comparison (out of 176 countries)
| IDI 2017 Rank | Country | IDI 2017 Value | IDI 2016 Rank | IDI 2016 Value | Rank Change |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2 | South Korea | 8.85 | 1 | 8.80 | < |
| 10 | Japan | 8.43 | 11 | 8.32 | > |
| 12 | Germany | 8.39 | 13 | 8.20 | > |
| 14 | Australia | 8.24 | 16 | 8.08 | > |
| 16 | United States | 8.18 | 15 | 8.13 | < |
| 27 | Spain | 7.79 | 27 | 7.61 | - |
| 29 | Canada | 7.77 | 26 | 7.64 | < |
| 67 | Turkey | 6.08 | 72 | 5.66 | > |
| 80 | China | 5.60 | 83 | 5.17 | > |
| 92 | South Africa | 4.96 | 88 | 4.91 | < |
[i] Source: own presentation based on data of the ICT Development Index 2017 (ITU, 2017b)
Figure 2
Spectrum Private HE system - Public HE system.
Figure 3
Spectrum Centralised HE system-Decentralised HE system.
Figure 4
Spectrum Low production of (O)ER - High production of (O)ER.
Figure 5
Spectrum Private funding - Public funding.